<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medsovet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский Совет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-701X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5790</issn><publisher><publisher-name>REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21518/ms2026-227</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medsovet-10259</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИНТЕРСТИЦИАЛЬНЫЕ БОЛЕЗНИ ЛЕГКИХ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Сравнительный анализ пациентов с идиопатическим легочным фиброзом и интерстициальными заболеваниями легких, ассоциированными с системными заболеваниями соединительной ткани</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Comparative analysis of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and interstitial lung diseases associated with systemic connective tissue diseases</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6225-4051</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жадил</surname><given-names>А. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhadil</surname><given-names>A. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Жадил Аида Дүйсенкызы - врач-пульмонолог, докторант, Научно-исследовательский институт кардиологии и внутренних болезней; Казахский НМУ имени С.Д. Асфендиярова</p><p>050000, Алматы, ул. Айтеке би, д. 120; 050012, Алматы, ул. Толе би, д. 94</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aida D. Zhadil - Pulmonologist, 1st-year Doctoral Student in Medicine, Research Institute of Cardiology and Internal Diseases; Asfendiyarov Kazakh NMU.</p><p>120, Ayteke bi St., Almaty, 050000; 94, Tole bi St., Almaty, 050012</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aida_zhadilova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0991-6237</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Винников</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vinnikov</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Винников Денис Владимирович - д.м.н., профессор, заведующий научно-исследовательской лабораторией здоровья и окружающей среды.</p><p>050040, Казахстан, Алматы, проспект Aль-Фараби, д. 71</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Denis V. Vinnikov - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Research Laboratory for Health and the Environment.</p><p>71, Al-Farabi Avenue, Almaty, 050040</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">denisvinnikov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6891-4218</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Касенова</surname><given-names>С. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kassenova</surname><given-names>S. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Касенова Сауле Лаиковна - д.м.н., врач-пульмонолог, профессор кафедры резидентуры.</p><p>050000, Казахстан, Алматы, ул. Айтеке би, д. 120</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Saule L. Kassenova - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Pulmonologist, Professor of the Residency Department.</p><p>120, Ayteke bi St., Almaty, 050000</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">s.kassenova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5999-2150</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Авдеев</surname><given-names>С. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Avdeev</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Авдеев Сергей Николаевич - академик РАН, д.м.н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой пульмонологии Института клинической медицины имени Н.В. Склифосовского, Первый МГМУ имени И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет); ведущий научный сотрудник, Научно-исследовательский институт пульмонологии Федерального медико-биологического агентства.</p><p>119048, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2; 115682, Москва, Ореховый бульвар, д. 28, стр. 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey N. Avdeev - Acad. RAS, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Pulmonology of Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine, Sechenov First MSMU (Sechenov University); Leading Researcher, Research Institute for Pulmonology of the Federal Medical Biological Agency.</p><p>8, Bldg. 2, Trubetskaya St., Moscow, 119048; 28, Bldg. 10, Orekhovy Boulevard, Moscow, 115682</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">serg_avdeev@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6011-7073</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тулеутаев</surname><given-names>Р. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tuleutayev</surname><given-names>R. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тулеутаев Рустем Мухтарович - к.м.н., ассоциированный профессор, председатель правления.</p><p>050000, Алматы, ул. Айтеке би, д. 120</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Rustem M. Tuleutayev - Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Chairman of the Board.</p><p>120, Ayteke bi St., Almaty, 050000</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rustemtuleutayev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0783-4441</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кайбуллаева</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kaibullayeva</surname><given-names>J. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кайбуллаева Джамиля Ахтановна - к.м.н., ассоциированный профессор, заместитель председателя правления.</p><p>050000, Алматы, ул. Айтеке би, д. 120</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Jamilya A. Kaibullayeva - Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Deputy Chairman of the Board.</p><p>120, Ayteke bi St., Almaty, 050000</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kaibullaev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-исследовательский институт кардиологии и внутренних болезней; Казахский Национальный медицинский университет имени С.