medsovetМедицинский СоветMeditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council2079-701X2658-5790REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.10.21518/2079-701X-2020-10-65-73medsovet-5713Research ArticleГАСТРОЭНТЕРОЛОГИЯGASTROENTEROLOGYВкусовые ощущения: история изучения, эволюционная целесообразность и стратегии формирования правильных вкусовых предпочтений у детейTaste sensations: history of study, evolutionary feasibility and strategies for forming correct taste preferences in childrenhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4200-4598ЗахароваИ. Н.ZakharovaI. N.

Захарова Ирина Николаевна, д.м.н., профессор, заслуженный врач РФ, заведующая кафедрой педиатрии имени академика Г.Н. Сперанского

125993, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1, стр. 1

Irina N. Zakharova, Honoured Doctor of the Russian Federation, Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Pediatrics with the course of polyclinic pediatrics named after Academician G.N. Speransky

2/1, Bldg. 1, Barrikadnaya St., Moscow, 125993

zakharova-rmapo@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0668-7336ДмитриеваЮ. А.DmitrievaYu. A.

Дмитриева Юлия Андреевна, к.м.н., доцент кафедры педиатрии имени академика Г.Н. Сперанского

125993, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1, стр. 1

Yulia A. Dmitrieva, Cand. of Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor of the Department of Pediatrics with the course of polyclinic pediatrics named after Academician G.N. Speransky

2/1, Bldg. 1, Barrikadnaya St., Moscow, 125993

jadmitrieva@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2395-4045МачневаЕ. Б.MachnevaE. B.

Мачнева Елена Борисовна, к.м.н., врач-гематолог отделения трансплантации костного мозга, Обособленное структурное подразделение «Российская детская клиническая больница»

119571, Москва, Ленинский проспект, д. 117

Elena B. Machneva, Cand. of Sci. (Med.), Hematologist of the Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Autonomous Structural Subdivision

117, Leninskiy Prospect, Moscow, 119571

lena.machneva@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9524-8724ЦуцаеваА. Н.TsutsaevaA. N.

Цуцаева Анна Николаевна, ассистент кафедры факультетской педиатрии

355017, Ставрополь, ул. Мира, д. 310

Anna N. Tsutsaeva, Assistant Professor of the Department of Pediatrics

310, Mira St., Stavropol, 355017

a.nicolaevnakasjanova@yandex.ruРоссийская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образованияРоссияRussian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional EducationRussian FederationРоссийская детская клиническая больница им. Н.И. ПироговаРоссияRussian Children’s Clinical HospitalRussian FederationСтавропольский государственный медицинский университетРоссияStavropol State Medical UniversityRussian Federation2020280720200106573Copyright © Захарова И.Н., Дмитриева Ю.А., Мачнева Е.Б., Цуцаева А.Н., 20202020Захарова И.Н., Дмитриева Ю.А., Мачнева Е.Б., Цуцаева А.Н.Zakharova I.N., Dmitrieva Y.A., Machneva E.B., Tsutsaeva A.N.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/5713

Вкусовые предпочтения влияют не только на формирование здоровья человека, но и на многие сферы его жизни. Именно поэтому проблема понимания природы и закономерностей формирования вкуса волновала ученых с самой древности и остается актуальной в настоящее время. В статье представлены обобщенные данные об истории изучения вкуса начиная со времен Древней Греции, заканчивая нашим временем. Описаны представления о системе вкусовых ощущений в трудах Аристотеля, Галена, Авиценны, Везалия, других средневековых ученых и исследователей Нового времени. Также авторами представлен обзор современных исследований об эволюционной целесообразности вкусовых ощущений на примере экспрессии рецепторов сладкого вкуса у животных с различными рационами питания. Показано, что облигатные плотоядные животные утратили функцию рецепторов сладкого вкуса, а у колибри, питающихся сладким цветочным нектаром, напротив, для обнаружения сахаров другой рецептор приобрел функцию рецептора сладкого вкуса. Особое внимание авторами уделено доступным способам формирования правильных вкусовых предпочтений и преодолению нарушений пищевого поведения у детей раннего возраста, что представляется важным с точки зрения будущего здоровья ребенка. В частности, представлены стратегии повторных вкусовых воздействий новых продуктов питания, а также мультисенсорных взаимодействий с пищей, включающих звуковые, зрительные, обонятельные, осязательные воздействия и дегустацию. Особое значение имеет формирование правильных вкусовых привычек у детей с такими нарушениями пищевого поведения, как неофобия и пищевая избирательность. Понимание мультифакториальной природы вкусовых предпочтений и их влияние на здоровье человека позволяет находить новые стратегии «обучения» вкусу с самого раннего детства.

Taste preferences influence not only the formation of human health, but also many areas of his life. That is why the problem of understanding the nature and regularities of taste formation has been a concern for scientists since ancient times and remains relevant nowadays. The article presents generalized data on the history of studying taste from the times of Ancient Greece to our time. Notions about the system of taste sensations in works of Aristotle, Galen, Avicenna, Vesaliy, other medieval scientists and researchers of New time are described. The authors also present an overview of current studies on the evolutionary appropriateness of taste sensations using the expression of sweet taste receptors in animals with different diets. It has been shown that obligate carnivorous animals have lost the function of sweet taste receptors, and in hummingbirds eating sweet floral nectar, on the contrary, another sweet taste receptor has acquired the function of a sweet taste receptor to detect sugars. The authors pay special attention to the available ways of forming correct taste preferences and overcoming eating disorders in infants, which is important from the point of view of the child’s future health. In particular, strategies for repeated taste effects of new foods as well as multisensory interactions with food, including sound, visual, olfactory, tactile and tasting effects are presented. It is particularly important to develop correct taste habits in children with eating disorders such as neophobia and food selectivity. Understanding the multifactorial nature of taste preferences and their impact on human health allows finding new strategies to «teach» taste from early childhood.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.