<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medsovet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский Совет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-701X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5790</issn><publisher><publisher-name>REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21518/ms2026-051</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medsovet-10253</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КОМОРБИДНЫЕ СОСТОЯНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>COMORBID CONDITIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Коморбидность бронхиальной астмы и патологии пищевода: клинико-иммунологическая характеристика</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Comorbidity of bronchial asthma and esophageal pathology: Clinical and immunological characteristics</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6649-8900</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кацер</surname><given-names>А. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Katser</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кацер Анна Борисовна - аспирант кафедры госпитальной терапии и иммунологии с курсом последипломного образования.</p><p>660022, Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, д. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna B. Katser - Postgraduate Student of the Department of Hospital Therapy and Immunology with a course of Postgraduate Education.</p><p>1, Partizan Zheleznyak St., Krasnoyarsk, 660022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lesmotsfors@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8982-5292</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Демко</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Demko</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Демко Ирина Владимировна - д.м.н., профессор, заведующая кафедрой госпитальной терапии и иммунологии с курсом последипломного образования, Красноярский ГМУ имени профессора В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого; заведующая легочно-аллергологическим центром, ККБ.</p><p>660022, Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, д. 1; 660022, Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, д. 3а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina V. Demko - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Hospital Therapy and Immunology with a course of Postgraduate Education, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky; Head of the Pulmonary Allergy Center of the RCH.</p><p>1, Partizan Zheleznyak St., Krasnoyarsk, 660022; 3a, Partizan Zheleznyak St., Krasnoyarsk, 660022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">demko64@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9377-5213</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Собко</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sobko</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Собко Елена Альбертовна - д.м.н., профессор кафедры госпитальной терапии и иммунологии с курсом последипломного образования, Красноярский ГМУ имени профессора В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого; заведующая отделением аллергологии, ККБ.</p><p>660022, Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, д. 1; 660022, Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, д. 3а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena A. Sobko - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Professor of the Department of Hospital Therapy and Immunology with a course of Postgraduate Education, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky; Head of the Department of Allergology of the RCH.</p><p>1, Partizan Zheleznyak St., Krasnoyarsk, 660022; 3a, Partizan Zheleznyak St., Krasnoyarsk, 660022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sobko29@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Красноярский государственный медицинский университет имени профессора В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Красноярский государственный медицинский университет имени профессора В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого; Краевая клиническая больница</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky; Regional Clinical Hospital</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>9</issue><fpage>98</fpage><lpage>105</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кацер А.Б., Демко И.В., Собко Е.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кацер А.Б., Демко И.В., Собко Е.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Katser A.B., Demko I.V., Sobko E.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/10253">https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/10253</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Сочетание патологии пищевода и бронхиальной астмы (БА) нередко встречается в клинической практике, но в ряде случаев может оставаться нераспознанным, что связано с трудностями диагностики и отсутствием клинической настороженности.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Оценить структурно-функциональные и лабораторные нарушения, выявляемые у пациентов с БА в сочетании с патологией пищевода.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Исследование проводилось на базе отделения аллергологии красноярской ККБ. Обследовано 69 пациентов, поступающих на стационарное лечение с диагнозом «бронхиальная астма». В соответствии с клинико-анамнестическими данными пациенты были разделены на 2 группы: БА без патологии пищевода (1-я группа: 38 пациентов (55,07%)) и БА в сочетании с патологией пищевода (2-я группа: 31 пациент (44,93%)). Методы обследования включали в себя: анамнестический метод, физикальный осмотр, заполнение опросника ACQ-5, АСТ, GERDQ, опросник на выявление дисфагии, инструментальные (спирография с бронхолитиком, ФГС), лабораторные методы, морфологическое исследование пищевода.