<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medsovet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский Совет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-701X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5790</issn><publisher><publisher-name>REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21518/2079-701X-2013-10-11-15</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medsovet-1116</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯ ВЕРХНИХ ОТДЕЛОВ ЖКТ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>DISEASES OF THE UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Клинико-молекулярные аспекты резистентности Helicobacter pylori к антибактериальным препаратам</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Сlinical and molecular aspects of helicobacter pylori resistance to antimicrobial drugs</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кучерявый</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kucheryaviy</surname><given-names>Y. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Андреев</surname><given-names>Д. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Andreyev</surname><given-names>D. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баркалова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Barkalova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБОУ ВПО «Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет им. А.И. Евдокимова» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry named after A.I. Evdokimov, Russian Ministry of Health</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>10</issue><fpage>11</fpage><lpage>15</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кучерявый Ю.А., Андреев Д.Н., Баркалова Е.В., 2013</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кучерявый Ю.А., Андреев Д.Н., Баркалова Е.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kucheryaviy Y.A., Andreyev D.M., Barkalova E.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/1116">https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/1116</self-uri><abstract><p>В обзоре литературы представлены современные представления о клинических и молекулярных аспектах антибиотикорезистентности Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). На сегодняшний день рост количества штаммов H. pylori резистентных к основным препаратам, используемым в схемах терапии первой линии, рассматривается как главная причина неудач лечения инфекции. В общемировой популяции показатели распространенности резистентных штаммов H. pylori варьируют в различных географических зонах в широких пределах, коррелируя с общей частотой применения антибиотиков в популяции. Текущие мировые консенсусные рекомендации регламентируют дифференцированную стратегию выбора схем эрадикационной терапии в зависимости от уровня резистентности H. pylori к кларитромицину, что объясняется высокой клинической значимостью данного варианта устойчивости.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The literature review tells about current views on the clinical and molecular aspects of antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). Today, the growing number of H. pylori strains  resistant to the first-line regimens is considered to be the main reason of treatment failure. In the total global population, incidence of drug-resistant strains of H. pylori varies greatly across different geographic areas and correlates with the total frequency of antibiotics intake by the corresponding population. Latest global consensus recommendations regulate a differential choice strategy in selecting eradication therapy. The choice should take into account the level of resistance of H. pylori to clarithromycin, as this type of resistance has greatest clinical significance.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Helicobacter pylori</kwd><kwd>эрадикация</kwd><kwd>антибиотикорезистентность</kwd><kwd>кларитромицин</kwd><kwd>метронидазол</kwd><kwd>амоксициллин</kwd><kwd>тетрациклин</kwd><kwd>левофлоксацин</kwd><kwd>рифабутин</kwd><kwd>фуразолидон</kwd><kwd>Helicobacter pylori</kwd><kwd>eradication</kwd><kwd>metronidazole</kwd><kwd>amoxicillin</kwd><kwd>tetracycline</kwd><kwd>levofloxacin</kwd><kwd>rifabutin</kwd><kwd>furazolidone</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Francesco V., Ierardi E., Hassan C., Zullo A. Helicobacter pylori therapy: Present and future. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. 2012; 3(4):68-73.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Francesco V., Ierardi E., Hassan C., Zullo A. Helicobacter pylori therapy: Present and future. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. 2012; 3(4):68-73.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Castro-Fernández M., Vargas-Romero J. Infection with Helicobacter pylori. Prevalence, research and impact of antibiotic resistance. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2009; 101(11):743-56.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Castro-Fernández M., Vargas-Romero J. Infection with Helicobacter pylori. Prevalence, research and impact of antibiotic resistance. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2009; 101(11):743-56.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Georgopoulos S.D., Papastergiou V., Karatapanis S. Helicobacter pylori eradication therapies in the era of increasing antibiotic resistance: A paradigm shift to improved efficacy. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2012; 2012: 757926.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Georgopoulos S.D., Papastergiou V., Karatapanis S. Helicobacter pylori eradication therapies in the era of increasing antibiotic resistance: A paradigm shift to improved efficacy. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2012; 2012: 757926.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu W., Yang Y., Sun G. Recent Insights into Antibiotic Resistance in Helicobacter pylori Eradication. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2012; 2012:723183.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu W., Yang Y., Sun G. Recent Insights into Antibiotic Resistance in Helicobacter pylori Eradication. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2012; 2012:723183.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Francesco V.D., Zullo A., Hassan C., et al. Mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori antibiotic resistance: An updated appraisal. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2011;2(3):35-41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Francesco V.D., Zullo A., Hassan C., et al. Mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori antibiotic resistance: An updated appraisal. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2011;2(3):35-41.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iwańczak F., Iwańczak B. Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in the aspect of increasing antibiotic resistance. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2012;21(5):671-80.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iwańczak F., Iwańczak B. Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in the aspect of increasing antibiotic resistance. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2012;21(5):671-80.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Megraud F. H. pylori antibiotic resistance: prevalence, importance, and advances in testing. Gut 2004; 53: 1374–1384.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Megraud F. H. pylori antibiotic resistance: prevalence, importance, and advances in testing. Gut 2004; 53: 1374–1384.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gerrits M.M. Molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori. Erasmus MC, Netherlands, 2004: chap 2: 17-46.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gerrits M.M. Molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori. Erasmus MC, Netherlands, 2004: chap 2: 17-46.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Francesco V., Giorgio F., Hassan C., et al. Worldwide H. pylori antibiotic resistance: a systematic review. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2010; 19(4): 409-14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Francesco V., Giorgio F., Hassan C., et al. Worldwide H. pylori antibiotic resistance: a systematic review. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2010; 19(4): 409-14.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Megraud F. Antimicrobial Resistance and Approaches to Treatment. In: Sutton P, Mitchell H, M., editors. Helicobacter pylori in the 21st Century. Wallingford, UK: CABI; 2010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Megraud F. Antimicrobial Resistance and Approaches to Treatment. In: Sutton P, Mitchell H, M., editors. Helicobacter pylori in the 21st Century. Wallingford, UK: CABI; 2010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perez Aldana L., Kato M., Nakagawa S., et al. The relationship between consumption of antimicrobial agents and the prevalence of primary Helicobacter pylori resistance. Helicobacter 2002; 7: 306-309.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perez Aldana L., Kato M., Nakagawa S., et al. The relationship between consumption of antimicrobial agents and the prevalence of primary Helicobacter pylori resistance. Helicobacter 2002; 7: 306-309.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elviss N.C., Owen R.J., Breathnach A., et al. Helicobacter pylori antibiotic-resistance patterns and risk factors in adult dyspeptic patients from ethnic diverse populations in central and south London during 2000. J Med Microbiol 2005; 4: 567-74.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elviss N.C., Owen R.J., Breathnach A., et al. Helicobacter pylori antibiotic-resistance patterns and risk factors in adult dyspeptic patients from ethnic diverse populations in central and south London during 2000. J Med Microbiol 2005; 4: 567-74.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Glupczynski Y., Megraud F., Lopez-Brea M., et al. European multicentre survey of in vitro antimicrobial resistance in Helicobacter pylori. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2001;20:820-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glupczynski Y., Megraud F., Lopez-Brea M., et al. European multicentre survey of in vitro antimicrobial resistance in Helicobacter pylori. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2001;20:820-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Megraud F., Coenen S., Versporten A., et al. Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics in Europe and its relationship to antibiotic consumption. Gut. 2013;62(1):34-42.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Megraud F., Coenen S., Versporten A., et al. Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics in Europe and its relationship to antibiotic consumption. Gut. 2013;62(1):34-42.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Исаева Г.Ш. Резистентность H. pylori к антибактериальным препаратам и методы ее определения. Клин. микробиол. и антимикроб. химиотер. 2010; 1:57-66.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Исаева Г.Ш. Резистентность H. pylori к антибактериальным препаратам и методы ее определения. Клин. микробиол. и антимикроб. химиотер. 2010; 1:57-66.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Барышникова Н.В., Денисова Е.В., Корниенко Е.А. и др. Эпидемиологическое исследование резистентности Helicobacter pylori к кларитромицину у жителей Санкт-Петербурга с язвенной болезнью. Экспер и клин гастроэнтерол 2009; 5:73—76.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Барышникова Н.В., Денисова Е.В., Корниенко Е.А. и др. Эпидемиологическое исследование резистентности Helicobacter pylori к кларитромицину у жителей Санкт-Петербурга с язвенной болезнью. Экспер и клин гастроэнтерол 2009; 5:73—76.