<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medsovet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский Совет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-701X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5790</issn><publisher><publisher-name>REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21518/2079-701X-2020-4-144-151</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medsovet-5625</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Эндокринология</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Endocrinology</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Диабетическая автономная нейропатия - препятствие на пути достижения гликемического контроля</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Diabetic autonomic neuropathy is a barrier to achieving glycemic control</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6123-5610</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вербовой</surname><given-names>А. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Verbovoy</surname><given-names>A. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Вербовой Андрей Феликсович - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой эндокринологии.</p><p>443099, Самара, ул. Чапаевская, д. 89.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey F. Verbovoy - Dr. of Sci. (Med), Professor, Head of the Endocrinology Department, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Samara State Medical University” of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation.</p><p>89, Chapaevskaya St., Samara, 443099.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">andreyy.verbovoyy@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8827-4919</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шаронова</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sharonova</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шаронова Людмила Александровна - кандидат медицинских наук, доцент, доцент кафедры эндокринологии.</p><p>443099, Самара, ул. Чапаевская, д. 89.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lyudmila A. Sharonova - Cand. of Sci. (Med), Associate Professor of endocrinology, of the Department of Endocrinology, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Samara State Medical University” of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation.</p><p>89, Chapaevskaya St., Samara, 443099.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lyuda163@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Самарский государственный медицинский университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Samara State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>05</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>144</fpage><lpage>151</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Вербовой А.Ф., Шаронова Л.А., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Вербовой А.Ф., Шаронова Л.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Verbovoy A.F., Sharonova L.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/5625">https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/5625</self-uri><abstract><p>Диабетическая автономная нейропатия - вторая по частоте форма поражения нервной системы при сахарном диабете в результате нарушений центрального и/или периферического отделов вегетативной нервной системы. В среднем частота встречаемости ее составляет около 40%, а при увеличении стажа сахарного диабета более 10 лет - 60% и более. Диабетическая автономная нейропатия характеризуется полисиндромностью клинических проявлений. В этой связи различают ряд форм диабетической автономной нейропатии как в виде изолированного нарушения функции органов и систем, так и с сочетанным их поражением. В патогенезе автономной нейропатии важную роль играют общие для развития диабетической полинейропатии сосудистые и метаболические изменения. Наиболее значимыми факторами риска для развития диабетической автономной нейропатии являются возраст пациента, длительность сахарного диабета, более высокий средний показатель HbA1c. Развитие и прогрессирование диабетической автономной нейропатии зависит от гликемического контроля, однако такие ее формы, как гастроинтестинальная, и нарушение распознавания гипогликемии (бессимптомные гипогликемии) могут быть причиной плохой компенсации сахарного диабета. В данной статье рассматриваются различные клинические проявления гастроинтестинальной автономной нейропатии. Обращается внимание на то, что клиническая картина часто неспецифична и малосимптомна, что затрудняет своевременную диагностику. Гастроинтестинальная форма диабетической автономной нейропатии приводит к ограничению работоспособности, социальной дезадаптации больных, резко снижает качество жизни пациентов с сахарным диабетом. В клинической практике врачу необходимо помнить о том, что она может существенно влиять на достижение гликемического контроля в результате нарушения процесса переваривания и пассажа пищи, а также фармакокинетики сахароснижающих препаратов. Нарушение распознавания гипогликемии также затрудняет возможность хорошей компенсации. Эти осложнения требуют от врача персонифицированного подхода к пациенту, а от пациента - строгого и частого самоконтроля гликемии с помощью современного глюкометра для поддержания оптимального гликемического контроля и профилактики возможных гипогликемических состояний.