Д. Асфендиярова</institution><country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Research Institute of Cardiology and Internal Diseases; Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Казахский Национальный университет имени Аль-Фараби</institution><country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Al-Farabi Kazakh National University</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-исследовательский институт кардиологии и внутренних болезней</institution><country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Research Institute of Cardiology and Internal Diseases</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет); Научно-исследовательский институт пульмонологии Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University); Research Institute for Pulmonology of the Federal Medical Biological Agency</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>9</issue><fpage>150</fpage><lpage>157</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Жадил А.Д., Винников Д.В., Касенова С.Л., Авдеев С.Н., Тулеутаев Р.М., Кайбуллаева Д.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Жадил А.Д., Винников Д.В., Касенова С.Л., Авдеев С.Н., Тулеутаев Р.М., Кайбуллаева Д.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zhadil A.D., Vinnikov D.V., Kassenova S.L., Avdeev S.N., Tuleutayev R.M., Kaibullayeva J.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/10259">https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/10259</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Интерстициальные заболевания легких (ИЗЛ) представляют собой гетерогенную группу заболеваний, значимую долю которых составляют идиопатический легочный фиброз (ИЛФ) и ИЗЛ, ассоциированные с системными заболеваниями соединительной ткани (ЗСТ-ИЗЛ). Несмотря на наличие общих черт прогрессирующего фиброзирующего фенотипа, данные формы различаются по патогенезу, клиническим проявлениям, радиологическим характеристикам, лабораторным особенностям и подходам к лечению.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Провести сравнительный клинико-функциональный анализ у пациентов с ИЛФ и ЗСТ-ИЗЛ, а также выявить различия в факторах риска в 2 группах.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Проведено одноцентровое поперечное исследование 82 (28% мужчины) пациентов, средний возраст которых составил 58,3 ± 11,9 года. Выполнен сравнительный анализ демографических, клинических, радиологических, функциональных и лабораторных показателей.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Установлено, что пациенты с ИЛФ были статистически значимо старше, среди них преобладали мужчины и чаще отмечалось курение в анамнезе. Для ИЛФ было характерно достоверное преобладание паттерна обычной интерстициальной пневмонии, более высокий уровень лактатдегидрогеназы и более выраженные респираторные симптомы по индексу CAT. В группе ЗСТ-ИЗЛ чаще выявлялись паттерн неспецифической интерстициальной пневмонии, положительные антинуклеарные антитела и более высокий уровень ревматоидного фактора, что отражает аутоиммунный характер поражения. Среди пациентов с ИЛФ было значимо больше участников с низким уровнем дохода (26 против 5%).</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. ИЛФ и ЗСТ-ИЗЛ представляют собой различные клинико-патогенетические фенотипы ИЗЛ. Комплексная оценка демографических, радиологических, функциональных и лабораторных характеристик имеет важное значение для уточнения диагноза, фенотипической стратификации пациентов, оценки прогноза и выбора персонифицированной терапевтической стратегии.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) constitute a heterogeneous group of conditions, a significant proportion of which consists of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and ILDs associated with systemic connective tissue diseases (SCTD-ILDs). Despite sharing common features of a progressive fibrotic phenotype, these forms differ in pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, radiological characteristics, laboratory features, and treatment approaches.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To conduct a comparative clinical and functional analysis in patients with IPF and CTD-ILD, as well as to identify differences in risk factors between the two groups.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. A single-center cross-sectional study in 82 patients (28% men) with a mean age of 58.3 ± 11.9 years. A comparative analysis of demographic, clinical, radiological, functional, and laboratory parameters was performed.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. It was established that patients with IPF were statistically significantly older, predominantly male, and more likely to have a history of smoking. IPF was characterized by a significant predominance of the typical interstitial pneumonia pattern, higher lactate dehydrogenase levels, and more pronounced respiratory symptoms as measured by the CAT index. In the CTD-ILD group, a pattern of nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, positive antinuclear antibodies, and higher levels of rheumatoid factor were more frequently detected, reflecting the autoimmune nature of the disease.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. The data confirm that IPF and CTD-ILD represent distinct clinical and pathogenetic phenotypes of interstitial lung diseases. A comprehensive assessment of demographic, radiological, functional, and laboratory characteristics is essential for refining the diagnosis, phenotypic stratification of patients, prognosis assessment, and selection of a personalized therapeutic strategy.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>интерстициальные заболевания легких</kwd><kwd>идиопатический легочный фиброз</kwd><kwd>системные заболевания соединительной ткани</kwd><kwd>компьютерная томография высокого разрешения</kwd><kwd>антинуклеарные антитела</kwd><kwd>объем форсированного выдоха за первую секунду</kwd><kwd>форсированная жизненная емкость легких</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>interstitial lung diseases</kwd><kwd>idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis</kwd><kwd>interstitial lung diseases associated with systemic connective tissue diseases</kwd><kwd>high-resolution computed tomography</kwd><kwd>antinuclear antibodies</kwd><kwd>lactate dehydrogenase</kwd><kwd>forced expiratory volume in one second</kwd><kwd>forced vital capacity</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Настоящее инициативное исследование финансировалось в рамках внутриинститутского гранта АО «НИИКВБ» Рег. № 0124РКИ0479 «Разработка технологии оценки риска прогрессирования интерстициальных заболеваний легких в проспективном когортном наблюдении»</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This initiative study was funded as part of an in-house grant from JSC “Scientific Research Institute of Cardiology and Internal Diseases”, Registration No. 0124РКИ0479, “Development of a technology for assessing the risk of progression of interstitial lung diseases in a prospective cohort study”</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ryerson CJ, Adegunsoye A, Piciucchi S, Hariri LP, Khor YH, Wijsenbeek MS et al. Update of the international multidisciplinary classification of the interstitial pneumonias: an ERS/ATS statement. Eur Respir J. 2025;66(6):2500158. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00158-2025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ryerson CJ, Adegunsoye A, Piciucchi S, Hariri LP, Khor YH, Wijsenbeek MS et al. Update of the international multidisciplinary classification of the interstitial pneumonias: an ERS/ATS statement. Eur Respir J. 2025;66(6):2500158. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00158-2025.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maher TM. Interstitial lung disease: a review. JAMA. 2024;331(19):1655–1665. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2024.3669.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maher TM. Interstitial lung disease: a review. JAMA. 2024;331(19):1655–1665. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2024.3669.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Golchin N, Patel A, Scheuring J, Wan V, Hofer K, Collet JP et al. Incidence and prevalence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. BMC Pulm Med. 2025;25(1):378. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-025-03836-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Golchin N, Patel A, Scheuring J, Wan V, Hofer K, Collet JP et al. Incidence and prevalence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. BMC Pulm Med. 2025;25(1):378. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-025-03836-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gupta RS, Koteci A, Morgan A, George PM, Quint JK. Incidence and prevalence of interstitial lung diseases worldwide: a systematic literature review. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2023;10(1):e001291. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjresp-2022-001291.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gupta RS, Koteci A, Morgan A, George PM, Quint JK. Incidence and prevalence of interstitial lung diseases worldwide: a systematic literature review. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2023;10(1):e001291. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjresp-2022-001291.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Olson A, Hartmann N, Patnaik P, Wallace L, Schlenker-Herceg R, Nasser M et al. Estimation of the prevalence of progressive fibrosing interstitial lung diseases: systematic literature review and data from a physician survey. Adv Ther. 2021;38(2):854–867. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325020-01578-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Olson A, Hartmann N, Patnaik P, Wallace L, Schlenker-Herceg R, Nasser M et al. Estimation of the prevalence of progressive fibrosing interstitial lung diseases: systematic literature review and data from a physician survey. Adv Ther. 2021;38(2):854–867. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325020-01578-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Spagnolo P, Guler SA, Chaudhuri N, Udwadia Z, Sesé L, Kaul B et al. Global epidemiology and burden of interstitial lung disease. Lancet Respir Med. 2025;13(8):739–755. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(25)00129-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Spagnolo P, Guler SA, Chaudhuri N, Udwadia Z, Sesé L, Kaul B et al. Global epidemiology and burden of interstitial lung disease. Lancet Respir Med. 2025;13(8):739–755. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(25)00129-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fisher JH, Kolb M, Algamdi M, Morisset J, Johannson KA, Shapera S et al. Baseline characteristics and comorbidities in the Canadian Registry for Pulmonary Fibrosis. BMC Pulm Med. 2019;19(1):223. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-019-0986-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fisher JH, Kolb M, Algamdi M, Morisset J, Johannson KA, Shapera S et al. Baseline characteristics and comorbidities in the Canadian Registry for Pulmonary Fibrosis. BMC Pulm Med. 2019;19(1):223. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-019-0986-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang HF, Wang YY, Li ZY, He PJ, Liu S, Li QS. The prevalence and risk factors of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med. 2024;56(1):2332406. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2024.2332406.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang HF, Wang YY, Li ZY, He PJ, Liu S, Li QS. The prevalence and risk factors of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med. 2024;56(1):2332406. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2024.2332406.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Antoniou KM, Distler O, Gheorghiu AM, Moor CC, Vikse J, Bizymi N et al. ERS/EULAR clinical practice guidelines for connective tissue diseaseassociated interstitial lung disease. Eur Respir J. 2026;67(1):2402533. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02533-2024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Antoniou KM, Distler O, Gheorghiu AM, Moor CC, Vikse J, Bizymi N et al. ERS/EULAR clinical practice guidelines for connective tissue diseaseassociated interstitial lung disease. Eur Respir J. 2026;67(1):2402533. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02533-2024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guiot J, Miedema J, Cordeiro A, De Vries-Bouwstra JK, Dimitroulas T, Sondergaard K et al. Practical guidance for the early recognition and follow-up of patients with connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung disease. Autoimmun Rev. 2024;23(6):103582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103582.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guiot J, Miedema J, Cordeiro A, De Vries-Bouwstra JK, Dimitroulas T, Sondergaard K et al. Practical guidance for the early recognition and follow-up of patients with connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung disease. Autoimmun Rev. 2024;23(6):103582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103582.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Storrer KM, Müller CS, Pessoa MCA, Pereira CAC. Connective tissue diseaseassociated interstitial lung disease. J Bras Pneumol. 