<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medsovet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский Совет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-701X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5790</issn><publisher><publisher-name>REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21518/2079-701X-2016-1-78-89</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medsovet-14</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГАСТРОЭНТЕРОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>GASTROENTEROLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Антибиотик-ассоциированные диареи у детей: как выявить, что делать и как лечить?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children: how to identify, what to do and how to treat?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Захарова</surname><given-names>И. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakharova</surname><given-names>I. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бережная</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Berezhnaya</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мумладзе</surname><given-names>Э. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mumladze</surname><given-names>E. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российская медицинская академия последипломного образования</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>1</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>78</fpage><lpage>89</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Захарова И.Н., Бережная И.В., Мумладзе Э.Б., 2016</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Захарова И.Н., Бережная И.В., Мумладзе Э.Б.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zakharova I.N., Berezhnaya I.V., Mumladze E.B.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/14">https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/14</self-uri><abstract><p>Рациональная антибиотикотерапия является одной из важнейших составляющих в лечении детей с различными инфекционно-воспалительными заболеваниями. Однако широкое и не всегда обоснованное применение АБ в педиатрической практике нередко приводит к развитию разнообразных осложнений. У детей, особенно первых 5 лет жизни, на фоне приема АБ очень высок риск развития антибиотик-ассоциированных диарей (ААД), что проявляется как три и более эпизода неоформленного стула в течение двух или более последовательных дней или в течение 8 нед. после их отмены. Наиболее значимым возбудителем ААД является C. difficile, с которой, по различным данным, ассоциировано от 10 до 25% всех ААД и от 90 до 100% случаев псевдомембранозного колита (ПМК). Учитывая высокую вероятность развития таких опасных осложнений в виде ППК, особое внимание стоит обращать на такой фактор профилактики C. difficile-инфекции, как уменьшение частоты бесконтрольного и необоснованного использования АБ. Можно рекомендовать новое поколение экоан-тибиотиков, позволяющих сохранить разнообразие микробиоты кишечника и с большей вероятностью избежать осложнений.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Rational antibiotic therapy is one of the most important components in the treatment of children with various infectious and inflammatory diseases. However, wide and sometimes unjustified use of AB in pediatric practice often leads to the development of a variety of complications. Children receiveing AB, especially during the first 5 years of life, are at a very high risk of developing antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) which manifests itself in three or more episodes of unformed stools for two or more consecutive days or for 8 weeks after withdrawal. The most relevant pathogen of AAD is C. difficile which, according to various data, causes from 10 to 25% of AAD cases and 90 to 100% of all cases of pseudomembranous colitis (PMC). Given the high probability of developing dangerous complications such as PMC, special attention should be paid to the prevention of the infection associated with C. difficile by reducing the frequency of uncontrolled and unjustified use of AB. A new generation of eco-antibiotics can be recommended which allow to maintain diversity of the intestinal microbiota and are less likely to cause complications.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>желудочно-кишечный тракт</kwd><kwd>антибиотики</kwd><kwd>антибиотик-ассоциированная диарея</kwd><kwd>псевдомембранозный колит</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>экоантибиотики</kwd><kwd>экоклав</kwd><kwd>микробиота</kwd><kwd>C. difficile-инфекция</kwd><kwd>токсины А и В</kwd><kwd>профилактика</kwd><kwd>пробиотики</kwd><kwd>лечение</kwd><kwd>gastrointestinal tract</kwd><kwd>antibiotics</kwd><kwd>antibiotic-associated diarrhea</kwd><kwd>pseudomembranous colitis</kwd><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>eco-antibiotics</kwd><kwd>ecoclav</kwd><kwd>microbiota</kwd><kwd>C. difficile infection</kwd><kwd>C. difficile toxins A and B</kwd><kwd>prevention</kwd><kwd>probiotics</kwd><kwd>treatment</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kazanowski M, Smolarek S, Kinnarney F, Grze-bieniak Z. Clostridium difficile: epidemiology, diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities - a systematic rewiew. Tech Coloproctol. 