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Осипенко М.Ф., Бикбулатова Е.А., Шакалите Ю.Д., Чернова Л.Н. Резистентность Helicobacter pylori к кларитромицину в Новосибирске. Рос журн гастроэнтерол, гепатол, колопроктол 2012; 5 (Приложение 40): 36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Осипенко М.Ф., Бикбулатова Е.А., Шакалите Ю.Д., Чернова Л.Н. Резистентность Helicobacter pylori к кларитромицину в Новосибирске. Рос журн гастроэнтерол, гепатол, колопроктол 2012; 5 (Приложение 40): 36.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Перфилова К.М., Неумоина Н.В., Неумоина М.В. и др. Изучение резистентности H. pylori к макролидам у больных с хроническими заболеваниями желудка и двенадцатиперстной кишки. Рос журн гастроэнтерол, гепатол, колопроктол 2012;5 (Приложение 40): 37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Перфилова К.М., Неумоина Н.В., Неумоина М.В. и др. Изучение резистентности H. pylori к макролидам у больных с хроническими заболеваниями желудка и двенадцатиперстной кишки. Рос журн гастроэнтерол, гепатол, колопроктол 2012;5 (Приложение 40): 37.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лазебник Л.Б., Рустамов М.Н. Резистентность к кларитромицину при эрадикации HP у больных дуоденальной язвой. Тез. докл. XII съезда Научного общества гастроэнтерологов России «Классическая и прикладная гастроэнтерология» 1—2 марта 2012 г. М: 20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Лазебник Л.Б., Рустамов М.Н. Резистентность к кларитромицину при эрадикации HP у больных дуоденальной язвой. Тез. докл. XII съезда Научного общества гастроэнтерологов России «Классическая и прикладная гастроэнтерология» 1—2 марта 2012 г. М: 20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malfertheiner P., Megraud F., O’Morain C. et al; European Helicobacter Study Group. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection: the Maastricht IV/ Florence Consensus Report. Gut 2012; 61 (7): 646-664.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malfertheiner P., Megraud F., O’Morain C. et al; European Helicobacter Study Group. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection: the Maastricht IV/ Florence Consensus Report. Gut 2012; 61 (7): 646-664.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маев И.В., Самсонов А.А., Андреев Д.Н. и др. Современные аспекты диагностики и лечения инфекции Helicobacter pylori (по материалам консенсуса Маастрихт IV, Флоренция, 2010). Мед. совет 2012; 8: 10-19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Маев И.В., Самсонов А.А., Андреев Д.Н. и др. Современные аспекты диагностики и лечения инфекции Helicobacter pylori (по материалам консенсуса Маастрихт IV, Флоренция, 2010). Мед. совет 2012; 8: 10-19.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fischbach L., Evans E.L. Meta-analysis: the effect of antibiotic resistance status on the efficacy of triple and quadruple first-line therapies for Helicobacter pylori. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;26(3):343-57.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fischbach L., Evans E.L. Meta-analysis: the effect of antibiotic resistance status on the efficacy of triple and quadruple first-line therapies for Helicobacter pylori. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;26(3):343-57.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Francesco V., Margiotta M., Zullo A., et al. Clarithromycin-resistant genotypes and eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Ann Inter Med 2006; 144: 94-100.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Francesco V., Margiotta M., Zullo A., et al. Clarithromycin-resistant genotypes and eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Ann Inter Med 2006; 144: 94-100.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rimbara E., Noguchi N., Kawai T., Sasatsu M. Novel mutation in 23S rRNA that confers low-level resistance to clarithromycin in Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52:3465–3466.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rimbara E., Noguchi N., Kawai T., Sasatsu M. Novel mutation in 23S rRNA that confers low-level resistance to clarithromycin in Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52:3465–3466.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim J.M., Kim J.S., Kim N., et al. Gene mutations of 23S rRNA associated with clarithromycin resistance in Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from Korean patients. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2008;18:1584–1589.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim J.M., Kim J.S., Kim N., et al. Gene mutations of 23S rRNA associated with clarithromycin resistance in Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from Korean patients. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2008;18:1584–1589.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hirata K., Suzuki H., Nishizawa T., et al. Contribution of efflux pumps to clarithromycin resistance in Helicobacter pylori. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;25 Suppl 1:S75–S79.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hirata K., Suzuki H., Nishizawa T., et al. Contribution of efflux pumps to clarithromycin resistance in Helicobacter pylori. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;25 Suppl 1:S75–S79.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paulsen I.T. Multidrug efflux pumps and resistance: regulation and evolution. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2003;6:446–451.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paulsen I.T. Multidrug efflux pumps and resistance: regulation and evolution. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2003;6:446–451.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang Z., Liu Z.Q., Zheng P.Y., et al. Influence of efflux pump inhibitors on the multidrug resistance of Helicobacter pylori. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16:1279–1284.