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Diabetic autonomic neuropathy is the second most common form of damage to the nervous system in diabetes mellitus as a result of disorders of the central and/or peripheral parts of the autonomic nervous system. On average, its frequency of occurrence is about 40%, and 60% or more with an increase in the duration of diabetes over than 10 years. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy is characterized by polysyndromism of clinical manifestations. In this regard, a number of forms of diabetic autonomic neuropathy are distinguished both in the form of an isolated violation of the function of organs and systems, and with their combined defeat. In the pathogenesis of autonomic neuropathy, vascular and metabolic changes common to the development of diabetic polyneuropathy play an important role. The most significant risk factors for the development of diabetic autonomic neuropathy are the patient's age, duration of diabetes mellitus, and a higher average HbA1c. The development and progression of diabetic autonomic neuropathy depends on glycemic control, but its forms such as gastrointestinal and impaired recognition of hypoglycemia (asymptomatic hypoglycemia) can cause poor compensation for diabetes. This article discusses the various clinical manifestations of gastrointestinal autonomic neuropathy. Attention is drawn to the fact that the clinical picture is often nonspecific and asymptomatic, which complicates timely diagnosis. The gastrointestinal form of diabetic autonomic neuropathy leads to limited performance, social maladaptation of patients, dramatically reduces the quality of life of patients with diabetes mellitus. In clinical practice, the doctor must remember that it can significantly affect the achievement of glycemic control, as a result of a violation of the digestion and passage of food, as well as a violation of the pharmacokinetics of hypoglycemic drugs. Impaired recognition of hypoglycemia also makes it difficult to compensate well. These complications require a personalized approach to the patient from the doctor, and strict and frequent self-control of glycemia with the help of a modern glucometer from the patient to maintain optimal glycemic control and prevent possible hypoglycemic conditions.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сахарный диабет</kwd><kwd>диабетическая автономная нейропатия</kwd><kwd>гастроинтестинальная автономная нейропатия</kwd><kwd>гликемический контроль</kwd><kwd>гипогликемия</kwd><kwd>самоконтроль</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>diabetes mellitus</kwd><kwd>diabetic autonomic neuropathy</kwd><kwd>gastrointestinal autonomic neuropathy</kwd><kwd>glycemic control</kwd><kwd>hypoglycemia</kwd><kwd>self-control</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дедов И.И., Шестакова М.В., Майоров А.Ю. (ред.). Алгоритмы специализированной медицинской помощи больным сахарным диабетом. Вып. 9 (доп.). Сахарный диабет. 2019;22(1):1-144. doi: 10.14341/DM221S1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dedov I.I., Shestakova M.V., Majorov A.Yu. (ed.). Standarts of specialized diabet care. 9th ed. (revised). Sakharnii Diabet = Diabetes Mellitus. 2019;22(1):1-144. (In Russ.) doi: 10.14341/DM221S1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дедов И.И., Шестакова М.В., Галстян Г.Р. Распространенность сахарного диабета 2 типа у взрослого населения России (исследование NATION). Сахарный диабет. 2016;19(2):104-112. doi: 10.14341/DM2004116-17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dedov I.I., Shestakova M.V., Galstyan G.R. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the adult population of Russia (NATION study). Sakharnyy diabet = Diabetes mellitus. 2016;19(2):104-112. (In Russ.) doi: 10.14341/DM2004116-17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аметов А.С., Лысенко М.А. Невропатия и предиабет: эти часы начинают тикать рано. Фарматека. 2012;(16):11-15. Режим доступа: https://pharmateca.ru/ru/archive/article/8597.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ametov A.S., Lysenko M.A. Neuropathy And Prediabetes: This Clock Starts Ticking Early. Farmateka. 2012;(16):11-15. (In Russ.) Available at: https://pharmateca.ru/ru/archive/article/8597.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Котов С.В., Рудакова, И.