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. У пациентов с БА в сочетании с патологией пищевода количество дневных и ночных приступов и, соответственно, потребности в КДБА были значимо больше. По данным спирометрии, фиксированная обструкция дыхательных путей значимо чаще регистрировалась среди пациентов 2-й группы. В иммунном статусе отмечается значимое снижение NKТ-клеток у пациентов 2-й группы. Снижение NKТ-клеток у пациентов БА в сочетании с патологией пищевода, а также наличие отрицательной взаимосвязи с грибковым эзофагитом может косвенно свидетельствовать о снижении барьерной функции эпителия и, соответственно, большей уязвимости пациентов по отношению к факторам внешней среды, что также подтверждается показателями опросника AQLQ по домену «окружающая среда».</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Полученные данные подтверждают отягощающее влияние патологии пищевода на течение БА, а также косвенно свидетельствуют о наличии изменений в системе мукозального иммунитета, что может приводить к сочетанному поражению слизистых оболочек пищевода и респираторного тракта.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The combination of esophageal pathology and bronchial asthma is frequently encountered in clinical practice, but in some cases it may remain unrecognized due to diagnostic difficulties and a lack of clinical suspicion.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To evaluate the structural, functional, and laboratory abnormalities detected in patients with bronchial asthma combined with esophageal pathology.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The study was conducted at the Allergology Department of the Krasnoyarsk Regional Clinical Hospital. Sixty-nine patients admitted for inpatient treatment with a diagnosis of bronchial asthma were examined. Based on clinical and anamnestic data, the patients were divided into two groups: those with bronchial asthma without esophageal pathology (Group 1: 38 patients (55.07%)) and those with bronchial asthma combined with esophageal pathology (Group 2: 31 patients (44.93%)). The examination methods included: anamnestic analysis, physical examination, completion of the ACQ-5, ACT, GERDQ, and dysphagia questionnaires, instrumental tests (spirography with a bronchodilator, fibrogastroduodenoscopy), laboratory tests, and esophageal morphological examination.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Patients with asthma combined with esophageal pathology had a significantly higher number of daytime and nighttime attacks and, consequently, a higher need for SABA. According to spirometry data, fixed airway obstruction was significantly more common among patients in Group 2. Immune status showed a significant decrease in NKT cells in Group 2 patients. A decrease in NKT cells in patients with bronchial asthma combined with esophageal pathology, as well as a negative association with fungal esophagitis, may indirectly indicate a decrease in epithelial barrier function and, consequently, a greater vulnerability to environmental factors, as also confirmed by the AQLQ questionnaire scores in the “environment” domain.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. The obtained data confirm the aggravating effect of esophageal pathology on the course of bronchial asthma and also indirectly indicate changes in the mucosal immune system, which may lead to combined damage to the mucous membranes of the esophagus and respiratory tract.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>бронхиальная астма</kwd><kwd>гастроэзофагеальная рефлюксная болезнь</kwd><kwd>мукозальный иммунитет</kwd><kwd>Т2-воспаление</kwd><kwd>эозинофильный эзофагит</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>bronchial asthma</kwd><kwd>gastroesophageal reflux disease</kwd><kwd>mucosal immunity</kwd><kwd>T2-inflammation</kwd><kwd>eosinophilic esophagitis</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья опубликована при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда (соглашение №25-25-20142 от 21.05.2025) и Красноярского краевого фонда поддержки научной и научно-технической деятельности (договор №38 от 07.04.2025)</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This article was published with financial support from the Russian Science Foundation (Agreement No. 25-25-20142 dd. May 21, 2025) and Krasnoyarsk Regional Fund of Science and Technology Support (Contract No. 38 dd. April 07, 2025)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hekking PP, Amelink M, Wener RR, Bouvy ML, Bel EH. Comorbidities in Difficultto-Control Asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2018;6(1):108–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2017.06.008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hekking PP, Amelink M, Wener RR, Bouvy ML, Bel EH. Comorbidities in Difficultto-Control Asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2018;6(1):108–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2017.06.008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Анаев ЭХ, Бобков ЕВ. Гастроэзофагеальная рефлюксная болезнь при бронхиальной астме. Практическая пульмонология. 2020;(2):22–32. Режим доступа: https://www.atmosphere-ph.ru/modules.php?name=Magazines&amp;sop=viewarticle&amp;magid=1&amp;issueid=498&amp;artid=6228.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anaev EKh, Bobkov EV. Gastroesophageal reflux disease in bronchial asthma. Prakticheskaya Pulʹmonologiya. 2020;(2):22–32. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.atmosphere-ph.ru/modules.php?name=Magazines&amp;sop=viewarticle&amp;magid=1&amp;issueid=498&amp;artid=6228.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Анаев ЭХ, Яковенко ЭП. Хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких и гастроэзофагеальная рефлюксная болезнь. Практическая пульмонология. 2020;(3):32–39. Режим доступа: https://www.atmosphere-ph.ru/modules.php?name=Magazines&amp;sop=viewarticle&amp;magid=1&amp;issueid=502&amp;artid=6308.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anaev EH, Yakovenko EP. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Prakticheskaya Pulʹmonologiya. 2020;(3):32–39. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.atmosphere-ph.ru/modules.php?name=Magazines&amp;sop=viewarticle&amp;magid=1&amp;issueid=502&amp;artid=6308.