2014. 18: 223-232.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kazanowski M, Smolarek S, Kinnarney F, Grze-bieniak Z. Clostridium difficile: epidemiology, diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities - a systematic rewiew. Tech Coloproctol. 2014. 18: 223-232.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goossens H, Ferech M, Vander Stichele R, Elseviers M. ESAC Project Group. Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe and association with resistance: a cross-national database study. Lancet. 2005. 365: 579-87.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goossens H, Ferech M, Vander Stichele R, Elseviers M. ESAC Project Group. Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe and association with resistance: a cross-national database study. Lancet. 2005. 365: 579-87.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Таточенко В.К., Антибиотико- и химиотерапия инфекций у детей. Москва, 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Таточенко В.К., Антибиотико- и химиотерапия инфекций у детей. Москва, 2008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Boeckel TP, Gandra S, Ashok A et al. Global antibiotic consumption 2000 to 2010: an analysis of national pharmaceutical sales data. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014. 14: 742-50.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Boeckel TP, Gandra S, Ashok A et al. Global antibiotic consumption 2000 to 2010: an analysis of national pharmaceutical sales data. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014. 14: 742-50.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ткаченко Е.И., Рязанцев С.В., Орешко Л.С., Карпов А.А. Антибактериальная терапия инфекций верхних дыхательных путей: защита индигенной микрофлоры. Российская оториноларингология. 2012. 6(61): 190-195.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ткаченко Е.И., Рязанцев С.В., Орешко Л.С., Карпов А.А. Антибактериальная терапия инфекций верхних дыхательных путей: защита индигенной микрофлоры. Российская оториноларингология. 2012. 6(61): 190-195.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ВОЗ: Лечение диареи, 2006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ВОЗ: Лечение диареи, 2006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guarino А, Albano F, Ashkenazi S et al. European society for paediatric gastroenterology, hepatol-ogy, and nutrition/european society for paediat-ric infectious diseases evidence-based guidelines for the management of acute gastroenteritis in children in europe: executive summary. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2008. Vol. 46. 5: 619-621. View at Scopus.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guarino А, Albano F, Ashkenazi S et al. European society for paediatric gastroenterology, hepatol-ogy, and nutrition/european society for paediat-ric infectious diseases evidence-based guidelines for the management of acute gastroenteritis in children in europe: executive summary. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2008. Vol. 46. 5: 619-621. View at Scopus.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Еженедельный эпидемиологический бюллетень. 1 февраля 2013 г., 88-й год №5. 2013, 88.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Еженедельный эпидемиологический бюллетень. 1 февраля 2013 г., 88-й год №5. 2013, 88.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Захарова И.Н., Дмитриева Ю.А. Антибиотикоассоциированные диареи: лечение и профилактика. Consilium medicum. Педиатрия. 2009. 2: 7-10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Захарова И.Н., Дмитриева Ю.А. Антибиотикоассоциированные диареи: лечение и профилактика. Consilium medicum. Педиатрия. 2009. 2: 7-10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bartlett JG. Antibiotic-associated pseudomem-branous colitis due to toxin producing clostrid-ia. N. Engl.J.Med. 1978. 298: 531.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bartlett JG. Antibiotic-associated pseudomem-branous colitis due to toxin producing clostrid-ia. N. Engl.J.Med. 1978. 298: 531.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hempel S, Newberry SJ, Maher AR, Wang Z, Miles JNV, Shanman R, Johnsen B, Shekelle PG. Probiotics for the Prevention and Treatment of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea. JAMA. 2012. 307(18): 1959-1969.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hempel S, Newberry SJ, Maher AR, Wang Z, Miles JNV, Shanman R, Johnsen B, Shekelle PG. Probiotics for the Prevention and Treatment of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea. JAMA. 2012. 307(18): 1959-1969.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hogenauer C, Hammer HF, Krejs GJ, Reisinger EC. Mechanisms and management of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 1998. 27: 702-710.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hogenauer C, Hammer HF, Krejs GJ, Reisinger EC. Mechanisms and management of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 1998. 