medsovetМедицинский СоветMeditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council2079-701X2658-5790REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.10.21518/ms2026-313medsovet-10431Research ArticleПУЛЬМОНОЛОГИЯ, ОТОЛАРИНГОЛОГИЯPULMONOLOGY, OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGYОрофарингеальная дисфагия: современные подходы в диагностикеOropharyngeal Dysphagia: Current diagnostic approacheshttps://orcid.org/0009-0007-1828-5314МартинЕ. С.MartinE. S.

Мартин Евгения Сергеевна, младший научный сотрудник научно-клинического отдела заболеваний верхних дыхательных путей

123182, Москва, Волоколамское шоссе, д. 30, корп. 2

Evgenia S. Martin, Junior Researcher, Scientific and Clinical Department of Laryngology

30, Bldg. 2, Volokolamskoe Shosse, Moscow, 123182

evgenia.martin@bk.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2381-7817МагомедоваК. М.MagomedovаK. M.

Магомедова Камила Магомедовна, к.м.н., старший научный сотрудник научно-клинического отдела заболеваний верхних дыхательных путей

123182, Москва, Волоколамское шоссе, д. 30, корп. 2

Kamila M. Magomedova, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Senior Researcher at Scientific and Clinical Department of Laryngology

30, Bldg. 2, Volokolamskoe Shosse, Moscow, 123182

kamila-m@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5024-6135ГаращенкоТ. И.GarashchenkoT. I.

Гаращенко Татьяна Ильинична, д.м.н., профессор, главный научный сотрудник, Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр оториноларингологии Федерального медико-биологического агентства России; 123182, Россия, Москва, Волоколамское шоссе, д. 30, корп. 2; профессор кафедры госпитальной педиатрии №2, Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова; профессор кафедры оториноларингологии Института непрерывного образования и постдипломного развития, Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова

123182, Москва, Волоколамское шоссе, д. 30, корп. 2,

117513, Москва, ул. Островитянова, д. 1

Tatiana I. Garashchenko, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Chief Researcher, Scientific Secretary, The National Medical Research Center for Otorhinolaryngology of the Federal Medico-Biological Agency of Russia; Professor of the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University

30, Bldg. 2, Volokolamskoe Shosse, Moscow, 123182,

1, Ostrovityanov St., Moscow, 117513

9040100@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5247-9856ОрловаО. С.OrlovaO. S.

Орлова Ольга Святославовна, д.п.н., главный научный сотрудник научно-клинического отдела фониатрии, Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр оториноларингологии Федерального медико-биологического агентства России; профессор кафедры логопедии Института детства, Московский педагогический государственный университе; научный сотрудник, Федеральный центр мозга и нейротехнологий

123182, Москва, Волоколамское шоссе, д. 30, корп. 2,

119991, Москва, ул. Малая Пироговская, д. 1, корп. 1,

117513, Москва, ул. Островитянова, д. 1, стр. 10

Olga S. Orlova, Dr. Sci. (Ped.), Professor, Chief Researcher at the Scientific and Clinical Department of Phoniatrics, The National Medical Research Center for Otorhinolaryngology of the Federal Medico-Biological Agency of Russia; Professor, Department of Logopedics, Institute of Childhood, Moscow Pedagogic State University; Chief Researcher, Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies

30, Bldg. 2, Volokolamskoe Shosse, Moscow, 123182,

1, Bldg. 1, Malaya Pirogovskaya St., Moscow, 119991,

1, Bldg. 10, Ostrovityanov St., Moscow, 117513

os_orlova@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0008-6502-6128НажмудиновИ. И.NazhmudinovI. I.

Нажмудинов Исмаил Ибрагимович, студент

127006, Москва, ул. Долгоруковская, д. 4

Ismail I. Nazhmudinov, Student

4, Dolgorukovskaya St., Moscow, 127006

isma.nazhmudinov@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4302-5203НажмудиновИ. И.NazhmudinovI. I.

Нажмудинов Ибрагим Исмаилович, д.м.н., руководитель научно-клинического отдела заболеваний верхних дыхательных путей, Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр оториноларингологии Федерального медико-биологического агентства России; доцент кафедры оториноларингологии Института непрерывного образования и постдипломного развития, Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова

123182, Москва, Волоколамское шоссе, д. 30, корп. 2,

117513, Москва, ул. Островитянова, д. 1

Ibragim I. Nazhmudinov, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Head of the Scientific and Clinical Department of Laryngology, The National Medical Research Center for Otorhinolaryngology of the Federal Medico-Biological Agency of Russia; Associate Professor of the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University