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Broers C, Tack J, Pauwels A. Review article: gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018;47(2):176–191. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14416.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Broers C, Tack J, Pauwels A. Review article: gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018;47(2):176–191. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14416.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kang HR, Lee YJ, Lee HY, Park TY, Lee JK, Heo EY et al. The Impact of Erosive Reflux Esophagitis on the Decline of Lung Function in the General Population. J Korean Med Sci. 2021;36(5):e29. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kang HR, Lee YJ, Lee HY, Park TY, Lee JK, Heo EY et al. The Impact of Erosive Reflux Esophagitis on the Decline of Lung Function in the General Population. J Korean Med Sci. 2021;36(5):e29. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e29.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sandur V, Murugesh M, Banait V, Rathi PM, Bhatia SJ, Joshi JM, Kate A. Prevalence of gastro-esophageal reflux disease in patients with difficult to control asthma and effect of proton pump inhibitor therapy on asthma symptoms, reflux symptoms, pulmonary function and requirement for asthma medications. J Postgrad Med. 2014;60(3):282–286. https://doi.org/10.4103/0022-3859.138754.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sandur V, Murugesh M, Banait V, Rathi PM, Bhatia SJ, Joshi JM, Kate A. Prevalence of gastro-esophageal reflux disease in patients with difficult to control asthma and effect of proton pump inhibitor therapy on asthma symptoms, reflux symptoms, pulmonary function and requirement for asthma medications. J Postgrad Med. 2014;60(3):282–286. https://doi.org/10.4103/0022-3859.138754.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Durrani SR, Mukkada VA, Guilbert TW. Eosinophilic Esophagitis: an Important Comorbid Condition of Asthma? Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2018;55(1):56–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-018-8670-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Durrani SR, Mukkada VA, Guilbert TW. Eosinophilic Esophagitis: an Important Comorbid Condition of Asthma? Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2018;55(1):56–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-018-8670-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Capucilli P, Hill DA. Allergic Comorbidity in Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Mechanistic Relevance and Clinical Implications. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2019;57(1):111–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-019-08733-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Capucilli P, Hill DA. Allergic Comorbidity in Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Mechanistic Relevance and Clinical Implications. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2019;57(1):111–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-019-08733-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Plate J, Söderbergh T, Bergqvist J, Lingblom C, Bergquist H, Larsson H. Eosinophilic esophagitis prevalence, incidence, and presenting features: a 22-year population-based observational study from southwest Sweden. Dis Esophagus. 2025;38(1):doae025. https://doi.org/10.1093/dote/doae025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Plate J, Söderbergh T, Bergqvist J, Lingblom C, Bergquist H, Larsson H. Eosinophilic esophagitis prevalence, incidence, and presenting features: a 22-year population-based observational study from southwest Sweden. Dis Esophagus. 2025;38(1):doae025. https://doi.org/10.1093/dote/doae025.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ивашкин ВТ, Маев ИВ, Трухманов АС, Лапина ТЛ, Андреев ДН, Баранская ЕК и др. Клинические рекомендации Российской гастроэнтерологической ассоциации по диагностике и лечению эозинофильного эзофагита. Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии. 2018;28(6):84–98. https://doi.org/10.22416/1382-4376-2018-28-6-84-98.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivashkin VT, Maev IV, Trukhmanov AS, Lapina TL, Andreev DN, Baranskaya EK et al. Clinical recommendations of the Russian Gastroenterological Association for the diagnosis and treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis. Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Coloproctology. 2018;28(6):84–98. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.22416/1382-4376-2018-28-6-84-98.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лигостаева ЕА, Севрюгина НН, Бадьян АС, Беседина ЕА, Дудникова ЭВ, Барило АВ, Кещян МА. Эозинофильный эзофагит: длинный путь к диагнозу. Сибирское медицинское обозрение. 2024;(4):107–112. https://doi.org/10.20333/25000136-2024-4-107-112.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ligostaeva EA, Sevryugina NN, Badyan AS, Besedina ЕА, Dudnikova EV, Barilo AV, Keshchyan MA. Eosinophilic oesophagitis: a long way to diagnosis. Siberian Medical Review. 2024;(4):107–112. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.20333/25000136-2024-4-107-112.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hill DA, Grundmeier RW, Ramos M, Spergel JM. Eosinophilic Esophagitis Is a Late Manifestation of the Allergic March. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2018;6(5):1528–1533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2018.05.010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hill DA, Grundmeier RW, Ramos M, Spergel JM. Eosinophilic Esophagitis Is a Late Manifestation of the Allergic March. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2018;6(5):1528–1533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2018.05.010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barchi A, Mandarino FV, Yacoub MR, Albarello L, Massimino L, Savarino EV et al. From Pathogenesis to Treatment: Targeting Type-2 Inflammation in Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Biomolecules. 2024;14(9):1080. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14091080.