27: 702-710.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Захарова И.Н., Мазанкова Л.Н. и соавт. Антибиотик-ассоциированные диареи у детей: проблема и решение. М., 2011. 48 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Захарова И.Н., Мазанкова Л.Н. и соавт. Антибиотик-ассоциированные диареи у детей: проблема и решение. М., 2011. 48 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McFarland LV Diarrhea acquired in the hospital. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1993 22: 563-77.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McFarland LV Diarrhea acquired in the hospital. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1993 22: 563-77.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Заплатников А.Л., Захарова И.Н., Коровина Н.А. Clostridium difficile-инфекция у детей. РМЖ. 2004. 5: 373-377.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Заплатников А.Л., Захарова И.Н., Коровина Н.А. Clostridium difficile-инфекция у детей. РМЖ. 2004. 5: 373-377.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mitchell DK, Van R, Mason EH at al. Prospective study of toxigenic Clostridium difficilе children given amoxicillin/clavulanate for otitis media. Pediatr. Inf. Dis. J. 1996. 15: 514-519.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mitchell DK, Van R, Mason EH at al. Prospective study of toxigenic Clostridium difficilе children given amoxicillin/clavulanate for otitis media. Pediatr. Inf. Dis. J. 1996. 15: 514-519.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lupse M, Flonta M, Cioara A, Filipescu I, Todor N. Predictors of First Recurrence in Clostridium difficile-Associated Disease. A Study of 306 Patients Hospitalized in a Romanian Tertiary Referral Center. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis, December 2013. 22. 4: 397-403.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lupse M, Flonta M, Cioara A, Filipescu I, Todor N. Predictors of First Recurrence in Clostridium difficile-Associated Disease. A Study of 306 Patients Hospitalized in a Romanian Tertiary Referral Center. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis, December 2013. 22. 4: 397-403.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zilberberg et al. Risk factors for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) hospitaliza-tion among hospitalized patients with an initial CDI episode: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2014. 14: 306. http:// www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/14/306.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zilberberg et al. Risk factors for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) hospitaliza-tion among hospitalized patients with an initial CDI episode: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2014. 14: 306. http:// www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/14/306.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alam S, Muchatad M., Antibiotic associated diarrhea in children. Indian Pediatr. 2009 Jun. 46(6): 491-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alam S, Muchatad M., Antibiotic associated diarrhea in children. Indian Pediatr. 2009 Jun. 46(6): 491-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Малов В.А. Инфекция Clostridium Difficile: современное состояние проблемы. Фарматека. 2010. 4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Малов В.А. Инфекция Clostridium Difficile: современное состояние проблемы. Фарматека. 2010. 4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hedge Dennis D, Strain Joe D, Heins Jodi R, Farver Debra K. New advances in the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management. 2008. 4(5).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hedge Dennis D, Strain Joe D, Heins Jodi R, Farver Debra K. New advances in the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management. 2008. 4(5).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lowy I, Molrine DC, Leav BA, Blair BM, Baxter R, Gerding DN, Nichol G, Thomas WD, Leney M, Sloan S, Hay CA, Ambrosino DM. Treatment with Monoclonal Antibodies against Clostridium difficile Toxins. N Engl J Med. 2010. 362: 197-205. Copyright © 2010 Massachusetts Medical Society.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lowy I, Molrine DC, Leav BA, Blair BM, Baxter R, Gerding DN, Nichol G, Thomas WD, Leney M, Sloan S, Hay CA, Ambrosino DM. Treatment with Monoclonal Antibodies against Clostridium difficile Toxins. N Engl J Med. 2010. 362: 197-205. Copyright © 2010 Massachusetts Medical Society.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Massey V et al. Clinical usefulness of components of the Triage immunoassay, enzyme immunoassay for toxins A and B, and cytotoxin B tissue culture assay for the diagnosis of Clostridium difficile diarrhea. Am J Clin Pathol. 2003. 119: 45-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Massey V et al. Clinical usefulness of components of the Triage immunoassay, enzyme immunoassay for toxins A and B, and cytotoxin B tissue culture assay for the diagnosis of Clostridium difficile diarrhea. Am J Clin Pathol. 