<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medsovet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский Совет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-701X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5790</issn><publisher><publisher-name>REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21518/2079-701X-2021-7-8-16</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medsovet-6136</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>САХАРНЫЙ ДИАБЕТ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>DIABETES MELLITUS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Сверхбыстродействующий инсулин аспарт - от портрета инсулина к портретам пациентов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Fast-acting insulin aspart - from insulin portraits to patient portraits</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6385-540X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Демидова</surname><given-names>Т. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Demidova</surname><given-names>T. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Демидова Татьяна Юльевна - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующая кафедрой эндокринологии лечебного факультета.</p><p>117997, Москва, ул. Островитянова, д. 1.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatiana Yu. Demidova - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of Chair for Endocrinology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University.</p><p>1, Ostrovityanov St., Moscow, 117997.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">t.y.demidova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1385-0245</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Измайлова</surname><given-names>М. Я.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Izmaylova</surname><given-names>M. Ya.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Измайлова Марьям Ярагиевна - ординатор кафедры эндокринологии лечебного факультета.</p><p>117997, Москва, ул. Островитянова, д. 1.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maryam Ya. Izmaylova - Clinical Resident, Chair for Endocrinology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University.</p><p>1, Ostrovityanov St., Moscow, 117997.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">maremizm@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>05</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>8</fpage><lpage>16</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Демидова Т.Ю., Измайлова М.Я., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Демидова Т.Ю., Измайлова М.Я.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Demidova T.Y., Izmaylova M.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/6136">https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/6136</self-uri><abstract><p>Постпрандиальная гипергликемия является независимым фактором риска сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Болюсные инсулины нацелены на имитацию физиологического действия эндогенного инсулина, секретируемого в ответ на прием пищи, для контроля пиков постпрандиальной гликемии. Сверхбыстродействующий инсулин аспарт - это инсулин с высокой скоростью всасывания в кровоток, направленный на имитацию физиологического прандиального высвобождения инсулина более точно, чем доступные в настоящее время препараты инсулина короткого или ультракороткого действия. Высокая биодоступность сверхбыстродействующего иАсп была достигнута за счет добавления двух вспомогательных веществ — никотинамида и L-аргинина. При этом L-аргинин обеспечивает стабильность препарата, а никотинамид отвечает за ускоренное всасывание инсулина после подкожного введения. Результаты клинических исследований показали, что подкожная инъекция сверхбыстродействующего иАсп обеспечивала более раннее начало действия и больший эффект снижения уровня глюкозы крови по сравнению с ИУКД аспарт. Применение сверхбыстродействующего иАсп как при подкожных инъекциях, так и при непрерывной подкожной инфузии инсулина обеспечивало лучший контроль ППГ по сравнению с аналогом ИУКД аспарт. Более того, с точки зрения контроля HbA1c применение инсулина аспарт сверхбыстрого действия через 20 мин после начала приема пищи не уступало ИУКД, вводимым перед приемом пищи. Это подчеркивает возможность применения сверхбыстродействующего иАсп в непосредственной связи с приемом пищи: за 0-2 мин и через 20 мин после начала приема пищи без ухудшения гликемического профиля, приводя к улучшению качества жизни пациентов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Postprandial hyperglycemia is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Bolus insulins aim to mimic the physiological action of endogenous insulin secreted in response to food intake to control peaks of postprandial glycemia (PPG). Ultrafast insulin aspart is insulin with a high rate of absorption into the bloodstream that is designed to mimic the physiological prandial release of insulin more accurately than currently available short-acting or ultra-short-acting insulin preparations. The high bioavailability of ultrafast insulin aspart was achieved through the addition of two excipients — nicotinamide and L-arginine. At the same time, L-arginine ensures the stability of the drug, and nicotinamide is responsible for the accelerated absorption of insulin after subcutaneous administration. The results of clinical studies showed that subcutaneous injection of ultra-fast-acting insulin aspart provided an earlier onset of action and a greater effect of lowering blood glucose levels compared with ultra-short-acting aspart. The use of ultrafast insulin aspart both with subcutaneous injections and with CSII provided better control of PPG compared to the analogue of ultra-short-acting aspart. Moreover, the use of ultra-fast-acting insulin aspart 20 minutes after the start of a meal was not inferior to the ultra-short-acting aspart administered before meals in terms of HbA1c control. This emphasizes the possibility of using ultra-fast insulin aspart both before and after meals, without impairing glycemic control.