Г. Исакова Е.В., Волченкова Т.В. Диабетическая нейропатия: разнообразие клинических форм (лекция). РМЖ. Медицинское обозрение. 2017;(11):822-830. Режим доступа: https://www.rusmedreview.com/articles/nevrologiya/Diabeticheskaya_neyropatiya_raznoobrazie_klinicheskih_form_lekciya/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kotov S.V., Rudakova I.G., Isakova E.V., Volchenkova T.V Diabetic neuropathy: a variety of clinical forms (lecture). RMZH. Meditsinskoe obozrenie. = RMJ. Russian Medical Review. 2017;(11):822-830. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.rusmedreview.com/articles/nevrologiya/Diabeticheskaya_neyropatiya_raznoobrazie_klinicheskih_form_lekciya/.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Стаценко М.Е., Туркина С.В. Диабетическая автономная кардиальная нейропатия у больных с сахарным диабетом типа 2: фокус на нерешенные проблемы. Архив внутренней медицины. 2013;(3):57-62. doi: 10.20514/2226-6704-2013-0-3-57-62.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Statsenko M.E., Turkina S.V. Diabetic autonomous cardiac neuropathy in patients with type 2 Diabetes mellitus: focus on unresolved problems. Arhiv'' vnutrennej mediciny = The Russian Archives of Internal Medicine. 2013;(3):57-62. (In Russ.) doi: 10.20514/2226-6704-2013-0-3-57-62.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chyun D.A., Melkus G.D., Katten D.M., Price W.J., Davey J.A., Grey N., Heller G., Wackers F.J. The Association of Psychological Factors, Physical Activity, Neuropathy, and Quality of Life in Type 2 Diabetes. Biol Res Nurs. 2006;7(4):279-288. doi: 10.1177/1099800405285748.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chyun D.A., Melkus G.D., Katten D.M., Price W.J., Davey J.A., Grey N., Heller G., Wackers F.J. The Association of Psychological Factors, Physical Activity, Neuropathy, and Quality of Life in Type 2 Diabetes. Biol Res Nurs. 2006;7(4):279-288. doi: 10.1177/1099800405285748.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Voulgari C., Psallas M., Kokkinos A., Argiana V., Katsilambros N., Tentolouris N. The association between cardiac autonomic neuropathy with metabolic and other factors in subjects with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes and Its Complications. 2011;25(3):159-167. doi: 10.1016/j.jdiaco-mp.2010.06.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Voulgari C., Psallas M., Kokkinos A., Argiana V., Katsilambros N., Tentolouris N. The association between cardiac autonomic neuropathy with metabolic and other factors in subjects with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes and Its Complications. 2011;25(3):159-167. doi: 10.1016/j.jdiaco-mp.2010.06.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cankurtaran V., Ozates S., Ozler S. Association of pupil responses with severity of erectile dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2019;67(8):1314-1319. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_220_19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cankurtaran V., Ozates S., Ozler S. Association of pupil responses with severity of erectile dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2019;67(8):1314-1319. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_220_19.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chew S.K., Taouk Y., Xie J., Nicolaou T.E., Wang J.J., Wong T.Y., Lamoureux E.L. Relationship between diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema and erectile dysfunction in type 2 diabetics. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2013;41(7):683-689. doi: 10.1111/ceo.12099.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chew S.K., Taouk Y., Xie J., Nicolaou T.E., Wang J.J., Wong T.Y., Lamoureux E.L. Relationship between diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema and erectile dysfunction in type 2 diabetics. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2013;41(7):683-689. doi: 10.1111/ceo.12099.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Котов С.В., Калинин А.П., Рудакова И.Г. Диабетическая нейропатия. 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. М.: Медицинское информационное агентство; 2011. 439 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kotov S.V., Kalinin A.P., Rudakova I.G. Diabetic neuropathy. 2nd ed. Moscow: Meditsinskoye informatsionnoye agentstvo; 2011. 439 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Галстян Г.Р. Диабетическая нейропатия. В: Дедов И.И., Шестакова М.В. (ред.) Сахарный диабет: острые и хронические осложнения. М.: Медицинское информационное агентство; 2011. С. 353-365. Режим доступа: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=18911411.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galstyan G.R. Diabetic neuropathy. In: Dedov I.I., Shestakova M.V. (ed.). Diabetes mellitus: acute and chronic complications. Moscow: Meditsinskoye informatsionnoye agentstvo; 2011, pp. 353-365. (In Russ.) Available at: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=18911411.