2003. 119: 45-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nyc O, Pituch H, Matejkova J, Obuch-Woszczatynski P, Kuijper EJ. Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 176 in the Czech Republic and Poland. Lancet. 2011. Apr 23. 377(9775): 1407,</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nyc O, Pituch H, Matejkova J, Obuch-Woszczatynski P, Kuijper EJ. Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 176 in the Czech Republic and Poland. Lancet. 2011. Apr 23. 377(9775): 1407,</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Warren CA, Guerrant RL. Pathogenic C. difficile is here (and everywhere) to stay. Lancet. 2011. jan 1. 377(9759): 8-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Warren CA, Guerrant RL. Pathogenic C. difficile is here (and everywhere) to stay. Lancet. 2011. jan 1. 377(9759): 8-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nylund CM, Goudie A, Garza JM, Fairbrother G, Cohen MB. Clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized children in the United States. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011. 165: 451-457. (PMID: 21199971 DOI: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.282).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nylund CM, Goudie A, Garza JM, Fairbrother G, Cohen MB. Clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized children in the United States. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011. 165: 451-457. (PMID: 21199971 DOI: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.282).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Учайкин В.Ф. Руководство по инфекционным заболеваниям у детей. М.: Гэотар Медицина, 1998. 492-494.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Учайкин В.Ф. Руководство по инфекционным заболеваниям у детей. М.: Гэотар Медицина, 1998. 492-494.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maha Barakat, yZeinab El-Kady, zMohamed Mostafa, yNaglaa Ibrahim, and yHamdy Ghazaly. Antibiotic-associated Bloody Diarrhea in Infants: Clinical, Endoscopic, and Histopatho-logic Profiles. JPGN. January 2011. 52. 1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maha Barakat, yZeinab El-Kady, zMohamed Mostafa, yNaglaa Ibrahim, and yHamdy Ghazaly. Antibiotic-associated Bloody Diarrhea in Infants: Clinical, Endoscopic, and Histopatho-logic Profiles. JPGN. January 2011. 52. 1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Joanne Donovan, MD, PhD. 18th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases: Abstract O464. Presented April 22, 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Joanne Donovan, MD, PhD. 18th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases: Abstract O464. Presented April 22, 2008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Киргизов К.И, Шульга С.Ю., Пристанскова Е.А., Константинова В.В., Герасимова Ю.В., Сидорова Н.В., Благонравова О.Л., Федорова Н.И., Скоробогатова Е.В. Энтероколит, связанный с Clostridium difficile, в детской гематологии-онкологии - решенная проблема? Обзор литературы и собственный опыт. Российский журнал детской гематологии и онкологии. 2014. 1: 25-31.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Киргизов К.И, Шульга С.Ю., Пристанскова Е.А., Константинова В.В., Герасимова Ю.В., Сидорова Н.В., Благонравова О.Л., Федорова Н.И., Скоробогатова Е.В. Энтероколит, связанный с Clostridium difficile, в детской гематологии-онкологии - решенная проблема? Обзор литературы и собственный опыт. Российский журнал детской гематологии и онкологии. 2014. 1: 25-31.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лобзин Ю.В., Захаренко С.М., Иванов Г.А. Современные представления об инфекции Clostridium difficile. Клиническая микробиология и антимикробная химиотерапия. 2002. 4. 3: 200-232.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Лобзин Ю.В., Захаренко С.М., Иванов Г.А. Современные представления об инфекции Clostridium difficile. Клиническая микробиология и антимикробная химиотерапия. 2002. 4. 3: 200-232.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bauer MP, Notermans DW, van Benthem BH, Brazier JS, Wilcox MH, Rupnik M, Monnet DL, van Dissel JT, Kuijper EJ. ECDIS Study Group (2011) Clostridium difficile infection in Europe: a hospital-based survey. Lancet. 2011. 377: 63-73.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bauer MP, Notermans DW, van Benthem BH, Brazier JS, Wilcox MH, Rupnik M, Monnet DL, van Dissel JT, Kuijper EJ. ECDIS Study Group (2011) Clostridium difficile infection in Europe: a hospital-based survey. Lancet. 2011. 377: 63-73.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wilcox MH. Updated guidance on the management and treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. Crown Copyright 2013 Published May 2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wilcox MH. Updated guidance on the management and treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. Crown Copyright 2013 Published May 2013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bryan F Curtin, Yousef Zarbalian, Mark H Flasar, Erik von Rosenvinge. Clostridium difficile -associated disease: Adherence with current guidelines at a tertiary medical center. World J Gastroenterol. 