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сахарный диабет 1-го типа</kwd><kwd>сахарный диабет 2-го типа</kwd><kwd>сверхбыстродействующий инсулин аспарт</kwd><kwd>инсулин аспарт</kwd><kwd>постпрандиальная гипергликемия</kwd><kwd>гипогликемии</kwd><kwd>безопасность</kwd><kwd>эффективность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>type 1diabetes mellitus</kwd><kwd>type 2 diabetes mellitus</kwd><kwd>fast-acting insulin aspart</kwd><kwd>insulin aspart</kwd><kwd>postprandial hyperglycemia</kwd><kwd>hypoglycemia</kwd><kwd>effectiveness</kwd><kwd>safety</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Silva J.A., Souza E.C.F., Echazu Boschemeier A.G., Costa C.C.M.D., Bezerra H.S., Feitosa E.E.L.C. Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and living with a chronic condition: participatory study. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):699. doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-5637-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Silva J.A., Souza E.C.F., Echazu Boschemeier A.G., Costa C.C.M.D., Bezerra H.S., Feitosa E.E.L.C. Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and living with a chronic condition: participatory study. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):699. doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-5637-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wajchenberg B.L. Postprandial glycemia and cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2007;51(2):212-221. doi: 10.1590/s0004-27302007000200010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wajchenberg B.L. Postprandial glycemia and cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2007;51(2):212-221. doi: 10.1590/s0004-27302007000200010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ceriello A., Quagliaro L., Catone B., Pascon R., Piazzola M., Bais B. et al. Role of Hyperglycemia in Nitrotyrosine Postprandial Generation. Diabetes Care. 2019;25(8):1439-1443. doi: 10.2337/diacare.25.8.1439.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ceriello A., Quagliaro L., Catone B., Pascon R., Piazzola M., Bais B. et al. Role of Hyperglycemia in Nitrotyrosine Postprandial Generation. Diabetes Care. 2019;25(8):1439-1443. doi: 10.2337/diacare.25.8.1439.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">DECODE Study Group, on behalf of the European Diabetes Epidemiology Study Group. Will new diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus change phenotype of patients with diabetes? Reanalysis of European epidemiological data. BMJ. 1998;317(7155):371-375. doi: 10.1136/bmj.317.7155.371.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">DECODE Study Group, on behalf of the European Diabetes Epidemiology Study Group. Will new diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus change phenotype of patients with diabetes? Reanalysis of European epidemiological data. BMJ. 1998;317(7155):371-375. doi: 10.1136/bmj.317.7155.371.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lowe L.P., Liu K., Greenland P., Metzger B.E., Dyer A.R., Stamler J. Diabetes, Asymptomatic Hyperglycemia, and 22-Year Mortality in Black and White Men: The Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry Study. Diabetes Care. 1997;20(2):163-169. doi: 10.2337/diacare.20.2.163.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lowe L.P., Liu K., Greenland P., Metzger B.E., Dyer A.R., Stamler J. Diabetes, Asymptomatic Hyperglycemia, and 22-Year Mortality in Black and White Men: The Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry Study. Diabetes Care. 1997;20(2):163-169. doi: 10.2337/diacare.20.2.163.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hanefeld M., Fischer S., Julius U., Schulze J., Schwanebeck U., Schmechel H. et al. Risk factors for myocardial infarction and death in newly detected NIDDM: The Diabetes Intervention Study, 11-year follow-up. Diabetologia. 1996;39(12):1577-1583. doi: 10.1007/s001250050617.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hanefeld M., Fischer S., Julius U., Schulze J., Schwanebeck U., Schmechel H. et al. Risk factors for myocardial infarction and death in newly detected NIDDM: The Diabetes Intervention Study, 11-year follow-up. Diabetologia. 1996;39(12):1577-1583. doi: 10.1007/s001250050617.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Balkau B., Forhan A., Eschwege E. Two hours plasma glucose is not unequivocally predictive for early death in men with impaired fasting glucose: more results from the Paris Prospective Study. Diabetologia. 2002;45(9):1224-1230. doi: 10.1007/s00125-002-0889-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balkau B., Forhan A., Eschwege E. Two hours plasma glucose is not unequivocally predictive for early death in men with impaired fasting glucose: more results from the Paris Prospective Study. Diabetologia. 2002;45(9):1224-1230. doi: 10.1007/s00125-002-0889-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rosediani M., Azidah A.K., Mafauzy M. Correlation between fasting plasma glucose, postprandial glucose and glycated haemoglobin and fruc-tosamine. Med J Malaysia. 2006;61(1):67-71. Available at: http://www.e-mjm.org/2006/v61n1/Plasma_Glucose.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rosediani M., Azidah A.K., Mafauzy M. Correlation between fasting plasma glucose, postprandial glucose and glycated haemoglobin and fruc-tosamine. Med J Malaysia. 2006;61(1):67-71. Available at: http://www.e-mjm.org/2006/v61n1/Plasma_Glucose.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haahr H., Heise T. Fast-Acting Insulin Aspart: A Review of its Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties and the Clinical Consequences. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2020;59(2):155-172. doi: 10.1007/s40262-019-00834-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haahr H., Heise T. Fast-Acting Insulin Aspart: A Review of its Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties and the Clinical Consequences. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2020;59(2):155-172. doi: 10.1007/s40262-019-00834-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Senior P., Hramiak I. Fast-Acting Insulin Aspart and the Need for New Mealtime Insulin Analogues in Adults with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: A Canadian Perspective. Can J Diabetes. 