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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medsovet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский Совет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-701X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5790</issn><publisher><publisher-name>REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21518/2079-701X-2017-19-134-138</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medsovet-2202</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛУБ ЭКСПЕРТОВ ESPGHAN</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ESPGHAN EXPERT CLUB</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ДИСКУССИИ В МЕДИЦИНЕ: АЛЛЕРГИЯ ИЛИ ПИЩЕВАЯ НЕПЕРЕНОСИМОСТЬ?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>DISCUSSIONS IN MEDICINE: ALLERGY OR FOOD INTOLERANCE</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ванденплас</surname><given-names>И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vandenplas</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>профессор, UZ Brussel</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Prof., UZ Brussels</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Брюссельский свободный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Brussels Free University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>19</issue><fpage>134</fpage><lpage>138</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ванденплас И., 2017</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ванденплас И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Vandenplas I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/2202">https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/2202</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Резюме</title><p>Резюме. Практикующие врачи и пациенты часто смешивают понятия гиперчувствительности, аллергии и непереносимости. Разногласия в терминологии часто приводят к ошибочным заключениям. В данной статье предложен вариант классификации терминов, описывающих очень схожие клинические симптомы, но имеющие разную патофизиологическую основу.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: разъяснить отличия обсуждаемых терминов для практикующих врачей с позиции детского гастроэнтеролога. Результаты: многие дети попадают на прием к врачу с различными «симптомами, возникающими при употреблении определенной пищи». Мы предлагаем использовать именно эту формулировку –«симптом, возникающий при употреблении пищи» при невозможности установить конкретные патогенетические механизмы, лежащие в основе клинических проявлений. Под термином «непереносимость» мы предлагаем понимать клинические проявления, возникающие у пациентов на фоне мальабсорбции углеводов. Аллергия подразумевает участие в патологическом процессе IgE-и не IgEопосредованных реакций, следствием которых являются такие клинические проявления, как атопический дерматит или, например, аллергический колит с появлением крови в стуле. К сожалению, у врачей первичного звена отсутствуют возможности для диагностики не IgE-опосредованной аллергии. Положительная провокационная проба доказывает наличие симптома, индуцированного продуктом питания, но не доказывает вовлечение в патологический процесс иммунной системы. Термин «гиперчувствительность» предполагает участие иммунологических механизмов и не должен использоваться в   данном случае. Патофизиологический механизм многих симптомов, возникающих при употреблении пищи, остается неясным. Один и тот же симптом может быть вызван аллергией или являться проявлением функциональных нарушений желудочно-кишечного тракта, как, например, младенческие кишечные колики, гастроэзофагеальный рефлюкс и запор, возникающие на фоне вскармливания младенца продуктами на основе коровьего молока. На практике термин «функциональный» используется в том случае, если патофизиологический механизм, вызывающий симптом, не поддается объяснению. Отдаленный исход аллергии существенно отличается от исхода функциональных расстройств, поэтому корректная дифференциальная диагностика данных состояний имеет существенное значение.</p></sec><sec><title>Вывод</title><p>Вывод: Формулировку «симптом, возникающий при употреблении пищи» следует использовать в том случае, если его патофизиологический механизм неясен. Под пищевой непереносимостью следует понимать симптомы, обусловленные мальабсорбцией углеводов. Термин «аллергия» следует использовать в тех случаях, когда в патологический процесс вовлечена иммунная система. </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Clinicians and patients often confuse hypersensitivity, allergies and intolerances. Differences in terminology often lead to erroneous conclusions. This article proposes the terminology to split up symptoms that are very close to each other clinically, however are totally different in pathways.</p><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to describe differences between the discussed terms for practitioners from the position of a pediatric gastroenterologist.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: many patients present with symptoms «related to food ingestion». We propose to use exactly that wording if it is impossible to establish specific pathogenic mechanisms underlying the clinical manifestations. We propose to understand the term intolerance as the clinical manifestations that occur in patients on the background of malabsorption of carbohydrates. Allergy refers to the involvement in the pathological process of IgE - and not IgE-mediated reactions resulting in clinical manifestations such as atopic dermatitis or allergic colitis with the appearance of blood in the stool. Unfortunately, primary care physicians don’t have possibilities to diagnose non-IgE-mediated allergies. A positive provocative test proves the presence of symptoms induced by food, but does not prove involvement in the pathological process of the immune system. The term «hypersensitivity» involves immunological mechanisms and should not be used in this case. The pathophysiologic mechanism of many symptoms that occur when eating remains unclear. The same symptom can be caused by allergies or it can be a manifestation of functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, such as infant intestinal colic, gastroesophageal reflux and constipation that occurs on the background of infant feeding products based on cow’s milk. In practice, the term functional is used in that case, if the pathophysiological mechanism inducing the symptom can be explained. The distant outcome of allergies is significantly different from the outcome of functional disorders, therefore, correct differential diagnosis of these states is essential.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion: the phrase «a symptom that occurs when eating food,» should be used if its pathophysiological mechanism is not clear. Food intolerance should identify symptoms due to malabsorption of carbohydrates. The term allergy should be used in those cases when the pathological process is involved the immune system.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>пищевая аллергия</kwd><kwd>младенческие кишечные колики</kwd><kwd>гидролизаты</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>food Allergy</kwd><kwd>infant intestinal colic</kwd><kwd>hydrolysates</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fiocchi A, Brozek J, Schünemann H. World Allergy Organization (WAO) Diagnosis and Rationale for Action against Cow’s Milk Allergy (DRACMA) Guidelines. World Allergy Organ J, 2010, 3: 157–61.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fiocchi A, Brozek J, Schünemann H. World Allergy Organization (WAO) Diagnosis and Rationale for Action against Cow’s Milk Allergy (DRACMA) Guidelines. 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