medsovetМедицинский СоветMeditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council2079-701X2658-5790REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.10.21518/ms2026-196medsovet-10251Research ArticleCOVID-19Генетический полиморфизм постковидного синдрома у пациентов с сахарным диабетом 2-го типаGenetic polymorphism of post-COVID syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitushttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7080-8713СухановС. А.SukhanovS. A.

Суханов Сергей Александрович - ассистент кафедры терапии и общей врачебной практики.

603005, Нижний Новгород, площадь Минина и Пожарского, д. 10/1

Sergey A. Sukhanov - Assistent of the Department of Therapy and General Medical Practice.

10/1, Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950

sukhanov.aleck@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1830-3600ЗанозинаО. В.ZanozinaO. V.

Занозина Ольга Владимировна - д.м.н., доцент, профессор кафедры терапии и общей врачебной практики, Приволжский исследовательский медицинский университет; заведующая эндокринологическим отделением, Нижегородская ОКБ имени Н.А. Семашко

603005, Нижний Новгород, площадь Минина и Пожарского, д. 10/1; 603126, Нижний Новгород, ул. Родионова, д. 190

Olga V. Zanozina - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Therapy and General Medical Practice, Privolzhsky RMU; Head of the Endocrinology Department, Nizhny Novgorod RCH named after N.A. Semashko.

10/1, Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950; 190, Rodionov St., Nizhny Novgorod, 603126

zwx2@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8430-237XСорокинаЮ. А.SorokinaYu. A.

Сорокина Юлия Андреевна - к.б.н., доцент кафедры общей и клинической фармакологии.

603005, Нижний Новгород, площадь Минина и Пожарского, д. 10/1

Yulia A. Sorokina - Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Associate Professor of the Department of General and Clinical Pharmacology.

10/1, Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950

zwx@inbox.ruЛагонскаяВ. Н.LagonskayaV. N.

Лагонская Вероника Николаевна - к.б.н., заведующая отделением клинико-лабораторной диагностики.

603126, Нижний Новгород, ул. Родионова, д. 190

Veronika N. Lagonskaya - Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Head of the Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics.

190, Rodionov St., Nizhny Novgorod, 603126

vlagonskay2@mail.ruКобалаваМ. В.KobalavaM. V.

Кобалава Мери Вепхиаевна - врач-биолог отделения клинико-лабораторной диагностики.

603126, Нижний Новгород, ул. Родионова, д. 190

Meri V. Kobalava - Biologist, Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics.

190, Rodionov St., Nizhny Novgorod, 603126

mery.mery@mail.ruПриволжский исследовательский медицинский университетРоссияPrivolzhsky Research Medical UniversityRussian FederationПриволжский исследовательский медицинский университет; Нижегородская областная клиническая больница имени Н.А. СемашкРоссияPrivolzhsky Research Medical University; Nizhny Novgorod Regional Clinical Hospital named after N.A. SemashkoRussian FederationНижегородская областная клиническая больница имени Н.А. СемашкоРоссияNizhny Novgorod Regional Clinical Hospital named after N.A. SemashkoRussian Federation202614072026097685Copyright © Суханов С.А., Занозина О.В., Сорокина Ю.А., Лагонская В.Н., Кобалава М.В., 20262026Суханов С.А., Занозина О.В., Сорокина Ю.А., Лагонская В.Н., Кобалава М.В.Sukhanov S.A., Zanozina O.V., Sorokina Y.A., Lagonskaya V.N., Kobalava M.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/10251

Долгосрочные последствия COVID-19 остаются недостаточно изученными в настоящее время. Все авторы сходятся в одном: однонуклеотидные полиморфизмы (SNP) потенциально могут стать ценным инструментом для прогнозирования долгосрочного клинического исхода у пациентов, инфицированных SARS-CoV-2. Так, было показано, что SNP ACE2 rs2106809 является функциональным маркером изменения мозга и его потенциальное участие в длительном COVID требует дальнейшего изучения. Недавние исследования связывают ген FOXP4 с тяжестью течения COVID-19 и риском длительного течения COVID-19. SNP rs9367106, вероятно, связан с развитием долгосрочных симптоматических отклонений в легких и головном мозге, наблюдаемых после выздоровления от COVID-19. Было выявлено, что нарушение обоняния и вкуса является не только патогномоничным признаком острой формы COVID-19, но и синдрома постковидной хронической усталости и определено ведущим однонуклеотидным полиморфизмом rs10893121. Также при хроническом ковиде статистически чаще встречались генотипы CC гена метилентетрагидрофолатредуктазы (MTHFR). Можно предположить, что некоторые варианты нуклеотидных последовательностей, принимавших участие как в генезе сахарного диабета (СД) и его осложнений, в формировании коморбидности пациентов, так и в развитии COVID, могут потенциально принимать участие в формировании постковидного синдрома (ПКС) у больных СД. Показана ассоциация с ПКС однонуклеотидных полиморфизмов следующих генов: FABP2, NOS3, COMT, PAI-1. В последующем будут сформированы фенотипы ПКС у пациентов с СД 2-го типа с учетом генетической детерминанты, определен прогноз течения постковидного периода у данной категории больных и, следовательно, в перспективе: разработка персонифицированного лечения пациентов с учетом совокупности патологических аллелей плейотропных генов.

The long-term consequences of COVID-19 remain poorly understood. All authors agree on one thing: single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have the potential to become a valuable tool for predicting long-term clinical outcome in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Thus, the ACE2 rs2106809 SNP has been shown to be a functional marker of brain changes, and its potential involvement in long-term COVID-19 requires further study. Recent studies have linked the FOXP4 gene to the severity of COVID-19 and the risk of long-term COVID-19. SNP rs9367106 is likely associated with the development of long-term symptomatic abnormalities in the lungs and brain observed after recovery from COVID-19. Olfactory and gustatory impairment has been identified as a pathognomonic feature not only of acute COVID-19 but also of post-COVID chronic fatigue syndrome, and is determined by the leading single nucleotide polymorphism rs10893121. Also, CC genotypes of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene were statistically more common in chronic COVID-19. It can be assumed that some variants of nucleotide sequences involved in the genesis of diabetes and its complications, in the formation of patient comorbidity, and in the development of COVID, may potentially participate in the formation of PCS in patients with diabetes. We have demonstrated an association with post-COVID syndrome of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the following genes: FABP2, NOS3, COMT, and PAI-1. Subsequently, phenotypes of post-COVID syndrome will be developed in patients with type 2 diabetes, taking into account genetic determinants. A prognosis for the post-COVID period in this category of patients will be determined. Consequently, personalized treatment for patients will be developed, taking into account the combination of pathological alleles of pleiotropic genes.