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белова А.Н., Кудыкин М.Н., Шейко Г.Е. Диабетическая периферическая нейропатия: Эпидемиология, патогенез, клиника, диагностика, лечение. Российский медико-биологический вестник имени академика И.П. Павлова 2016;24(4):139-151. doi: 10.23888/PAVLOVJ20164139-151.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belova A.N., Kudykin M.N., Sheiko G.E. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnostics, treatment. Rossiyskiy mediko-biologicheskiy vestnik imeni akademika I.P. Pavlova = I.P. Pavlov Russian Medical Biological Herald. 2016;24(4):139-51. (In Russ.) doi: 10.23888/PAVLOVJ20164139-151.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Котов А.С. Диабетическая полиневропатия: обзор литературы. Эффективная фармакотерапия. Эндокринология. 2011;(5):44-48. Режим доступа: https://umedp.ru/articles/diabeticheskaya_polinevropatiya_obzor_literatury.html.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kotov A.S. Diabetic polyneuropathy: a literature review. Effektivnaya farma-koterapiya. Ehndokrinologiya = Effective pharmacotherapy. Endocrinology. 2011;(5):44-8. (In Russ.) Available at: h https://umedp.ru/articles/diabet-icheskaya_polinevropatiya_obzor_literatury.html.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pop-Busui R., Low P.A., Waberski B.H., Martin C.L., Albers J.W., Feldman E.L. et al. Effects of prior intensive insulin therapy on cardiac autonomic nervous system function in type 1 diabetes mellitus: the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications study (DCCT/EDIC). Circulation. 2009;119(22):2886-2893. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.837369.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pop-Busui R., Low P.A., Waberski B.H., Martin C.L., Albers J.W., Feldman E.L. et al. Effects of prior intensive insulin therapy on cardiac autonomic nervous system function in type 1 diabetes mellitus: the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications study (DCCT/EDIC). Circulation. 2009;119(22):2886-2893. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.837369.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pop-Busui R., Braffett B.H., Zinman B., Martin C., White N.H., William H.H., et al. Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and cardiovascular outcomes in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) study. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(1):94-100. doi: 10.2337/dc16-1397.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pop-Busui R., Braffett B.H., Zinman B., Martin C., White N.H., William H.H., et al. Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and cardiovascular outcomes in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) study. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(1):94-100. doi: 10.2337/dc16-1397.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Braffett B.H., Gubitosi-Klug R.A., Albers J.W., Feldman E.L., Martin C.L., White N.H. et al. DCCT/EDIC Research Group. Risk Factors for Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy and Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Study. Diabetes. 2020;69(5):1000-1010. doi: 10.2337/db19-1046.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Braffett B.H., Gubitosi-Klug R.A., Albers J.W., Feldman E.L., Martin C.L., White N.H. et al. DCCT/EDIC Research Group. Risk Factors for Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy and Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Study. Diabetes. 2020;69(5):1000-1010. doi: 10.2337/db19-1046.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Черников А.А., Северина А.С., Шамхалова М.Ш., Шестакова М.В. Роль механизмов «метаболической памяти» в развитии и прогрессировании сосудистых осложнений сахарного диабета. Сахарный диабет. 2017;20(2):126-134. doi: 10.14341/7674.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chernikov A.A., Severina A.S., Shamkhalova M.S., Shestakova M.V. The role of «metabolic memory» mechanisms in the development and progression of vascular complications of diabetes mellitus. Sakharnyy diabet = Diabetes Mellitus. 2017;20(2):126-134. (In Russ.) doi: 10.14341/7674.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kempler P., Tesfaye S., Chaturvedi N., Stevens L.K., Webb D.J. et al. EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study Group. Autonomic neuropathy is associated with increased cardiovascular risk factors: the EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study. Diabet Med. 2002;19(11):900-909. doi: 10.1046/j.1464-5491.2002.00821.