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang Z., Liu Z.Q., Zheng P.Y., et al. Influence of efflux pump inhibitors on the multidrug resistance of Helicobacter pylori. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16:1279–1284.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кудрявцева Л.В. Состояние антибиотикорезистентности Helicobacter pylori в России. Эксп. клин. гастроэнтерол. 2003; 3: 4–5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Кудрявцева Л.В. Состояние антибиотикорезистентности Helicobacter pylori в России. Эксп. клин. гастроэнтерол. 2003; 3: 4–5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Цуканов В.В., Штыгашева О.В., Баркалов С.В. Эпидемиология язвенной болезни (монография). Красноярск: Сибирь 2004; 198.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Цуканов В.В., Штыгашева О.В., Баркалов С.В. Эпидемиология язвенной болезни (монография). Красноярск: Сибирь 2004; 198.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Цуканов В.В., Амельчугова О.С., Буторин Н.Н., и др. Современные аспекты эрадикации Helicobacter pylori. Тер архив 2013; 2: 73–75.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Цуканов В.В., Амельчугова О.С., Буторин Н.Н., и др. Современные аспекты эрадикации Helicobacter pylori. Тер архив 2013; 2: 73–75.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marais A., Bilardi C., Cantet F., et al. Characterization of the genes rdxA and frxA involved in metronidazole resistance in Helicobacter pylori. Res Microbiol. 2003;154(2):137-44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marais A., Bilardi C., Cantet F., et al. Characterization of the genes rdxA and frxA involved in metronidazole resistance in Helicobacter pylori. Res Microbiol. 2003;154(2):137-44.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moore J.M., Salama N.R. Mutational analysis of metronidazole resistance in Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49:1236–1237.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moore J.M., Salama N.R. Mutational analysis of metronidazole resistance in Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49:1236–1237.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smith M.A., Edwards D.I. Oxygen scavenging, NADH oxidase and metronidazole resistance in Helicobacter pylori. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1997;39:347–353.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smith M.A., Edwards D.I. Oxygen scavenging, NADH oxidase and metronidazole resistance in Helicobacter pylori. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1997;39:347–353.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guerrits M.M., van Vliet A.H.M., Kuipers E., et al. Helicobacter pylori and antimicrobial resistance: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Lancet Infect Dis 2006; 6: 699-709.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guerrits M.M., van Vliet A.H.M., Kuipers E., et al. Helicobacter pylori and antimicrobial resistance: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Lancet Infect Dis 2006; 6: 699-709.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gerrits M.M., Godoy A.P., Kuipers E.J., et al. Multiple mutations in or adjacent to the conserved penicillin-binding protein motifs of the penicillin-binding protein 1A confer amoxicillin resistance to Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter. 2006;11(3):181-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gerrits M.M., Godoy A.P., Kuipers E.J., et al. Multiple mutations in or adjacent to the conserved penicillin-binding protein motifs of the penicillin-binding protein 1A confer amoxicillin resistance to Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter. 2006;11(3):181-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rimbara E., Noguchi N., Kawai T., Sasatsu M. Mutations in penicillin-binding proteins 1, 2 and 3 are responsible for amoxicillin resistance in Helicobacter pylori. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;61:995–998.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rimbara E., Noguchi N., Kawai T., Sasatsu M. Mutations in penicillin-binding proteins 1, 2 and 3 are responsible for amoxicillin resistance in Helicobacter pylori. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;61:995–998.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Co E.M., Schiller N.L. Resistance mechanisms in an in vitro-selected amoxicillin-resistant strain of Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50:4174–4176.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Co E.M., Schiller N.L. Resistance mechanisms in an in vitro-selected amoxicillin-resistant strain of Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50:4174–4176.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nonaka L., Connell S.R., Taylor D.E. 16S rRNA mutations that confer tetracycline resistance in Helicobacter pylori decrease drug binding in Escherichia coli ribosomes. J Bacteriol. 2005; 187(11):3708-12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nonaka L., Connell S.R., Taylor D.E. 16S rRNA mutations that confer tetracycline resistance in Helicobacter pylori decrease drug binding in Escherichia coli ribosomes. J Bacteriol. 2005; 187(11):3708-12.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu J.Y., Kim J.J., Reddy R., et al. Tetracycline-resistant clinical Helicobacter pylori isolates with and without mutations in 16S rRNA-encoding genes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49:578–583.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu J.Y., Kim J.J., Reddy R., et al. Tetracycline-resistant clinical Helicobacter pylori isolates with and without mutations in 16S rRNA-encoding genes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49:578–583.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Trieber C.A., Burkhardt N., Nierhaus K.H., Taylor DE. Ribosomal protection from tetracycline mediated by Tet(O): Tet(O) interaction with ribosomes is GTP-dependent. Biol Chem. 1998;379:847–855.