однонуклеотидный полиморфизм геновсахарный диабет 2-го типановая коронавирусная инфекцияпостковидный синдромCOVID-19single nucleotide polymorphism of genestype 2 diabetes mellitusnew coronavirus infectionpost-COVID syndromeCOVID-19ReferencesVelavan TP, Pallerla SR, Rüter J, Augustin Y, Kremsner PG, Krishna S, Meyer CG. Host genetic factors determining COVID-19 susceptibility and severity. EBioMedicine. 2021;72:103629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103629.Velavan TP, Pallerla SR, Rüter J, Augustin Y, Kremsner PG, Krishna S, Meyer CG. Host genetic factors determining COVID-19 susceptibility and severity. EBioMedicine. 2021;72:103629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103629.Strafella C, Caputo V, Termine A, Barati S, Caltagirone C, Giardina E,Cascella R. Investigation of Genetic Variations of IL6 and IL6R as Potential Prognostic and Pharmacogenetics Biomarkers: Implications for COVID-19 and Neuroinflammatory Disorders. Life. 2020;10(12):351. https://doi.org/10.3390/life10120351.Strafella C, Caputo V, Termine A, Barati S, Caltagirone C, Giardina E, Cascella R. Investigation of Genetic Variations of IL6 and IL6R as Potential Prognostic and Pharmacogenetics Biomarkers: Implications for COVID-19 and Neuroinflammatory Disorders. Life. 2020;10(12):351. https://doi.org/10.3390/life10120351.Zhang Q, Bastard P, Liu Z, Le Pen J, Moncada-Velez M, Chen J et al. Inborn errors of type I IFN immunity in patients with life-threatening COVID-19. Science. 2020;370(6515):eabd4570. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abd4570.Zhang Q, Bastard P, Liu Z, Le Pen J, Moncada-Velez M, Chen J et al. Inborn errors of type I IFN immunity in patients with life-threatening COVID-19. Science. 2020;370(6515):eabd4570. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abd4570.Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S et al. SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell. 2020;181(2):271–280.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052.Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S et al. SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell. 2020;181(2):271–280.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052.Pairo-Castineira E, Clohisey S, Klaric L, Bretherick AD, Rawlik K, Pasko D et al. Genetic mechanisms of critical illness in COVID-19. Nature. 2021;591(7848):92–98. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586020-03065-y.Pairo-Castineira E, Clohisey S, Klaric L, Bretherick AD, Rawlik K, Pasko D et al. Genetic mechanisms of critical illness in COVID-19. Nature. 2021;591(7848):92–98. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586020-03065-y.Ellinghaus D, Degenhardt F, Bujanda L, Buti M, Albillos A, Invernizzi P et al. Genomewide Association Study of Severe Covid-19 with Respiratory Failure. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(16):1522–1534. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2020283.Ellinghaus D, Degenhardt F, Bujanda L, Buti M, Albillos A, Invernizzi P et al. Genomewide Association Study of Severe Covid-19 with Respiratory Failure. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(16):1522–1534. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2020283.COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative. Mapping the human genetic architecture of COVID-19. Nature. 2021;600(7889):472–477. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03767-x.COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative. Mapping the human genetic architecture of COVID-19. Nature. 2021;600(7889):472–477. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03767-x.Kuo CL, Pilling LC, Atkins JL, Masoli JAH, Delgado J, Kuchel GA, Melzer D. APOE e4 Genotype Predicts Severe COVID-19 in the UK Biobank Community Cohort. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2020;75(11):2231–2232. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa131.Kuo CL, Pilling LC, Atkins JL, Masoli JAH, Delgado J, Kuchel GA, Melzer D. APOE e4 Genotype Predicts Severe COVID-19 in the UK Biobank Community Cohort. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2020;75(11):2231–2232. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa131.Möhlendick B, Schönfelder K, Breuckmann K, Elsner C, Babel N, Balfanz P et al. ACE2 polymorphism and susceptibility for SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity of COVID-19. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2021;31(8):165–171. https://doi.org/10.1097/fpc.0000000000000436.Möhlendick B, Schönfelder K, Breuckmann K, Elsner C, Babel N, Balfanz P et al. ACE2 polymorphism and susceptibility for SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity of COVID-19. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2021;31(8):165–171. https://doi.org/10.1097/fpc.0000000000000436.Pan Y, Wang T, Li Y, Guan T, Lai Y, Shen Y et al. Association of ACE2 polymorphisms with susceptibility to essential hypertension and dyslipidemia in Xinjiang, China. Lipids Health Dis. 2018;17(1):241. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-018-0890-6.Pan Y, Wang T, Li Y, Guan T, Lai Y, Shen Y et al. Association of ACE2 polymorphisms with susceptibility to essential hypertension and dyslipidemia in Xinjiang, China. Lipids Health Dis. 2018;17(1):241. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-018-0890-6.Zhang Q, Cong M, Wang N, Li X, Zhang H, Zhang K et al. Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene polymorphism and enzymatic activity with essential hypertension in different gender: A case-control study. Medicine. 2018;97(42):e12917. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000012917.Zhang Q, Cong M, Wang N, Li X, Zhang H, Zhang K et al. Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene polymorphism and enzymatic activity with essential hypertension in different gender: A case-control study. Medicine. 2018;97(42):e12917. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000012917.Lieb W, Graf J, Götz A, König IR, Mayer B, Fischer M et al. Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) gene polymorphisms with parameters of left ventricular hypertrophy in men. Results of the MONICA Augsburg echocardiographic substudy. J Mol Med. 2006;84(1):88–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-005-0718-5.Lieb W, Graf J, Götz A, König IR, Mayer B, Fischer M et al. Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) gene polymorphisms with parameters of left ventricular hypertrophy in men. Results of the MONICA Augsburg echocardiographic substudy. J Mol Med. 2006;84(1):88–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-005-0718-5.Gómez J, Albaiceta GM, García-Clemente M, López-Larrea C, Amado-Rodríguez L, Lopez-Alonso I et al. Angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE, ACE2) gene variants and COVID-19 outcome. Gene. 2020;762:145102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2020.145102.Gómez J, Albaiceta GM, García-Clemente M, López-Larrea C, Amado-Rodríguez L, Lopez-Alonso I et al. Angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE, ACE2) gene variants and COVID-19 outcome. Gene. 2020;762:145102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2020.145102.Sienko J, Marczak I, Kotowski M, Bogacz A, Tejchman K, Sienko M, Kotfis K. Association of ACE2 Gene Variants with the Severity of COVID-19 Disease-A Prospective Observational Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(19):12622. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912622.Sienko J, Marczak I, Kotowski M, Bogacz A, Tejchman K, Sienko M, Kotfis K. Association of ACE2 Gene Variants with the Severity of COVID-19 Disease-A Prospective Observational Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(19):12622. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912622.Cafiero C, Rosapepe F, Palmirotta R, Re A, Ottaiano MP, Benincasa G et al. Angiotensin System Polymorphisms’ in SARS-CoV-2 Positive Patients: Assessment Between Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Patients: A Pilot Study. Pharmgenomics Pers Med. 2021;14:621–629. https://doi.org/10.2147/pgpm.s303666.Cafiero C, Rosapepe F, Palmirotta R, Re A, Ottaiano MP, Benincasa G et al. Angiotensin System Polymorphisms’ in SARS-CoV-2 Positive Patients: Assessment Between Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Patients: A Pilot Study. Pharmgenomics Pers Med. 2021;14:621–629. https://doi.org/10.2147/pgpm.s303666.Martínez-Gómez LE, Herrera-López B, Martinez-Armenta C, Ortega-Peña S, Camacho-Rea MDC, Suarez-Ahedo C et al. ACE and ACE2 Gene Variants Are Associated With Severe Outcomes of COVID-19 in Men. Front Immunol. 2022;13:812940. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.812940.Martínez-Gómez LE, Herrera-López B, Martinez-Armenta C, Ortega-Peña S, Camacho-Rea MDC, Suarez-Ahedo C et al. ACE and ACE2 Gene Variants Are Associated With Severe Outcomes of COVID-19 in Men. Front Immunol. 2022;13:812940. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.812940.Pouladi N, Abdolahi S. Investigating the ACE2 polymorphisms in COVID-19 susceptibility: An in silico analysis. Mol Genet Genomic Med. 2021;9(6):e1672. https://doi.org/10.1002/mgg3.1672.Pouladi N, Abdolahi S. Investigating the ACE2 polymorphisms in COVID-19 susceptibility: An in silico analysis. Mol Genet Genomic Med. 2021;9(6):e1672. https://doi.org/10.1002/mgg3.1672.Wu KCH, He Q, Bennett AN, Li J, Chan KHK. Shared genetic mechanism between type 2 diabetes and COVID-19 using pathway-based association analysis. Front Genet. 2022;13:1063519. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2022.1063519.Wu KCH, He Q, Bennett AN, Li J, Chan KHK. Shared genetic mechanism between type 2 diabetes and COVID-19 using pathway-based association analysis. Front Genet. 2022;13:1063519. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2022.1063519.Nabi AHMN, Ebihara A, Shekhar HU. Impacts of SARS-CoV-2 on diabetes mellitus: A pre and post pandemic evaluation. World J Virol. 2023;12(3):151–171. https://doi.org/10.5501/wjv.v12.i3.151.Nabi AHMN, Ebihara A, Shekhar HU. Impacts of SARS-CoV-2 on diabetes mellitus: A pre and post pandemic evaluation. World J Virol. 2023;12(3):151–171. https://doi.org/10.5501/wjv.v12.i3.151.Maiti AK. Bioinformatic analysis predicts the regulatory function of noncoding SNPs associated with Long COVID-19 syndrome. Immunogenetics. 2024;76(5-6):279–290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00251-024-01348-6.Maiti AK. Bioinformatic analysis predicts the regulatory function of noncoding SNPs associated with Long COVID-19 syndrome. Immunogenetics. 2024;76(5-6):279–290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00251-024-01348-6.Luo YS, Luo L, Li W, Chen Y, Wu GF, Chen F et al. Evaluation of a Functional Single Nucleotide Polymorphism of the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor ACE2 That Is Potentially Involved in Long COVID. Front Genet. 2022;13:931562. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2022.931562.Luo YS, Luo L, Li W, Chen Y, Wu GF, Chen F et al. Evaluation of a Functional Single Nucleotide Polymorphism of the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor ACE2 That Is Potentially Involved in Long COVID. Front Genet. 2022;13:931562. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2022.931562.Lammi V, Nakanishi T, Jones SE, Andrews SJ, Karjalainen J, Cortés B et al. Genome-wide association study of long COVID. Nat Genet. 2025;57(6):1402–1417. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-025-02100-w.Lammi V, Nakanishi T, Jones SE, Andrews SJ, Karjalainen J, Cortés B et al. Genome-wide association study of long COVID. Nat Genet. 2025;57(6):1402–1417. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-025-02100-w.Perie L, Verma N, Mueller E. The forkhead box transcription factor FoxP4 regulates thermogenic programs in adipocytes. J Lipid Res. 2021;62:100102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100102.Perie L, Verma N, Mueller E. The forkhead box transcription factor FoxP4 regulates thermogenic programs in adipocytes. J Lipid Res. 2021;62:100102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100102.Maiti AK. In Silico Analysis of Post-COVID-19 Condition (PCC) Associated SNP rs9367106 Predicts the Molecular Basis of Abnormalities in the Lungs and Brain Functions. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(14):6680. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26146680.Maiti AK. In Silico Analysis of Post-COVID-19 Condition (PCC) Associated SNP rs9367106 Predicts the Molecular Basis of Abnormalities in the Lungs and Brain Functions. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(14):6680. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26146680.Ruß AK, Schreiber S, Lieb W, Vehreschild JJ, Heuschmann PU, Illig T et al. Genome-wide association study of post COVID-19 syndrome in a population-based cohort in Germany. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):15791. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-00945-z.Ruß AK, Schreiber S, Lieb W, Vehreschild JJ, Heuschmann PU, Illig T et al. Genome-wide association study of post COVID-19 syndrome in a population-based cohort in Germany. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):15791. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-00945-z.da Silva R, de Sarges KML, Cantanhede MHD, da Costa FP, Dos Santos EF, Rodrigues FBB et al. Thrombophilia and Immune-Related Genetic Markers in Long COVID. Viruses. 2023;15(4):885. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15040885.da Silva R, de Sarges KML, Cantanhede MHD, da Costa FP, Dos Santos EF, Rodrigues FBB et al. Thrombophilia and Immune-Related Genetic Markers in Long COVID. Viruses. 2023;15(4):885. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15040885.Lee Y, Riskedal E, Kalleberg KT, Istre M, Lind A, Lund-Johansen F et al. EWAS of post-COVID-19 patients shows methylation differences in the immune-response associated gene, IFI44L, three months after COVID-19 infection. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):11478. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598022-15467-1.Lee Y, Riskedal E, Kalleberg KT, Istre M, Lind A, Lund-Johansen F et al. EWAS of post-COVID-19 patients shows methylation differences in the immune-response associated gene, IFI44L, three months after COVID-19 infection. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):11478. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598022-15467-1.Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Díaz-Gil G, Gil-Crujera A, Gómez-Sánchez SM, Ambite-Quesada S, Torres-Macho J et al. Inflammatory Polymorphisms (IL-6 rs1800796, IL-10 rs1800896, TNF-α rs1800629, and IFITM3 rs12252) Are Not Associated with Post-COVID Symptoms in Previously Hospitalized COVID-19 Survivors. Viruses. 2024;16(2):275. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16020275.Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Díaz-Gil G, Gil-Crujera A, Gómez-Sánchez SM, Ambite-Quesada S, Torres-Macho J et al. Inflammatory Polymorphisms (IL-6 rs1800796, IL-10 rs1800896, TNF-α rs1800629, and IFITM3 rs12252) Are Not Associated with Post-COVID Symptoms in Previously Hospitalized COVID-19 Survivors. Viruses. 2024;16(2):275. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16020275.Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Arendt-Nielsen L, Díaz-Gil G, Gómez-Esquer F, Gil-Crujera A, Gómez-Sánchez SM et al. Genetic Association between ACE2 (rs2285666 and rs2074192) and TMPRSS2 (rs12329760 and rs2070788) Polymorphisms with Post-COVID Symptoms in Previously Hospitalized COVID-19 Survivors. Genes. 2022;13(11):1935. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13111935.Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Arendt-Nielsen L, Díaz-Gil G, Gómez-Esquer F, Gil-Crujera A, Gómez-Sánchez SM et al. Genetic Association between ACE2 (rs2285666 and rs2074192) and TMPRSS2 (rs12329760 and rs2070788) Polymorphisms with Post-COVID Symptoms in Previously Hospitalized COVID-19 Survivors. Genes. 2022;13(11):1935. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13111935.Beuren T, Ferrari F, Franzoni LT, Goulart CDL, Val F, Cipriano G Jr, Stein R. Exploring the interplay between host genetics and acute and long COVID: A narrative review. Clinics. 2025;80:100708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinsp.2025.100708.Beuren T, Ferrari F, Franzoni LT, Goulart CDL, Val F, Cipriano G Jr, Stein R. Exploring the interplay between host genetics and acute and long COVID: A narrative review. Clinics. 2025;80:100708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinsp.2025.100708.Валеева ФВ, Хасанова КБ, Валеева ЕВ, Киселева ТА, Созинова ЕА, Ахметов ИИ. Ассоциация полиморфизма rs1799883 гена FABP2 с различными нарушениями углеводного обмена у жителей Республики Татарстан. Медицинский альманах. 2018;(6):116–120. Режим доступа: https://elibrary.ru/smfryx.Valeeva FV, Khasanova KB, Valeeva EV, Kiseleva TA, Sozinova EA, Akhmetov II. Association of rs1799883 polymorphism of the fabp2 gene with various carbohydrate metabolism disorders in residents of the republic of Tatarstan. Medical Almanac. 2018;(6):116–120. Available at: https://elibrary.ru/smfryx.Cao M, Zhang Y, Chen D, Zhong J, Zhang X, Yang L et al. Polymorphism in genes encoding two fatty acid binding proteins increases risk of ischemic stroke in a Chinese Han population. Front Genet. 2023;14:1056186. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2023.1056186.Cao M, Zhang Y, Chen D, Zhong J, Zhang X, Yang L et al. Polymorphism in genes encoding two fatty acid binding proteins increases risk of ischemic stroke in a Chinese Han population. Front Genet. 2023;14:1056186. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2023.1056186.Zhang Z, Li H, Weng H, Zhou G, Chen H, Yang X et al. Genome-wide association analyses identified novel susceptibility loci for pulmonary embolism among Han Chinese population. BMC Med. 2023;21(1):153. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-023-02844-4.Zhang Z, Li H, Weng H, Zhou G, Chen H, Yang X et al. Genome-wide association analyses identified novel susceptibility loci for pulmonary embolism among Han Chinese population. BMC Med. 2023;21(1):153. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-023-02844-4.Saia RS, Giusti H, Luis-Silva F, Pedroso KJB, Auxiliadora-Martins M, Morejón KML et al. Clinical investigation of intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) as a biomarker of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;113:82–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2021.09.051.Saia RS, Giusti H, Luis-Silva F, Pedroso KJB, Auxiliadora-Martins M, Morejón KML et al. Clinical investigation of intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) as a biomarker of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;113:82–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2021.09.051.Prasad R, Patton MJ, Floyd JL, Fortmann S, DuPont M, Harbour A et al. Plasma microbiome in COVID-19 subjects: an indicator of gut barrier defects and dysbiosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(16):9141. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169141.Prasad R, Patton MJ, Floyd JL, Fortmann S, DuPont M, Harbour A et al. Plasma microbiome in COVID-19 subjects: an indicator of gut barrier defects and dysbiosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(16):9141. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169141.Gu X, Wang S, Zhang W, Li C, Guo L, Wang Z et al. Probing long COVID through a proteomic lens: a comprehensive two-year longitudinal cohort study of hospitalised survivors. EBioMedicine. 2023;98:104851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104851.Gu X, Wang S, Zhang W, Li C, Guo L, Wang Z et al. Probing long COVID through a proteomic lens: a comprehensive two-year longitudinal cohort study of hospitalised survivors. EBioMedicine. 2023;98:104851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104851.Farias PCS, Cabral LP, Neves PAF, Januário CAB, Cordeiro BM, Silva Júnior WJD et al. Genetic variant in the AGT gene (rs699-GG) is associated with severe COVID-19 in Brazilian patients. An Acad Bras Cienc. 2024;96(Suppl. 3):e20240274. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202420240274.Farias PCS, Cabral LP, Neves PAF, Januário CAB, Cordeiro BM, Silva Júnior WJD et al. Genetic variant in the AGT gene (rs699-GG) is associated with severe COVID-19 in Brazilian patients. An Acad Bras Cienc. 2024;96(Suppl. 3):e20240274. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202420240274.Repchuk Y, Sydorchuk LP, Sydorchuk AR, Fedonyuk LY, Kamyshnyi O, Korovenkova O et al. Linkage of blood pressure, obesity and diabetes mellitus with angiotensinogen gene (AGT 704T>C/rs699) polymorphism in hypertensive patients. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2021;122(10):715–720. https://doi.org/10.4149/BLL_2021_114.Repchuk Y, Sydorchuk LP, Sydorchuk AR, Fedonyuk LY, Kamyshnyi O, Korovenkova O et al. Linkage of blood pressure, obesity and diabetes mellitus with angiotensinogen gene (AGT 704T>C/rs699) polymorphism in hypertensive patients. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2021;122(10):715–720. https://doi.org/10.4149/BLL_2021_114.Hussain M, Khan HN, Abbas S, Ali A, Aslam MN, Awan FR. Tetra-ARMS-PCR assay development for genotyping of AGT rs699 T/C polymorphism, its comparison with PCR-RFLP and application in a case-control association study of cardiovascular disease patients. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids. 2023;42(8):603–618. https://doi.org/10.1080/15257770.2023.2181972.Hussain M, Khan HN, Abbas S, Ali A, Aslam MN, Awan FR. Tetra-ARMS-PCR assay development for genotyping of AGT rs699 T/C polymorphism, its comparison with PCR-RFLP and application in a case-control association study of cardiovascular disease patients. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids. 2023;42(8):603–618. https://doi.org/10.1080/15257770.2023.2181972.Shaikh R, Shahid SM, Mansoor Q, Ismail M, Azhar A. Genetic variants of ACE (Insertion/Deletion) and AGT (M268T) genes in patients with diabetes and nephropathy. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2014;15(2):124–130. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470320313512390.Shaikh R, Shahid SM, Mansoor Q, Ismail M, Azhar A. Genetic variants of ACE (Insertion/Deletion) and AGT (M268T) genes in patients with diabetes and nephropathy. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2014;15(2):124–130. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470320313512390.Underwood PC, Sun B, Williams JS, Pojoga LH, Raby B, Lasky-Su J et al. The association of the angiotensinogen gene with insulin sensitivity in humans: a tagging single nucleotide polymorphism and haplotype approach. Metabolism. 2011;60(8):1150–1157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2010.12.009.Underwood PC, Sun B, Williams JS, Pojoga LH, Raby B, Lasky-Su J et al. The association of the angiotensinogen gene with insulin sensitivity in humans: a tagging single nucleotide polymorphism and haplotype approach. Metabolism. 2011;60(8):1150–1157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2010.12.009.Polat S, Şimşek ZÖ. Association between ACE (rs4343 and rs1799752), AGTR1 (rs5186), and PAI-1 (rs2227631) polymorphisms in the host and the severity of Covid-19 infection. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids. 2025;44(1):57–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/15257770.2024.2387033.Polat S, Şimşek ZÖ. Association between ACE (rs4343 and rs1799752), AGTR1 (rs5186), and PAI-1 (rs2227631) polymorphisms in the host and the severity of Covid-19 infection. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids. 2025;44(1):57–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/15257770.2024.2387033.Martínez-Nava Y, Ogaz-Escarpita MC, Reza-López SA, Leal-Berumen I. Diabetic kidney disease and polymorphisms of the ELMO1 and AGTR1 genes: Systematic review. Nefrologia. 2025;45(3):194–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nefroe.2025.02.005.Martínez-Nava Y, Ogaz-Escarpita MC, Reza-López SA, Leal-Berumen I. Diabetic kidney disease and polymorphisms of the ELMO1 and AGTR1 genes: Systematic review. Nefrologia. 2025;45(3):194–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nefroe.2025.02.005.Ihsan M, Khan NU, Asim N, Ismail M, Almutairi MH, Ali I, Adams BD. Significant Association of Candidate Genes (AGTR1 and TGF-Β1) Polymorphism with Diabetic Nephropathy in Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Patients. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2024;58(3):203–211. https://doi.org/10.33594/000000702.Ihsan M, Khan NU, Asim N, Ismail M, Almutairi MH, Ali I, Adams BD. Significant Association of Candidate Genes (AGTR1 and TGF-Β1) Polymorphism with Diabetic Nephropathy in Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Patients. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2024;58(3):203–211. https://doi.org/10.33594/000000702.Сидько АР, Титов БВ, Сухинина ТС, Минушкина ЛО, Киселев ИС, Парфенова ЕВ, Фаворова ОО. Поиск возраст-зависимых генетических факторов риска для прогнозирования раннего инфаркта миокарда у мужчин и женщин. Кардиология. 2025;65(7):3–9. https://doi.org/10.18087/cardio.2025.7.n2909.Sidko AR, Titov BV, Sukhinina TS, Minushkina LO, Kiselev IS, Parfyonova YV, Favorova OO. Search for Age-Dependent Genetic Risk Factors for Predicting Early Myocardial Infarction in Men And Women. Kardiologiia. 2025;65(7):3–9. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18087/cardio.2025.7.n2909.Ahluwalia TS, Kilpeläinen TO, Singh S, Rossing P. Editorial: Novel Biomarkers for Type 2 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol. 2019;10:649. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00649.Ahluwalia TS, Kilpeläinen TO, Singh S, Rossing P. Editorial: Novel Biomarkers for Type 2 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol. 2019;10:649. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fendo.2019.00649.Kohler HP, Grant PJ. Plasminogen-activator inhibitor type 1 and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(24):1792–1801. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200006153422406.Kohler HP, Grant PJ. Plasminogen-activator inhibitor type 1 and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(24):1792–1801. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200006153422406.Bayram B, Owen AR, Dudakovic A, Bettencourt JW, Limberg AK, Morrey ME et al. Elevated Expression of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor (PAI-1/SERPINE1) is Independent from rs1799889 Genotypes in Arthrofibrosis. Meta Gene. 2021;28:100877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mgene.2021.100877.Bayram B, Owen AR, Dudakovic A, Bettencourt JW, Limberg AK, Morrey ME et al. Elevated Expression of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor (PAI-1/SERPINE1) is Independent from rs1799889 Genotypes in Arthrofibrosis. Meta Gene. 2021;28:100877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mgene.2021.100877.Williams PT. Quantile-specific heritability of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1, aka SERPINE1) and other hemostatic factors. J Thromb Haemost. 2021;19(10):2559–2571. https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.15468.Williams PT. Quantile-specific heritability of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1, aka SERPINE1) and other hemostatic factors. J Thromb Haemost. 2021;19(10):2559–2571. https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.15468.Eriksson P, Kallin B, van‘t Hooft FM, Båvenholm P, Hamsten A. Allele-specific increase in basal transcription of the plasminogen-activator inhibitor 1 gene is associated with myocardial infarction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995;92(6):1851–1855. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.6.1851.Eriksson P, Kallin B, van‘t Hooft FM, Båvenholm P, Hamsten A. Allele-specific increase in basal transcription of the plasminogen-activator inhibitor 1 gene is associated with myocardial infarction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995;92(6):1851–1855. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.6.1851.McCartney DL, Min JL, Richmond RC, Lu AT, Sobczyk MK, Davies G et al. Genome-wide association studies identify 137 genetic loci for DNA methylation biomarkers of aging. Genome Biol. 2021;22(1):194. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-021-02398-9.McCartney DL, Min JL, Richmond RC, Lu AT, Sobczyk MK, Davies G et al. Genome-wide association studies identify 137 genetic loci for DNA methylation biomarkers of aging. Genome Biol. 2021;22(1):194. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-021-02398-9.Liu Y, Cheng J, Guo X, Mo J, Gao B, Zhou H, Wu Y, Li Z. The roles of PAI-1 gene polymorphisms in atherosclerotic diseases: A systematic review and metaanalysis involving 149,908 subjects. Gene. 2018;673:167–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2018.06.040.Liu Y, Cheng J, Guo X, Mo J, Gao B, Zhou H, Wu Y, Li Z. The roles of PAI-1 gene polymorphisms in atherosclerotic diseases: A systematic review and metaanalysis involving 149,908 subjects. Gene. 2018;673:167–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2018.06.040.Miri S, Sheikhha MH, Dastgheib SA, Shaker SA, Neamatzadeh H. Association of ACE I/D and PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphisms with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2021;20(2):1191–1197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40200-021-00839-7.Miri S, Sheikhha MH, Dastgheib SA, Shaker SA, Neamatzadeh H. Association of ACE I/D and PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphisms with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2021;20(2):1191–1197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40200-021-00839-7.Luo Z, Liu Y, Li H, Zhou Y, Peng Y, Lin X, Fang Y, Wan J, Wei B. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of SERPINE1 4G/5G Insertion/Deletion Variant With Circulating Lipid Levels. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:859979. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.859979.Luo Z, Liu Y, Li H, Zhou Y, Peng Y, Lin X, Fang Y, Wan J, Wei B. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of SERPINE1 4G/5G Insertion/Deletion Variant With Circulating Lipid Levels. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:859979. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.859979.Chen J, Zhai C, Wang Z, Li R, Wu W, Hou K et al. The susceptibility of SERPINE1 rs1799889 SNP in diabetic vascular complications: a meta-analysis of fifty-one case-control studies. BMC Endocr Disord. 2021;21(1):195. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-021-00837-z.Chen J, Zhai C, Wang Z, Li R, Wu W, Hou K et al. The susceptibility of SERPINE1 rs1799889 SNP in diabetic vascular complications: a meta-analysis of fifty-one case-control studies. BMC Endocr Disord. 2021;21(1):195. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-021-00837-z.Mariappan V, Adla D, Jangili S, Ranganadin P, Green SR, Mohammed S, Mutheneni SR, Pillai AB. Understanding COVID-19 outcome: Exploring the prognostic value of soluble biomarkers indicative of endothelial impairment. Cytokine. 2024;180:156673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156673.Mariappan V, Adla D, Jangili S, Ranganadin P, Green SR, Mohammed S, Mutheneni SR, Pillai AB. Understanding COVID-19 outcome: Exploring the prognostic value of soluble biomarkers indicative of endothelial impairment. Cytokine. 2024;180:156673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156673.Николаева ЛИ, Стучинская МД, Дедова АВ, Шевченко НГ, Хлопова ИН, Кружкова ИС и др. Ассоциация полиморфных вариантов генов системы гемостаза с течением COVID-19. Вопросы вирусологии. 2023;68(5):445–453. https://doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-197.Nikolaeva LI, Stuchinskaya MD, Dedova AV, Shevchenko NG, Khlopova IN, Kruzhkova IS et al. Association of polymorphic variants of hemostatic system genes with the course of COVID-19. Voprosy Virusologii. 2023;68(5):445–453. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-197.Yatsenko T, Rios R, Nogueira T, Salama Y, Takahashi S, Adachi E et al. The influence of 4G/5G polymorphism in the plasminogen-activator-inhibitor-1 promoter on COVID-19 severity and endothelial dysfunction. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1445294. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1445294.Yatsenko T, Rios R, Nogueira T, Salama Y, Takahashi S, Adachi E et al. The influence of 4G/5G polymorphism in the plasminogen-activator-inhibitor-1 promoter on COVID-19 severity and endothelial dysfunction. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1445294. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1445294.Fortis MF, Fraga LR, Boquett JA, Kowalski TW, Dutra CG, Gonçalves RO et al. Angiogenesis and oxidative stress-related gene variants in recurrent pregnancy loss. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2018;30(3):498–506. https://doi.org/10.1071/rd17117.Fortis MF, Fraga LR, Boquett JA, Kowalski TW, Dutra CG, Gonçalves RO et al. Angiogenesis and oxidative stress-related gene variants in recurrent pregnancy loss. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2018;30(3):498–506. https://doi.org/10.1071/rd17117.Sorokina YuA, Lovtsova LV, Urakov AL, Zanozinа OV. Genetic polymorphism in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Sovremennye tehnologii v medicine. 2019;11(2):57–62. https://doi.org/10.17691/stm2019.11.2.08.Sorokina YuA, Lovtsova LV, Urakov AL, Zanozinа OV. Genetic polymorphism in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Sovremennye tehnologii v medicine. 2019;11(2):57–62. https://doi.org/10.17691/stm2019.11.2.08.Магамадов ИС, Скородумова ЕА, Костенко ВА, Пивоварова ЛП, Арискина ОБ, Сиверина АВ, Скородумова ЕГ. Влияние полиморфизма гена эндотелиальной синтазы оксида азота на прогноз у пациентов после аортокоронарного шунтирования. Трансляционная медицина. 2022;9(3):13–23. https://doi.org/10.18705/2311-4495-2022-9-3-13-23.Magamadov IS, Skorodumova EA, Kostenko VA, Pivovarova LP, Ariskina OB, Siverina AV, Skorodumova EG. Influence of endothelial nitric oxide syntase gene polymorphism on prognosis in patients after coronary bypass graft- ing. Translational Medicine. 2022;9(3):13–23. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18705/2311-4495-2022-9-3-13-23.Fouda EAAM, Badr EA, Gawesh D, Mahmoud MA. The role of NOS3-rs1799983 and NOS3-rs2070744 SNP in occurrence of avascular necrosis as a post COVID-19 complication. BMC Med Genomics. 2024;17(1):217. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12920-024-01928-1.Fouda EAAM, Badr EA, Gawesh D, Mahmoud MA. The role of NOS3-rs1799983 and NOS3-rs2070744 SNP in occurrence of avascular necrosis as a post COVID-19 complication. BMC Med Genomics. 