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kempler P., Tesfaye S., Chaturvedi N., Stevens L.K., Webb D.J. et al. EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study Group. Autonomic neuropathy is associated with increased cardiovascular risk factors: the EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study. Diabet Med. 2002;19(11):900-909. doi: 10.1046/j.1464-5491.2002.00821.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Семикова Д.А., Белова Н.В., Гришина Д.А., Антонова К.В., Супонева Н.А. Диабетическая тонковолоконная полинейропатия. Эффективная фармакотерапия. Эндокринология. 2018;(5-6):32-38. Режим доступа: https//umedp.ru/articles/diabeticheskaya_tonkovolokonnaya_polineyropatiya.html.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Semikova D.A., Belova N.V., Grishina D.A., Antonova K.V., Suponeva N.A. Diabetic smallfiber neuropathy. Effektivnaya farmakoterapiya. Endokrinologiya. = Effective pharmacotherapy. Endocrinology. 2018;(5-6):32-38. (In Russ.) Available at: https://umedp.ru/articles/diabeticheskaya_tonkovolokonnaya_polineyropatiya.html.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Korei A.E., Istenes I., Papanas N., Kempler P. Smallfiber neuropathy: a diabetic microvascular complication of special clinical, diagnostic, and prognostic importance. Angiology. 2016;67(1):49-57. doi: 10.1177/0003319715583595.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korei A.E., Istenes I., Papanas N., Kempler P. Smallfiber neuropathy: a diabetic microvascular complication of special clinical, diagnostic, and prognostic importance. Angiology. 2016;67(1):49-57. doi: 10.1177/0003319715583595.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бирюкова Е.В. Осложнения сахарного диабета: фокус на диабетическую нейропатию. Медицинский совет. 2018;(4):48-52. doi: 10.21518/2079-701X-2018-4-48-52.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Biryukova E.V. Complications in diabetes mellitus: diabetic neuropathy focus. Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council. 2018;(4):48-52. (In Russ.) Available at: doi: 10.21518/2079-701X-2018-4-48-52.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dimova R., Tankova T., Guergueltcheva V., Tournevc I., Chakarova N., Grozeva G., Dakovska L. Risk factors for autonomic and somatic nerve dysfunction in different stages of glucose tolerance. J Diabetes Complications. 2017;31(3):537-543. doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.11.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dimova R., Tankova T., Guergueltcheva V., Tournevc I., Chakarova N., Grozeva G., Dakovska L. Risk factors for autonomic and somatic nerve dysfunction in different stages of glucose tolerance. J Diabetes Complications. 2017;31(3):537-543. doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.11.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vinik A.I., Maser R.E., Mitchell B.D., Freeman R. Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(5):1553-1579. doi: 10.2337/diac-are.26.5.1553.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vinik A.I., Maser R.E., Mitchell B.D., Freeman R. Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(5):1553-1579. doi: 10.2337/diac-are.26.5.1553.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pop-Busui R., Boulton A.J., Feldman E.L., Bril V., Freeman R., Malik R.A., Sosenko J.M., Ziegler D. Diabetic neuropathy: a position statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(1):136-154. doi: 10.2337/dc16-2042.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pop-Busui R., Boulton A.J., Feldman E.L., Bril V., Freeman R., Malik R.A., Sosenko J.M., Ziegler D. Diabetic neuropathy: a position statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(1):136-154. doi: 10.2337/dc16-2042.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Horvath VJ., Vittal H., Lorincz A., Chen H., Almeida-Porada G., Redelman D., Ordog T. Reduced stem cell factor links smooth myopathy and loss of interstitial cells of cajal in murine diabetic gastroparesis. Gastroenterology. 2006;130(3):759-770. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.12.027.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Horvath VJ., Vittal H., Lorincz A., Chen H., Almeida-Porada G., Redelman D., Ordog T. Reduced stem cell factor links smooth myopathy and loss of interstitial cells of cajal in murine diabetic gastroparesis. Gastroenterology. 2006;130(3):759-770. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.12.027.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ordog T., Hayashi Y., Gibbons S.J. Cellular pathogenesis of diabetic gastro-enteropathy. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 2009;55(3):315-343. Available at: https://mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/cellular-patho-genesis-of-diabetic-gastroenteropathy.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ordog T., Hayashi Y., Gibbons S.J. Cellular pathogenesis of diabetic gastro-enteropathy. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 2009;55(3):315-343. Available at: https://mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/cellular-pathogenesis-of-diabetic-gastroenteropathy.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kurniawan A.H., Suwandi B.H., Kholili U. Diabetic Gastroenteropathy: A Complication of Diabetes Mellitus. Acta Med Indones. 2019;51(3):263-271. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31699951.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kurniawan A.H., Suwandi B.H., Kholili U. Diabetic Gastroenteropathy: A Complication of Diabetes Mellitus. Acta Med Indones. 2019;51(3):263-271. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31699951.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meldgaard T., Keller J., Olesen A.E., Olesen S.S., Krogh K., Borre M. et al. Pathophysiology and management of diabetic gastroenteropathy. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2019;12:1-17. doi: 10.1177/1756284819852047.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meldgaard T., Keller J., Olesen A.E., Olesen S.S., Krogh K., Borre M. et al. Pathophysiology and management of diabetic gastroenteropathy. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2019;12:1-17. doi: 10.1177/1756284819852047.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bharucha A.E., Camilleri M., Forstrom L., Zinsmeister A.R. Relationship between clinical features and gastric emptying disturbances in diabetes mellitus. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2008;70(3):415-420. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03351.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bharucha A.E., Camilleri M., Forstrom L., Zinsmeister A.R. Relationship between clinical features and gastric emptying disturbances in diabetes mellitus. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2008;70(3):415-420. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03351.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hyett B., Martinez F.J., Gill B.M., Mehra S., Lembo A., Kelly C.P., Leffler D.A. Delayed radionucleotide gastric emptying studies predict morbidity in diabetics with symptoms of gastroparesis. Gastroenterology. 2009;137(2):445-452. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.04.055.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hyett B., Martinez F.J., Gill B.M., Mehra S., Lembo A., Kelly C.P., Leffler D.A. Delayed radionucleotide gastric emptying studies predict morbidity in diabetics with symptoms of gastroparesis. Gastroenterology. 2009;137(2):445-452. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.04.055.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iltz J.L., Baker D.E., Setter S.M., Keith Campbell R. Exenatide: an incretin mimetic for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Ther. 2006;28(5):652-665. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2006.05.006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iltz J.L., Baker D.E., Setter S.M., Keith Campbell R. Exenatide: an incretin mimetic for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Ther. 2006;28(5):652-665. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2006.05.006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Костицкая И.А. Перспективы применения эксенатида в лечении диабетического гастропареза. Мир Медицины и Биологии. 2016;(3):113-118. Режим доступа: https://womab.com.ua/smb-2016-03/6215.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kostitska I.O. Prospects of exenatide in the treatment of diabetic gastro-paresis. Mir Mediciny i Biologii = World of Medicine and Biology. 2016;(3):113-118. (In Russ.) Available at: https://womab.com.ua/smb-2016-03/6215.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Филиппов Ю. Гастроэнтерологические нарушения при диабетической нейропатии. Врач. 2011;(4):96-101. Режим доступа: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=15635038.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Filippov Yu. Gastroenterological disorders in diabetic neuropathy. Vrach = Doctor. 2011;(4):96-101. (In Russ.) Available at: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=15635038.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Авдеев В.Г. Диабетическая энтеропатия. Фарматека. 2010;(3):46-49. Режим доступа: https://pharmateca.ru/ru/archive/article/7736.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avdeev V.G. Diabetic enteropathy. Farmateka. 2010;(3):46-49. (In Russ.) Available at: https://pharmateca.ru/ru/archive/article/7736.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Codario R.A. Type 2 diabetes, pre-diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome: the primary care guide to diagnosis and management. 2nd ed. Humana Press Inc.; 2010. 