2013. December. 14. 19(46): 8647-8651. ISSN 1007-9327 (print) ISSN 22192840 (online).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bryan F Curtin, Yousef Zarbalian, Mark H Flasar, Erik von Rosenvinge. Clostridium difficile -associated disease: Adherence with current guidelines at a tertiary medical center. World J Gastroenterol. 2013. December. 14. 19(46): 8647-8651. ISSN 1007-9327 (print) ISSN 22192840 (online).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S, Kelly CP, Loo VG, McDonald LC, Pepin J, Wilcox MH; Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America; Infectious Diseases Society of America (2010) Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the Infectious Disases Society of America (IDSA). Infect Contr Hosp Epidem. 2010. 5:431-455.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S, Kelly CP, Loo VG, McDonald LC, Pepin J, Wilcox MH; Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America; Infectious Diseases Society of America (2010) Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the Infectious Disases Society of America (IDSA). Infect Contr Hosp Epidem. 2010. 5:431-455.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elliott B, Reed R, Chang BJ, Riley TV. Bacteremia with a large clostridial toxin-negative, binary toxin-positive strain of Clostridium difficile. J. Anaerobe. 2009. 15: 249-251.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elliott B, Reed R, Chang BJ, Riley TV. Bacteremia with a large clostridial toxin-negative, binary toxin-positive strain of Clostridium difficile. J. Anaerobe. 2009. 15: 249-251.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Minino A, Xu J and Kochanek K. (2010) Deaths: preliminary data for 2008. National Vital Statistics Report 59. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. Available at: http:// www.cdc.gov/ nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr59/ nvsr59_02.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Minino A, Xu J and Kochanek K. (2010) Deaths: preliminary data for 2008. National Vital Statistics Report 59. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. Available at: http:// www.cdc.gov/ nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr59/ nvsr59_02.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wistrom J, Norrby SR, Myhre EB, Eriksson S, Granstrom G, Lagergren L, Englund G, Nord CE, Svenungsson B. Frequency of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in 2462 antibiotic-treated hospitalized patients: a prospective study. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2001. 47: 43-50.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wistrom J, Norrby SR, Myhre EB, Eriksson S, Granstrom G, Lagergren L, Englund G, Nord CE, Svenungsson B. Frequency of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in 2462 antibiotic-treated hospitalized patients: a prospective study. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2001. 47: 43-50.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vaishnavi C, Bhassin D, Kochhar R, Singh K. Clostridium difficile toxin and faecal lactofer-rin assays in adult patients. Microbes Infect. 2000. 2: 1827-1830.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vaishnavi C, Bhassin D, Kochhar R, Singh K. Clostridium difficile toxin and faecal lactofer-rin assays in adult patients. Microbes Infect. 2000. 2: 1827-1830.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hogenauer C, Langner C, Krause R, Gerstgrasser N, Krejs GJ, Hinterleitner TA. Antibiotic-associated segmental hemorrhagic colitis: clinical features, and influence of Klebsiella oxyto-ca in its patogenesis. Abstracts of 12 UEGW, Gut. 2004. 53 (Suppl VI), A135.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hogenauer C, Langner C, Krause R, Gerstgrasser N, Krejs GJ, Hinterleitner TA. Antibiotic-associated segmental hemorrhagic colitis: clinical features, and influence of Klebsiella oxyto-ca in its patogenesis. Abstracts of 12 UEGW, Gut. 2004. 53 (Suppl VI), A135.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шевяков М.А. Антибиотик-ассоциированная диарея и кандидоз кишечника: возможности лечения и профилактики. Антибиотики и химиотерапия. 2004. 49. 10: 26-29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Шевяков М.А. Антибиотик-ассоциированная диарея и кандидоз кишечника: возможности лечения и профилактики. Антибиотики и химиотерапия. 2004. 49. 10: 26-29.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krause R, Krejs G, Wenisch C, Reisinger E. Elevated fecal Candida counts in patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2003. 10(1): 167-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krause R, Krejs G, Wenisch C, Reisinger E. Elevated fecal Candida counts in patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2003. 10(1): 167-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Larson HE, Prise AB, Honour P et al. Pseudomembranous colitis: present of clostrid-ial toxin. Lancet. 1977: 1312-1314.