2024;17(1):217. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12920-024-01928-1.Ahmed M, Rghigh A. Polymorphism in Endothelin-1 Gene: An Overview. Curr Clin Pharmacol. 2016;11(3):191–210. https://doi.org/10.2174/1574884711666160701000900.Ahmed M, Rghigh A. Polymorphism in Endothelin-1 Gene: An Overview. Curr Clin Pharmacol. 2016;11(3):191–210. https://doi.org/10.2174/1574884711666160701000900.Li H, Louey JW, Choy KW, Liu DT, Chan WM, Chan YM et al. EDN1 Lys198Asn is associated with diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes. Mol Vis. 2008;14:1698–1704. Available at: http://www.molvis.org/molvis/v14/a201.Li H, Louey JW, Choy KW, Liu DT, Chan WM, Chan YM et al. EDN1 Lys198Asn is associated with diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes. Mol Vis. 2008;14:1698–1704. Available at: http://www.molvis.org/molvis/v14/a201.Maslat AO, Al-Mahmood OM, Al Khawaja NM, Al-Shdefat R. Association of Genetic polymorphisms of EDN1 gene and Endothelin-1 level in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Jordanian population. Heliyon. 2023;10(1):e23676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23676.Maslat AO, Al-Mahmood OM, Al Khawaja NM, Al-Shdefat R. Association of Genetic polymorphisms of EDN1 gene and Endothelin-1 level in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Jordanian population. Heliyon. 2023;10(1):e23676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23676.Ebrahimi N, Asadikaram G, Mohammadi A, Jahani Y, Moridi M, Masoumi M. The association of endothelin-1 gene polymorphism and its plasma levels with hypertension and coronary atherosclerosis. Arch Med Sci. 2019;17(3):613–620. https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2019.86770.Ebrahimi N, Asadikaram G, Mohammadi A, Jahani Y, Moridi M, Masoumi M. The association of endothelin-1 gene polymorphism and its plasma levels with hypertension and coronary atherosclerosis. Arch Med Sci. 2019;17(3):613–620. https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2019.86770.Tu G, Fang Z, Zhao Y, Wu Q. Association of +138I/D and Lys198Asn Polymorphisms in the Endothelin-1 Gene with Early Onset of Coronary Artery Disease among the Chinese Han Population. Med Sci Monit. 2020;26:e921542. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.921542.Tu G, Fang Z, Zhao Y, Wu Q. Association of +138I/D and Lys198Asn Polymorphisms in the Endothelin-1 Gene with Early Onset of Coronary Artery Disease among the Chinese Han Population. Med Sci Monit. 2020;26:e921542. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.921542.Smiianova YO, Pristupa LN, Harbuzova VY, Harbuzova YA. The association of LYS198ASN –polymorphism of endothelin-1 gene (EDN1) with development of arterial hypertension in ukrainian population. Wiad Lek. 2019;72(4):568–57. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31055534.Smiianova YO, Pristupa LN, Harbuzova VY, Harbuzova YA. The association of LYS198ASN –polymorphism of endothelin-1 gene (EDN1) with development of arterial hypertension in ukrainian population. Wiad Lek. 2019;72(4):568–57. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31055534.Oleshko TB, Chaika IS, Oleshko TM, Harbuzova VY. Influence of LYS198ASN polymorphism of endothelin-1 gene on ischemic atherothrombotic stroke characteristics. Wiad Lek. 2020;73(4):657–661. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32731692.Oleshko TB, Chaika IS, Oleshko TM, Harbuzova VY. Influence of LYS198ASN polymorphism of endothelin-1 gene on ischemic atherothrombotic stroke characteristics. Wiad Lek. 2020;73(4):657–661. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32731692.Азарова ЮЭ, Гуреева АВ, Постникова МИ, Макаренко ВВ, Клёсова ЕЮ, Полоников АВ. Связь однонуклеотидного полиморфизма rs4880 гена SOD2 с развитием микрососудистых осложнений сахарного диабета 2-го типа. Научные результаты биомедицинских исследований. 2023;9(4):461–473. https://doi.org/10.18413/2658-6533-2023-9-4-0-3.Azarova IE, Gureeva AV, Postnikova MI, Makarenko VV, Klyosova EYu, Polonikov AV. The link of single nucleotide polymorphism rs4880 of the SOD2 gene to the development of microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Research Results in Biomedicine. 2023;9(3):461–473. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18413/2658-6533-2023-9-4-0-3.Lewandowski Ł, Urbanowicz I, Kepinska M, Milnerowicz H. Concentration/ activity of superoxide dismutase isozymes and the pro-/antioxidative status, in context of type 2 diabetes and selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (genes: INS, SOD1, SOD2, SOD3) – Preliminary findings. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;137:111396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111396.Lewandowski Ł, Urbanowicz I, Kepinska M, Milnerowicz H. Concentration/ activity of superoxide dismutase isozymes and the pro-/antioxidative status, in context of type 2 diabetes and selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (genes: INS, SOD1, SOD2, SOD3) – Preliminary findings. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;137:111396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111396.Yari A, Karam ZM, Meybodi SME, Sargazi ML, Saeidi K. CDKN2B-AS (rs2891168), SOD2 (rs4880), and PON1 (rs662) polymorphisms and susceptibility to coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Iranian patients: A case-control study. Health Sci Rep. 2023;6(11):e1717. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.1717.Yari A, Karam ZM, Meybodi SME, Sargazi ML, Saeidi K. CDKN2B-AS (rs2891168), SOD2 (rs4880), and PON1 (rs662) polymorphisms and susceptibility to coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Iranian patients: A case-control study. Health Sci Rep. 2023;6(11):e1717. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.1717.Jones DA, Prior SL, Tang TS, Bain SC, Hurel SJ, Humphries SE, Stephens JW. Association between the rs4880 superoxide dismutase 2 (C>T) gene variant and coronary heart disease in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010;90(2):196–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2010.07.009.Jones DA, Prior SL, Tang TS, Bain SC, Hurel SJ, Humphries SE, Stephens JW. Association between the rs4880 superoxide dismutase 2 (C>T) gene variant and coronary heart disease in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010;90(2):196–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2010.07.009.do Nascimento KF, Alchieri EF, Sanson CS, Andrade Cavalli ME, Moreira Pena YA, Okumura Tioda IS et al. Neuroinflammation in long COVID: the role of the Val16Ala polymorphism of SOD2 and cognitive impairment. Neuroscience. 2025;585:418–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.08.047.do Nascimento KF, Alchieri EF, Sanson CS, Andrade Cavalli ME, Moreira Pena YA, Okumura Tioda IS et al. Neuroinflammation in long COVID: the role of the Val16Ala polymorphism of SOD2 and cognitive impairment. Neuroscience. 