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trieber C.A., Burkhardt N., Nierhaus K.H., Taylor DE. Ribosomal protection from tetracycline mediated by Tet(O): Tet(O) interaction with ribosomes is GTP-dependent. Biol Chem. 1998;379:847–855.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perna F., Zullo A., Ricci C., et al. Levofloxacin-based triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori re-treatment: role of bacterial resistance. Dig Liver Dis. 2007;39(11):1001-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perna F., Zullo A., Ricci C., et al. Levofloxacin-based triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori re-treatment: role of bacterial resistance. Dig Liver Dis. 2007;39(11):1001-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nishizawa T., Suzuki H., Nakagawa I., et al. Gatifloxacin-based triple therapy as a third-line regimen for Helicobacter pylori eradication. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008; 23 (Suppl. 2):S167-70.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nishizawa T., Suzuki H., Nakagawa I., et al. Gatifloxacin-based triple therapy as a third-line regimen for Helicobacter pylori eradication. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008; 23 (Suppl. 2):S167-70.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bogaerts P., Berhin C., Nizet H., Glupczynski Y. Prevalence and mechanisms of resistance to fluoroquinolones in Helicobacter pylori strains from patients living in Belgium. Helicobacter. 2006;11:441–445.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bogaerts P., Berhin C., Nizet H., Glupczynski Y. Prevalence and mechanisms of resistance to fluoroquinolones in Helicobacter pylori strains from patients living in Belgium. Helicobacter. 2006;11:441–445.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fujimura S., Kato S., Iinuma K., Watanabe A. In vitro activity of fluoroquinolone and the gyrA gene mutation in Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from children. J Med Microbiol. 2004;53:1019–1022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fujimura S., Kato S., Iinuma K., Watanabe A. In vitro activity of fluoroquinolone and the gyrA gene mutation in Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from children. J Med Microbiol. 2004;53:1019–1022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tankovic J., Lascols C., Sculo Q., et al. Single and double mutations in gyrA but not in gyrB are associated with low- and high-level fluoroquinolone resistance in Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003;47(12):3942-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tankovic J., Lascols C., Sculo Q., et al. Single and double mutations in gyrA but not in gyrB are associated with low- and high-level fluoroquinolone resistance in Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003;47(12):3942-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Glocker E., Bogdan C., Kist M. Characterization of rifampicin-resistant clinical Helicobacter pylori isolates from Germany. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 59: 874-879.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glocker E., Bogdan C., Kist M. Characterization of rifampicin-resistant clinical Helicobacter pylori isolates from Germany. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 59: 874-879.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chisholm S.A., Teare E.L., Davies K., et al. Surveillance of primary antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori at centres in England and Wales over a six-year period (2000-2005). Euro Surveill 2007;12: E3-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chisholm S.A., Teare E.L., Davies K., et al. Surveillance of primary antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori at centres in England and Wales over a six-year period (2000-2005). Euro Surveill 2007;12: E3-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nishizawa T., Suzuki H., Matsuzaki J., et al. Helicobacter pylori resistance to rifabutin in the last 7 years. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55(11):5374-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nishizawa T., Suzuki H., Matsuzaki J., et al. Helicobacter pylori resistance to rifabutin in the last 7 years. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55(11):5374-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heep M.S., Odenbreit D., Beck J., et al. Mutations at four distinct regions of the rpoB gene can reduce the susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to rifamycins. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2000, 44:1713-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heep M.S., Odenbreit D., Beck J., et al. Mutations at four distinct regions of the rpoB gene can reduce the susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to rifamycins. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2000, 44:1713-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Su Z., Xu H., Zhang C., et al. Mutations in Helicobacter pylori porD and oorD genes may contribute to furazolidone resistance. Croat Med J. 2006;47(3):410-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Su Z., Xu H., Zhang C., et al. Mutations in Helicobacter pylori porD and oorD genes may contribute to furazolidone resistance. Croat Med J. 2006;47(3):410-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abadi A.T., Taghvaei T., Mobarez A.M., et al. Frequency of antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from the northern population of Iran. J Microbiol. 2011;49(6):987-93.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abadi A.T., Taghvaei T., Mobarez A.M., et al. Frequency of antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from the northern population of Iran. J Microbiol. 2011;49(6):987-93.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