2024;50(1):e20230132. https://doi.org/10.36416/1806-3756/e20230132.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Storrer KM, Müller CS, Pessoa MCA, Pereira CAC. Connective tissue diseaseassociated interstitial lung disease. J Bras Pneumol. 2024;50(1):e20230132. https://doi.org/10.36416/1806-3756/e20230132.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yoo H, Hino T, Hwang J, Franks TJ, Han J, Im Y et al. Connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD) and interstitial lung abnormality (ILA): evolving concept of CT findings, pathology and management. Eur J Radiol Open. 2022;9:100419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejro.2022.100419.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yoo H, Hino T, Hwang J, Franks TJ, Han J, Im Y et al. Connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD) and interstitial lung abnormality (ILA): evolving concept of CT findings, pathology and management. Eur J Radiol Open. 2022;9:100419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejro.2022.100419.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cho HR, Chung MJ, Choi H, Kim J, An AR, Ahn SY et al. Prognostic impact of radiologic and pathologic features on the development of progressive pulmonary fibrosis in patients with interstitial lung disease other than idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Korean J Radiol. 2026;27(1):63–75. https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2025.0977.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cho HR, Chung MJ, Choi H, Kim J, An AR, Ahn SY et al. Prognostic impact of radiologic and pathologic features on the development of progressive pulmonary fibrosis in patients with interstitial lung disease other than idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Korean J Radiol. 2026;27(1):63–75. https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2025.0977.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim Y, Yang HI, Kim KS. Etiology and pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritisinterstitial lung disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(19):14509. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914509.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim Y, Yang HI, Kim KS. Etiology and pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritisinterstitial lung disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(19):14509. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914509.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Joy GM, Arbiv OA, Wong CK, Lok SD, Adderley NA, Dobosz KM et al. Prevalence, imaging patterns and risk factors of interstitial lung disease in connective tissue disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir Rev. 2023;32(167):220210. https://doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0210-2022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Joy GM, Arbiv OA, Wong CK, Lok SD, Adderley NA, Dobosz KM et al. Prevalence, imaging patterns and risk factors of interstitial lung disease in connective tissue disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir Rev. 2023;32(167):220210. https://doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0210-2022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jeganathan N, Sathananthan M. Connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung disease: prevalence, patterns, predictors, prognosis, and treatment. Lung. 2020;198(5):735–759. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00408-020-00383-w.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jeganathan N, Sathananthan M. Connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung disease: prevalence, patterns, predictors, prognosis, and treatment. Lung. 2020;198(5):735–759. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00408-020-00383-w.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhai L, Wang Z, Yu W. Association between acute exacerbation and progressive pulmonary fibrosis in interstitial lung disease: a retrospective cohort study. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2024;18:17534666241276800. https://doi.org/10.1177/17534666241276800.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhai L, Wang Z, Yu W. Association between acute exacerbation and progressive pulmonary fibrosis in interstitial lung disease: a retrospective cohort study. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2024;18:17534666241276800. https://doi.org/10.1177/17534666241276800.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dodia N, Amariei D, Kenaa B, Corwin D, Chelala L, Britt EJ et al. A comprehensive assessment of environmental exposures and the medical history guides multidisciplinary discussion in interstitial lung disease. Respir Med. 2021;179:106333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2021.106333.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dodia N, Amariei D, Kenaa B, Corwin D, Chelala L, Britt EJ et al. A comprehensive assessment of environmental exposures and the medical history guides multidisciplinary discussion in interstitial lung disease. Respir Med. 2021;179:106333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2021.106333.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kondoh Y, Inoue Y. Progressive pulmonary fibrosis: current status in terminology and future directions. Adv Ther. 2025;42(7):2988–3001. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-025-03215-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kondoh Y, Inoue Y. Progressive pulmonary fibrosis: current status in terminology and future directions. Adv Ther. 2025;42(7):2988–3001. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-025-03215-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Serrano Gotarredona MP, Navarro Herrero S, Gómez Izquierdo L, Rodríguez Porta JA. Smoking-related interstitial lung disease. Radiologia. 2022;64(Suppl. 3):277–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rxeng.2022.10.008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Serrano Gotarredona MP, Navarro Herrero S, Gómez Izquierdo L, Rodríguez Porta JA. Smoking-related interstitial lung disease. Radiologia. 2022;64(Suppl. 