384 p. doi: 10.1007/978-1-60327-441-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Codario R.A. Type 2 diabetes, pre-diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome: the primary care guide to diagnosis and management. 2nd ed. Humana Press Inc.; 2010. 384 p. doi: 10.1007/978-1-60327-441-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Осипенко М.Ф., Воронцова Е.С., Жук Е.А. Гастроэнтерологические симптомы при сахарном диабете 2 типа. Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2015;(3):84-89. Режим доступа: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=23342335.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Osipenko M.F., Vorontsova Ye.S., Zhuk Ye.A. Gastroenterological symptoms in type 2 diabetes. Eksperimental'naya i klinicheskaya gastroenterologiya = Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology. 2015;(3):84-89. (In Russ.) Available at: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=233423355.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шульпекова Ю.О. Гастроэнтерологические проявления автономной диабетической нейропатии. РМЖ. Болезни органов пищеварения. 2011;(17):1111-1118. Режим доступа: https://www.gastroscan.ru/literature/authors/6794.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shul'pekova Yu.O. Gastroenterological manifestations of autonomic diabetic neuropathy. RMZH. Bolezni organov pishchevareniya = RMJ. Digestive Apparatus Diseases. 2011;(17):1111-1118. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.gastroscan.ru/literature/authors/6794.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жукова Е.В., Куницына М.А., Кашкина Е.И., Семикина Т.М. Динамика формирования диабетической автономной нейропатии и заболеваний желчного пузыря у больных сахарным диабетом 2-го типа. Медицинский альманах. 2018;(1):67-71. Режим доступа: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=32827414.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kunitsyna M.A., Kashkina Ye.I., Semikina T.M. The dynamics of the formation of diabetic autonomic neuropathy and gallbladder disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Medicinskij al'manah. = Medical Almanac. 2018;(1):67-71. (In Russ.) Available at: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=32827414.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жукова Е.В., Куницына М.А., Кашкина Е.И., Семикина Т.М. Формирование атипичной клинической картины хронического холецистита у больных сахарным диабетом 2-го типа при наличии автономной диабетической нейропатии. Трудный пациент. 2018;16(3):37-40. Режим доступа: http://t-pacient.ru/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/7.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhukova Ye.V., Kunitsyna M.A., Kashkina Ye.I., Semikina T.M. Formation an Atypical Clinical Pictureof Chronic Cholecystitis in Patients Suffering From Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Burdened with Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy. Trudnyj pacient = Difficult Patient. 2018;16(3):37-40. (In Russ.) Available at: http://t-pacient.ru/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/7.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Галстян Г.Р., Старостина Е.Г., Яхно Н.Н., Гурьева И.В., Чурюканов М.В., Строков И.А., Токмакова А.Ю., Кукушкин М.Л., Мартынов А.И., Шестакова М.В. Диагностика и рациональная терапия болевой формы диабетической периферической нейропатии: междисциплинарный консенсус экспертов. Сахарный диабет. 2019;22(4):305-327. doi: 10.14341/DM9625.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galstyan G.R., Starostina E.G., Yakhno N.N., Gurieva I.V., Churyukanov M.V., Strokov I.A., Tokmakova A.Y., Kukushkin M.L., Martynov A.I., Shestakova M.V. Diagnosis and rational treatment of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: an interdisciplinary expert consensus. Sakharnyy diabet = Diabetes Mellitus. 2019;22(4):305-327. (In Russ.) doi: 10.14341/DM9625.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frier B.M. Impaired Awareness of Hypoglycemia. In: Frier B.M., Heller S.R., McCrimmon R.J. (eds.). Hypoglycemia. 3rd ed. Hoboken: John Wiley&amp; Sons; 2014. P. 114-144.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frier B.M. Impaired Awareness of Hypoglycemia. In: Frier B.M., Heller S.R., McCrimmon R.J. (ed.). Hypoglycemia. 3rd ed. Hoboken: John Wiley&amp; Sons; 2014, pp. 114-144.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Климонтов В.В. Нарушение распознавания гипогликемии при сахарном диабете: эпидемиология, механизмы развития, терапевтические подходы. Сахарный диабет. 2018;21(6):513-523. doi: 10.14341/DM9597.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klimontov V.V. Impaired hypoglycemia awareness in diabetes: epidemiology, mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. Sakharnyy diabet = Diabetes Mellitus. 2018;21(6):513-523. (In Russ.) doi: 10.14341/DM9597.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