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Larson HE, Prise AB, Honour P et al. Pseudomembranous colitis: present of clostrid-ial toxin. Lancet. 1977: 1312-1314.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schwartz et al. Severe clinical outcome is uncommon in Clostridium difficile infection in children: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Pediatrics, 2014. 14: 28.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schwartz et al. Severe clinical outcome is uncommon in Clostridium difficile infection in children: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Pediatrics, 2014. 14: 28.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johnson S et al. Interruption of recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea episodes by serial therapy with vancomycin and rifaximin. Clin Infect Dis. 2007. Mar 15. 44(6): 846-8. Epub 2007 Feb 2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johnson S et al. Interruption of recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea episodes by serial therapy with vancomycin and rifaximin. Clin Infect Dis. 2007. Mar 15. 44(6): 846-8. Epub 2007 Feb 2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Малов В.А. Антибиотик-ассоцированные поражения кишечника. Врач. 2000. 10: 16-19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Малов В.А. Антибиотик-ассоцированные поражения кишечника. Врач. 2000. 10: 16-19.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Friedman ND, Pollard J, Stupart D, Knight DR, Khajehnoori M, Davey EK, Parry L, Riley TV Prevalence of Clostridium difficile colonization among healthcare workers. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2013. 13: 459. Page 2 of 5http://www. biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/13/459.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Friedman ND, Pollard J, Stupart D, Knight DR, Khajehnoori M, Davey EK, Parry L, Riley TV Prevalence of Clostridium difficile colonization among healthcare workers. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2013. 13: 459. Page 2 of 5http://www. biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/13/459.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ковалева Е.П., Семина Н.А., Семененко Т.А., Галкин В.В. Справочник госпитального эпидемиолога. М.: Хризостом, 1999. 136-139.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ковалева Е.П., Семина Н.А., Семененко Т.А., Галкин В.В. Справочник госпитального эпидемиолога. М.: Хризостом, 1999. 136-139.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Edward O'Rourke. Harvard University - Harvard Medical School. Nospital epidemiology. 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Edward O'Rourke. Harvard University - Harvard Medical School. Nospital epidemiology. 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poutanen SM, Simor AE. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults. CMAJ. 2004. 171: 51-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poutanen SM, Simor AE. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults. CMAJ. 2004. 171: 51-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barakat M, El-Kady Z, Mostafa M, Ibrahim N, Ghazaly H. Antibiotic-associated Bloody Diarrhea in Infants: Clinical, Endoscopic, and Histopatho-logic Profiles. JPGN. 52, 1, January 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barakat M, El-Kady Z, Mostafa M, Ibrahim N, Ghazaly H. Antibiotic-associated Bloody Diarrhea in Infants: Clinical, Endoscopic, and Histopatho-logic Profiles. JPGN. 52, 1, January 2011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ковалева Е.П., Семина Н.А., Семененко Т.А., Галкин В.В. Справочник госпитального эпидемиолога. М.: Хризостом, 1999. 136-139.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ковалева Е.П., Семина Н.А., Семененко Т.А., Галкин В.В. Справочник госпитального эпидемиолога. М.: Хризостом, 1999. 136-139.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hsu J, Abad C, Dinh M, Safdar Nasia. Prevention of Endemic Healthcare-Associated Clostridium difficile Infection: Reviewing the Evidence. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010. 105: 2327-2339. doi: 10.1038/ ajg.2010.254; published online 6 July 2010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hsu J, Abad C, Dinh M, Safdar Nasia. Prevention of Endemic Healthcare-Associated Clostridium difficile Infection: Reviewing the Evidence. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010. 105: 2327-2339. doi: 10.1038/ ajg.2010.254; published online 6 July 2010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tatochenko V.K. Antibiotic and chemotherapy of infections in children. Moscow, 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tatochenko V.K. Antibiotic and chemotherapy of infections in children. Moscow, 2008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tkachenko E.I., Ryazantsev S.V., Oreshko L.S., Karpov A.A. Antibacterial therapy of upper respiratory infections: protection of indigenous microflora. Rossiyskaya Otorinolaringologiya. 2012. 6(61): 190-195.