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barchi A, Mandarino FV, Yacoub MR, Albarello L, Massimino L, Savarino EV et al. From Pathogenesis to Treatment: Targeting Type-2 Inflammation in Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Biomolecules. 2024;14(9):1080. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14091080.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кайбышева ВО, Кашин СВ, Михалева ЛМ, Видяева НС, Куваев РО, Галкова ЗВ и др. Эозинофильный эзофагит: современный взгляд на проблему и собственные клинические наблюдения. Доказательная гастроэнтерология. 2019;8(1):58–83. https://doi.org/10.17116/dokgastro2019801158.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaibysheva VO, Kashin SV, Mikhaleva LM, Vidyaeva NS, Kuvaev RO, Galcova ZV et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis: current view on the problem and own clinical observations. Russian Journal of Evidence-Based Gastroenterology. 2019;8(1):58–83. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17116/dokgastro2019801158.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hait EJ, McDonald DR. Impact of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease on Mucosal Immunity and Atopic Disorders. Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol. 2019;57:213–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-018-8701-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hait EJ, McDonald DR. Impact of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease on Mucosal Immunity and Atopic Disorders. Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol. 2019;57:213–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-018-8701-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Масленкина КС, Мотылев ЕН, Гущин МЮ, Вандышева РА, Михалева ЛМ. Патоморфологические критерии и особенности иммунного ответа при эозинофильном эзофагите и рефлюкс-эзофагите. Архив патологии. 2024;86(1):5–12. https://doi.org/10.17116/patol2024860115.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maslenkina KS, Motylev EN, Gushchin MYu, Vandysheva RA, Mikhaleva LM. Pathomorphological criteria and features of the immune response in eosinophilic esophagitis and reflux esophagitis. Arkhiv Patologii. 2024;86(1):5–12. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17116/patol2024860115.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Козлова ИВ, Пахомова АЛ, Кветной ИМ. Бронхиальная астма и ГЭРБ с рефлюкс-эзофагитом: клинические и морфологические особенности сочетанной патологии. Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2014;106(6):33–37. Режим доступа: https://elibrary.ru/szuupv.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozlova IV, Pakhomova AL, Kvetnoy IM. Asthma and GERD with reflux esophagitis: clinical and morphological specialties of comorbidity. Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology. 2014;106(6):33–37. (In Russ.) Available at: https://elibrary.ru/szuupv.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Голованова ВЕ, Михалева ЛМ, Бархина ТГ, Щеголева НН, Иванова ЕВ. Морфофункциональная характеристика слизистой оболочки пищевода при бронхиальной астме разной степени тяжести. Российский медико-биологический вестник имени академика И.П. Павлова. 2012;(2):25–32. https://doi.org/10.17816/PAVLOVJ2012225-32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Golovanova VE, Mikhaleva LM, Barkhina TG, Shchegoleva NN, Ivanova EV. Morphofunctional characteristics of the mucous membrane of the esophagus in bronchial asthma of varying severity. I.P. Pavlov Russian Medical Biological Herald. 2012;(2):25–32. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17816/PAVLOVJ2012225-32.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Галимов ОВ, Сатаев ВУ, Галимова ЕС, Федоров СВ, Ханов ВО. Влияние патологии верхних отделов пищеварительного тракта на течение хронических заболеваний легких. Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2022;202(6):14–18. https://doi.org/10.31146/16828658-ecg-202-6-14-18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galimov OV, Sataev VU, Galimova ES, Fedorov SV, Khanov VO. Influence of pathology of the upper digestive tract on the course of chronic lung diseases. Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology. 2022;202(6):14–18. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-202-6-14-18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Топтыгина АП. Роль неканонических Т-клеток в гомеостазе и патологии. Медицинская иммунология. 2024;26(3):449–464. https://doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-RON-2918.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Toptygina AP. Role of non-canonical T cells in homeostasis and pathology. Medical Immunology (Russia). 2024;26(3):449–464. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-RON-2918.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mohammad Taheri M, Javan F, Poudineh M, Athari SS. Beyond CAR-T: The rise of CAR-NK cell therapy in asthma immunotherapy. J Transl Med. 2024;22(1):736. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-024-05534-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mohammad Taheri M, Javan F, Poudineh M, Athari SS. Beyond CAR-T: The rise of CAR-NK cell therapy in asthma immunotherapy. J Transl Med. 2024;22(1):736. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-024-05534-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gutiérrez-Vera C, García-Betancourt R, Palacios PA, Müller M, Montero DA, Verdugo C et al. Natural killer T cells in allergic asthma: implications for the development of novel immunotherapeutical strategies. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1364774. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1364774.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gutiérrez-Vera C, García-Betancourt R, Palacios PA, Müller M, Montero DA, Verdugo C et al. Natural killer T cells in allergic asthma: implications for the development of novel immunotherapeutical strategies. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1364774. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1364774.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
