medsovetМедицинский СоветMeditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council2079-701X2658-5790REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.10.21518/2079-701X-2017-1-155-159medsovet-1695Research ArticleГАСТРОЭНТЕРОЛОГИЯGASTROENTEROLOGYВЛИЯНИЕ КИШЕЧНОГО МИКРОБИОМА В НОРМЕ И ПАТОЛОГИИ НА ЗДОРОВЬЕ ЧЕЛОВЕКАEffect of intestinal microbiome in norm and pathology on human healthЛифшицКарлосLifshitzLifshitz

доктор медицины

MD

ЗахароваИ. Н.ZakharovaI. N.

д.м.н., профессор

MD, Prof.

ДмитриеваЮ. А.DmitrievaY. A.

к.м.н. 

PhD in medicine

Больница Italiano, Буэнос-АйресАргентинаItaliano Hospital, Buenos-AiresArgentinaРоссийская медицинская академия последипломного образования, МоскваРоссияRussian Medical Post-Graduate Academy, MoscowRussian Federation20173012201701155159Copyright © Лифшиц К., Захарова И.Н., Дмитриева Ю.А., 20172017Лифшиц К., Захарова И.Н., Дмитриева Ю.А.Lifshitz L., Zakharova I.N., Dmitrieva Y.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/1695

Кишечный микробиом играет существенную роль в регуляции моторики кишечника, оказывает определенное влияние на функционирование иммунной системы, течение метаболических процессов, а также формирование некоторых аспектов поведения. Имеются данные о том, что материнская микрофлора способна оказывать влияние на плод путем транслокации бактерий или бактериальных частиц через плацентарный барьер, хотя, безусловно, основная колонизация кишечника младенца происходит в процессе естественных родов под воздействием вагинальной и кишечной флоры матери. У детей, рожденных путем операции кесарева сечения, нормальный процесс колонизации кишечника нарушается, что может определять более высокий риск развития у них в дальнейшем некоторых иммуноопосредованных заболеваний, а также сахарного диабета 1-го типа и ожирения. Изменения в составе фекальной микрофлоры, которые принято называть дисбиозом, часто пытаются корректировать применением пробиотиков. В дополнение к хорошо известным эффектам пробиотиков в лечении острой диареи у детей данные препараты в настоящее время все чаще используются для профилактики некротизирующего энтероколита новорожденных, несмотря на то что доказательств эффективности их рутинного применения недостаточно. Ряд исследований продемонстрировали, что некоторые пробиотики могут быть эффективными в профилактике атопических заболеваний, предотвращении и лечении антибиотик-ассоциированной диареи, сокращении частоты и тяжести некротизируюшего энтероколита, купировании младенческих колик и терапии запоров. Учитывая роль микробиоты в развитии ожирения, некоторые пробиотики были использованы и показали свою эффективность в снижении веса. Относительно недавно начали применять трансплантацию фекальной микрофлоры для лечения Clostridium difficile-инфекции и воспалительных заболеваний кишечника. В настоящем обзоре обсуждаются актуальные данные о кишечной микробиоте, ее становлении, функциях, нарушениях состава и возможных способах их коррекции. 

The intestinal microbiome plays a significant role in the regulation of peristalsis, exerts some influence on the functioning of the immune system, course of metabolic processes and formation of some aspects of behavior. There is evidence that maternal microflora can exert an influence on the fetus by translocation of bacteria or bacterial particles through the placental barrier, although, of course, the main colonization of the intestine of the infant occurs in the process of natural childbirth under the influence of the vaginal and intestinal flora of the mother. In children born by cesarean section the normal colonization of the gut is disturbed, which can determine a higher risk of developing in the future of some immune-mediated diseases, Type 1 diabetes mellitus and obesity. Medical men often try to adjust dysbiosis or changes in the composition of the fecal microflora called dysbiosis by the use of probiotics. In addition to the well-known effects of probiotics in the treatment of acute diarrhea in children, these drugs currently are being increasingly used for prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis of the newborn, despite the fact that evidence of the effectiveness of their routine use is not sufficient. A number of studies have shown that some probiotics may be effective in the prevention of atopic diseases, prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, reducing the frequency and severity of necrotizing enterocolitis, relief of infant colic, and therapy of constipation. Given the role of microbiota in the development of obesity, some probiotics have been used and showed their effectiveness in weight loss. The fecal microflora transplantation was introduced relatively recently to treat Clostridium difficile infection and inflammatory bowel disease. In this review we discuss current data on the intestinal microbiota, its formation, functions, disturbance of the composition and possible ways of their correction. 

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.