2025;585:418–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.08.047.Ismael S, Umar M, Ouvrier B, Hall G, Cummins M, Sapkota A et al. SARS-CoV-2 (MA10) Infection Aggravates Cerebrovascular Pathology in Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase-Deficient Mice. Viruses. 2025;17(6):784. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17060784.Ismael S, Umar M, Ouvrier B, Hall G, Cummins M, Sapkota A et al. SARS-CoV-2 (MA10) Infection Aggravates Cerebrovascular Pathology in Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase-Deficient Mice. Viruses. 2025;17(6):784. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17060784.Jerotic D, Ranin J, Bukumiric Z, Djukic T, Coric V, Savic-Radojevic A et al. SOD2 rs4880 and GPX1 rs1050450 polymorphisms do not confer risk of COVID-19, but influence inflammation or coagulation parameters in Serbian cohort. Redox Rep. 2022;27(1):85–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510002.2022.2057707.Jerotic D, Ranin J, Bukumiric Z, Djukic T, Coric V, Savic-Radojevic A et al. SOD2 rs4880 and GPX1 rs1050450 polymorphisms do not confer risk of COVID-19, but influence inflammation or coagulation parameters in Serbian cohort. Redox Rep. 2022;27(1):85–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510002.2022.2057707.Pourvali K, Abbasi M, Mottaghi A. Role of Superoxide Dismutase 2 Gene Ala16Val Polymorphism and Total Antioxidant Capacity in Diabetes and its Complications. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol. 2016;8(2):48–56. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27141263.Pourvali K, Abbasi M, Mottaghi A. Role of Superoxide Dismutase 2 Gene Ala16Val Polymorphism and Total Antioxidant Capacity in Diabetes and its Complications. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol. 2016;8(2):48–56. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27141263.Гафаров ВВ, Громова ЕА, Панов ДО, Максимов ВН, Гагулин ИВ, Гафарова АВ. Ассоциация полиморфного маркера Val158Met гена COMT с депрессией в открытой популяции 25–44 лет (международная программа ВОЗ MONICA, эпидемиологическое исследование). Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2021;13(2):19–25. https://doi.org/10.14412/20742711-2021-2-19-25.Gafarov VV, Gromova EA, Panov DO, Maksimov VN, Gagulin IV, Gafarova AV. Association of polymorphic marker Val158Met of COMT gene with depression in an open population 25–44 years old (WHO international program MONICA, epidemiological study). Nevrologiya, Neiropsikhiatriya, Psikhosomatika. 2021;13(2):19–25. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2021-2-19-25.Чагай НБ, Мкртумян АМ. Метилирование эстрогенов, ожирение и рак молочной железы. Проблемы эндокринологии. 2018;64(4):244–251. https://doi.org/10.14341/probl9550.Chagay NB, Mkrtumyan AM. Methylation of estrogens, obesity and breast cancer. Problemy Endokrinologii. 2018;64(4):244–251. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14341/probl9550.Rajkumar RP. Warriors, Worriers, and COVID-19: An Exploratory Study of the Catechol O-Methyltransferase Val158Met Polymorphism AcrossRajkumar RP. Warriors, Worriers, and COVID-19: An Exploratory Study of the Catechol O-Methyltransferase Val158Met Polymorphism Across Populations. Cureus. 2020;12(8):e10103. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.10103.Chaudhary AK, Singh M, Bharti AC, Asotra K, Sundaram S, Mehrotra R. Genetic polymorphisms of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in potentially malignant and malignant lesions of the head and neck. J Biomed Sci. 2010;17(1):10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1423-0127-17-10.Chaudhary AK, Singh M, Bharti AC, Asotra K, Sundaram S, Mehrotra R. Genetic polymorphisms of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in potentially malignant and malignant lesions of the head and neck. J Biomed Sci. 2010;17(1):10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1423-0127-17-10.Wong M, Gain C, Sharma MB, Fotooh Abadi L, Hugo C, Vassilopoulos H et al. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection Alters Mediators of Lung Tissue Remodeling In Vitro and In Vivo. J Infect Dis. 2024;229(5):1372–1381. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiad536.Wong M, Gain C, Sharma MB, Fotooh Abadi L, Hugo C, Vassilopoulos H et al. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection Alters Mediators of Lung Tissue Remodeling In Vitro and In Vivo. J Infect Dis. 2024;229(5):1372–1381. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiad536.Singh HO, Marathe SD, Nain S, Samani D, Nema V, Ghate MV, Gangakhedkar RR. Promoter polymorphism MMP-1 (-1607 2G/1G) and MMP-3 (-1612 5A/6A) in development of HAND and modulation of pathogenesis of HAND. J Biosci. 2017;42(3):481–490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12038-017-9694-5.Singh HO, Marathe SD, Nain S, Samani D, Nema V, Ghate MV, Gangakhedkar RR. Promoter polymorphism MMP-1 (-1607 2G/1G) and MMP-3 (-1612 5A/6A) in development of HAND and modulation of pathogenesis of HAND. J Biosci. 2017;42(3):481–490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12038-017-9694-5.Maamar M, Artime A, Pariente E, Fierro P, Ruiz Y, Gutiérrez S et al. PostCOVID-19 syndrome, low-grade inflammation and inflammatory markers: a cross-sectional study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2022;38(6):901–909. https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2022.2042991.Maamar M, Artime A, Pariente E, Fierro P, Ruiz Y, Gutiérrez S et al. PostCOVID-19 syndrome, low-grade inflammation and inflammatory markers: a cross-sectional study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2022;38(6):901–909. https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2022.2042991.Yong SJ. Long COVID or post-COVID-19 syndrome: putative pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatments. Infect Dis. 2021;53(10):737–754. https://doi.org/10.1080/23744235.2021.1924397.Yong SJ. Long COVID or post-COVID-19 syndrome: putative pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatments. Infect Dis. 2021;53(10):737–754. https://doi.org/10.1080/23744235.2021.1924397.Szalai AJ, Wu J, Lange EM, McCrory MA, Langefeld CD, Williams A et al. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the C-reactive protein (CRP) gene promoter that affect transcription factor binding, alter transcriptional activity, and associate with differences in baseline serum CRP level. J Mol Med. 2005;83(6):440–447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-005-0658-0.Szalai AJ, Wu J, Lange EM, McCrory MA, Langefeld CD, Williams A et al. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the C-reactive protein (CRP) gene promoter that affect transcription factor binding, alter transcriptional activity, and associate with differences in baseline serum CRP level. J Mol Med. 2005;83(6):440–447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-005-0658-0.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.