30, Bldg. 2, Volokolamskoe Shosse, Moscow, 123182,

1, Ostrovityanov St., Moscow, 117513

ibragimlor@mail.ruНациональный медицинский исследовательский центр оториноларингологии Федерального медико-биологического агентства РоссииРоссияThe National Medical Research Center for Otorhinolaryngology of the Federal Medico-Biological Agency of RussiaRussian FederationНациональный медицинский исследовательский центр оториноларингологии Федерального медико-биологического агентства России; Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. ПироговаРоссияThe National Medical Research Center for Otorhinolaryngology of the Federal Medico-Biological Agency of Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical UniversityRussian FederationНациональный медицинский исследовательский центр оториноларингологии Федерального медико-биологического агентства России; Федеральный центр мозга и нейротехнологий; Московский педагогический государственный университетРоссияThe National Medical Research Center for Otorhinolaryngology of the Federal Medico-Biological Agency of Russia; Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies; Moscow Pedagogical State UniversityRussian FederationРоссийский университет медицины (РосУниМед)РоссияRussian University of Medicine (ROSUNIMED)Russian Federation2026210920260137682Copyright © Мартин Е.С., Магомедова К.М., Гаращенко Т.И., Орлова О.С., Нажмудинов И.И., Нажмудинов И.И., 20262026Мартин Е.С., Магомедова К.М., Гаращенко Т.И., Орлова О.С., Нажмудинов И.И., Нажмудинов И.И.Martin E.S., Magomedovа K.M., Garashchenko T.I., Orlova O.S., Nazhmudinov I.I., Nazhmudinov I.I.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/10431

Орофарингеальнная дисфагия встречается часто и служит причиной повышения смертности посредством аспирационных осложнений, мальнутриции и ухудшения качества жизни. Демографические тенденции развития общества указывают на непрерывный прирост случаев дисфагии в ближайшие годы. Дисфагия возникает в любом возрасте, однако ее распространенность увеличивается с возрастом. Причины развития дисфагии в детском и молодом возрасте отличаются от таковых в среднем и пожилом возрасте. К основным причинам развития дисфагии относятся нейродегенеративные и неврологические заболевания, опухоли в области головы и шеи и последствия их лечения. Врачи-оториноларингологи являются зачастую первыми специалистами, к которым обращаются пациенты с жалобами на поперхивание и кашель во время приема пищи. Диагностика глотания представляет собой сложную задачу, особенно в случаях «тихой» аспирации, когда попадание пищи или жидкости в нижние дыхательные пути не сопровождается кашлевым рефлексом. В настоящее время не существует единого подхода и алгоритма в диагностике орофарингеальной дисфагии. Сбор анамнеза и специфических симптомов дисфагии облегчают опросники, разработанные на многих языках. Скрининговые тесты позволяют в короткий срок и без затрат выявить наличие дисфагии и определить потребность в дальнейшей инструментальной или рентгенологической диагностике. Золотым стандартом диагностики орофарингеальной дисфиагии являются фиброэндоскопическое исследование глотания и видеофлюороскопия. Каждый из этих методов имеет свои преимущества и ограничения. Междисциплинарное взаимодействие с врачами других специальностей играет важную роль не только в диагностике дисфагии, но и при создании плана лечения, обеспечения полноценного питания и улучшения качества жизни пациентов. В статье отражены основные аспекты физиологии акта глотания и современные возможности в диагностике орофарингеальной дисфагии. Поиск публикаций осуществлялся по электронным базам данных Академии Google, PubMeb, eLIBRARY.RU, международным и отечественным журналам оториноларингологического профиля.

Swallowing disorders are frequent and cause increased mortality due to aspiration induced pneumonia, malnutrition and deterioration of quality of life. The demographic trend of development of society indicates a continuous increase of dysphagia in the future. Dysphagia occurs at any age, however, its prevalence increases with age. The causes of dysphagia in pediatrics and adolescence differ from those in middle age and senoirs. The main causes of oropharyngeal dysphagia include neurodegenerative and neurological diseases, tumors of the head and neck and the consequences of their treatment. Otorhinolaryngologists are often the first contact person patients turn to with problems of choking and coughing while eating. Diagnosis of swallowing is comlex, especially in cases of silent aspiration, when food enterst the lower respiratory tract without a cough reflex. Currenty, there is no common approach or algorithm for diagnosing oropharyngeal dysphagia. Questionnaires in many languages facilitate by collection of anamnesis and specific symptoms of dysphagia. Screening dysphagia tests allow rapid and cost-effective detection of dysphagia and determinate the necessity for further instrumental diagnostics. The gold standart of diagnostic for oropharyngeal dysphagia are the fiber-endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) and videofluoroscopy. Each of theese methods has its own advantages and limitations. Interdisciplinary collaboration with other specialists plays an important role not only in diagnosing of dysphagia, but also in planing of treatment, ensuring adequate nitrition and improving the quality of life of patients. The article reflects the main aspects of the physiology of the act of swallowing and modern diagnostic approach for the oropharyngeal dysphagia. The search for publication war carried out using the electronic databases of Google Scholar, PubMeb, eLIBRARY.RU, international and domestic journals.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.