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tkachenko E.I., Ryazantsev S.V., Oreshko L.S., Karpov A.A. Antibacterial therapy of upper respiratory infections: protection of indigenous microflora. Rossiyskaya Otorinolaringologiya. 2012. 6(61): 190-195.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">WHO. Treatment of diarrhea, 2006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">WHO. Treatment of diarrhea, 2006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weekly Epidemiological Record. February 1, 2013, year 88, №5. 2013, 88.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weekly Epidemiological Record. February 1, 2013, year 88, №5. 2013, 88.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zakharova I.N., Dmitrieva Y.A. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea: treatment and prevention. Consilium medicum. Pediatriya. 2009. 2: 7-10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zakharova I.N., Dmitrieva Y.A. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea: treatment and prevention. Consilium medicum. Pediatriya. 2009. 2: 7-10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zakharova I.N., Mazankova L.N. et al. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children: problem and solutions. М., 2011. 48 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zakharova I.N., Mazankova L.N. et al. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children: problem and solutions. М., 2011. 48 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zaplatnikov A.L., Zakharova I.N., Korovina N.A. Clostridium difficile infection in children. RMZ. 2004. 5: 373-377.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaplatnikov A.L., Zakharova I.N., Korovina N.A. Clostridium difficile infection in children. RMZ. 2004. 5: 373-377.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malov V.A. Clostridium Difficile Infection: current situation. Pharmateka. 2010. 4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malov V.A. Clostridium Difficile Infection: current situation. Pharmateka. 2010. 4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Uchaikin V.F. Guidance on infectious diseases in children. М.: Geotar Medicine, 1998. 492-494.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Uchaikin V.F. Guidance on infectious diseases in children. М.: Geotar Medicine, 1998. 492-494.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kirgizov K.I., Shulga S.Y,, Pristanskova E.A., Konstantinova V.V., Gerasimova Y.V., Sidorova N.V., Blagonravova O.L., Fedorova N.I., Skorobogatova E.V. Enterocolitis associated with Clostridium difficile in pediatric hematology-oncology - a problem solved? Review of literature and own experience. Rossiyskiy Zhurnal Detskoy Gematologii i Onkologii. 2014. 1: 25-31.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kirgizov K.I., Shulga S.Y,, Pristanskova E.A., Konstantinova V.V., Gerasimova Y.V., Sidorova N.V., Blagonravova O.L., Fedorova N.I., Skorobogatova E.V. Enterocolitis associated with Clostridium difficile in pediatric hematology-oncology - a problem solved? Review of literature and own experience. Rossiyskiy Zhurnal Detskoy Gematologii i Onkologii. 2014. 1: 25-31.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lobzin Yu.V., Zakharenko S.M., Ivanov G.A. Modern ideas about Clostridium difficile infection. Klinicheskaya Mikrobiologiya i Antimikrobnaya Terapiya. 2002. 4. 3: 200-232.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lobzin Yu.V., Zakharenko S.M., Ivanov G.A. Modern ideas about Clostridium difficile infection. Klinicheskaya Mikrobiologiya i Antimikrobnaya Terapiya. 2002. 4. 3: 200-232.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sheviakov M.A. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea and intestinal candidiasis: treatment and prevention options. Antibiotiki i Khimioterapiya. 2004. 49. 10: 26-29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sheviakov M.A. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea and intestinal candidiasis: treatment and prevention options. Antibiotiki i Khimioterapiya. 2004. 49. 10: 26-29.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malov V.A. Antibiotic-associated bowel lesions. Vrach. 2000. 10: 16-19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malov V.A. Antibiotic-associated bowel lesions. Vrach. 2000. 10: 16-19.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kovaleva E.P., Semina N.A., Semenenko T.A., Galkin V.V. Reference Guide of Hospital Epidemiologist. М.: Khrizostom, 1999. 136-139.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kovaleva E.P., Semina N.A., Semenenko T.A., Galkin V.V. Reference Guide of Hospital Epidemiologist. М.: Khrizostom, 1999. 136-139.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit68"><label>68</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kovaleva E.P., Semina N.A., Semenenko T.A., Galkin V.V. Reference Guide of Hospital Epidemiologist. М.: Khrizostom, 1999. 136-139.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kovaleva E.P., Semina N.A., Semenenko T.A., Galkin V.V. Reference Guide of Hospital Epidemiologist. М.: Khrizostom, 1999. 136-139.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