3):277–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rxeng.2022.10.008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bi Y, Rekić D, Paterniti MO, Chen J, Marathe A, Chowdhury BA et al. A disease progression model of longitudinal lung function decline in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn. 2021;48(1):55–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10928-020-09718-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bi Y, Rekić D, Paterniti MO, Chen J, Marathe A, Chowdhury BA et al. A disease progression model of longitudinal lung function decline in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn. 2021;48(1):55–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10928-020-09718-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grant-Orser A, Min B, Elmrayed S, Podolanczuk AJ, Johannson KA. Prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of adult interstitial lung abnormalities: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023;208(6):695–708. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202302-0271OC.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grant-Orser A, Min B, Elmrayed S, Podolanczuk AJ, Johannson KA. Prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of adult interstitial lung abnormalities: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023;208(6):695–708. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202302-0271OC.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buendía-Roldán I, Fernandez R, Mejía M, Juarez F, Ramirez-Martinez G, Montes E et al. Risk factors associated with the development of interstitial lung abnormalities. Eur Respir J. 2021;58(2):2003005. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.03005-2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buendía-Roldán I, Fernandez R, Mejía M, Juarez F, Ramirez-Martinez G, Montes E et al. Risk factors associated with the development of interstitial lung abnormalities. Eur Respir J. 2021;58(2):2003005. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.03005-2020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mei X, Liu Z, Singh A, Lange M, Boddu P, Gong JQX et al. Interstitial lung disease diagnosis and prognosis using an AI system integrating longitudinal data. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):2272. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467023-37720-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mei X, Liu Z, Singh A, Lange M, Boddu P, Gong JQX et al. Interstitial lung disease diagnosis and prognosis using an AI system integrating longitudinal data. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):2272. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467023-37720-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Selman M, Buendia-Roldan I, Pardo A. Decoding the complexity: mechanistic insights into comorbidities in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J. 2025;65(5):2402418. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02418-2024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Selman M, Buendia-Roldan I, Pardo A. Decoding the complexity: mechanistic insights into comorbidities in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J. 2025;65(5):2402418. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02418-2024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim JS, Pugashetti JV, Ma SF, Huang Y, Podolanczuk AJ, Lynch DA et al. Associations of interstitial lung disease subtype and CT pattern with lung function and survival. Thorax. 2025;80(12):927–934. https://doi.org/10.1136/thorax-2024-222149.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim JS, Pugashetti JV, Ma SF, Huang Y, Podolanczuk AJ, Lynch DA et al. Associations of interstitial lung disease subtype and CT pattern with lung function and survival. Thorax. 2025;80(12):927–934. https://doi.org/10.1136/thorax-2024-222149.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang X, Xia X, Hou Y, Zhang H, Han W, Sun J et al. Diagnosis of early idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: current status and future perspective. Respir Res. 2025;26(1):192. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-025-03270-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang X, Xia X, Hou Y, Zhang H, Han W, Sun J et al. Diagnosis of early idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: current status and future perspective. Respir Res. 2025;26(1):192. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-025-03270-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vinnikov D, Mukatova I, Tulekov Z, Raushanova A, Romanova Zh, Sadibekova M. Prevalence and risk factors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Kazakhstan in a nationwide population-based epidemiological study. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2026;21:574409. https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S574409.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vinnikov D, Mukatova I, Tulekov Z, Raushanova A, Romanova Zh, Sadibekova M. Prevalence and risk factors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Kazakhstan in a nationwide population-based epidemiological study. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2026;21:574409. https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S574409.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vinnikov D, Rybina T, Strizhakov L, Babanov S, Mukatova I. Occupational Burden of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in the Commonwealth of Independent States: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Med. 2021;7:614827. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.614827.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vinnikov D, Rybina T, Strizhakov L, Babanov S, Mukatova I. Occupational Burden of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in the Commonwealth of Independent States: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Med. 2021;7:614827. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.614827.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vinnikov D, Strizhakov L, Rybina T, Babanov S, Brovko M, Sholomova V et al. Occupational exposure and sarcoidosis: a case-control study in three countries. Occup Med. 2025;75(1):58–64. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqae137.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vinnikov D, Strizhakov L, Rybina T, Babanov S, Brovko M, Sholomova V et al. Occupational exposure and sarcoidosis: a case-control study in three countries. Occup Med. 2025;75(1):58–64. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqae137.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