2019;43(7):515-523. doi: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2019.01.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Senior P., Hramiak I. Fast-Acting Insulin Aspart and the Need for New Mealtime Insulin Analogues in Adults with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: A Canadian Perspective. Can J Diabetes. 2019;43(7):515-523. doi: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2019.01.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Owens D.R., Bolli G.B. The continuing quest for better subcutaneously administered prandial insulins: a review of recent developments and potential clinical implications. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020;22(5):743-754. doi: 10.1111/dom.13963.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Owens D.R., Bolli G.B. The continuing quest for better subcutaneously administered prandial insulins: a review of recent developments and potential clinical implications. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020;22(5):743-754. doi: 10.1111/dom.13963.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Introduction: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2020. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(S1):S1-S2. doi: 10.2337/dc20-Sint.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Introduction: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2020. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(S1):S1-S2. doi: 10.2337/dc20-Sint.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buse J.B., Wexler D.J., Tsapas A., Rossing P., Mingrone G., Mathieu Ch. et al. 2019 Update to: Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes, 2018. A Consensus Report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2020;43(2):487-493. doi: 10.2337/dci19-0066.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buse J.B., Wexler D.J., Tsapas A., Rossing P., Mingrone G., Mathieu Ch. et al. 2019 Update to: Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes, 2018. A Consensus Report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2020;43(2):487-493. doi: 10.2337/dci19-0066.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дедов И.И., Шестакова М.В., Майоров А.Ю. (ред.). Алгоритмы специализированной медицинской помощи больным сахарным диабетом. 9-й выпуск. Сахарный диабет. 2019;22(1S1):1-144. doi: 10.14341/DM221S1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dedov I.I., Shestakova M.V., Mayorov A.Y. (eds.). Standards of Specialized Diabetes Care. 9th edition. Saharnyy diabet = Diabetes Mellitus. 2019;22 (1 Suppl.):1-144. (In Russ.) doi: 10.14341/DM221S1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шестакова М.В., Викулова О.К., Железнякова А.В., Исаков М.А., Дедов И.И. Эпидемиология сахарного диабета в Российской Федерации: что изменилось за последнее десятилетие? Терапевтический архив. 2019;91(10):4-13. doi: 10.26442/00403660.2019.10.000364.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shestakova M.V., Vikulova O.K., Zheleznyakova A.V., Isakov M.A., Dedov I.I. Diabetes epidemiology in Russia: what has changed over the decade? Terapevticheskii arkhiv = Therapeutic Archive. 2019;91(10):4-13. (In Russ.) doi: 10.26442/00403660.2019.10.000364.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heise T., Pieber T.R., Danne T., Erichsen L., Haahr H. A Pooled Analysis of Clinical Pharmacology Trials Investigating the Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Characteristics of Fast-Acting Insulin Aspart in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2017;56(5):551-559. doi: 10.1007/s40262-017-0514-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heise T., Pieber T.R., Danne T., Erichsen L., Haahr H. A Pooled Analysis of Clinical Pharmacology Trials Investigating the Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Characteristics of Fast-Acting Insulin Aspart in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2017;56(5):551-559. doi: 10.1007/s40262-017-0514-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buse J.B., Carlson A.L., Komatsu M., Mosenzon O., Rose L., Liang B. et al. Fast-acting insulin aspart versus insulin aspart in the setting of insulin degludec-treated type 1 diabetes: Efficacy and safety from a randomized double-blind trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20(12):2885-2893. doi: 10.1111/dom.13545.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buse J.B., Carlson A.L., Komatsu M., Mosenzon O., Rose L., Liang B. et al. Fast-acting insulin aspart versus insulin aspart in the setting of insulin degludec-treated type 1 diabetes: Efficacy and safety from a randomized double-blind trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20(12):2885-2893. doi: 10.1111/dom.13545.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Home PD. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rapid-acting insulin analogues and their clinical consequences. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14(9):780-788. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2012.01580.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Home PD. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rapid-acting insulin analogues and their clinical consequences. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14(9):780-788. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2012.01580.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hermansen K., Bohl M., Schioldan A.G. Insulin Aspart in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus: 15 Years of Clinical Experience. Drugs. 2016;76(1): 41-74. doi: 10.1007/s40265-015-0500-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hermansen K., Bohl M., Schioldan A.G. Insulin Aspart in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus: 15 Years of Clinical Experience. Drugs. 2016;76(1): 41-74. doi: 10.1007/s40265-015-0500-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andersen G., Meiffren G., Lamers D., DeVries J.H., Ranson A., Seroussi C. et al. Ultra-rapid BioChaperone Lispro improves postprandial blood glucose excursions vs insulin lispro in a 14-day crossover treatment study in people with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20(11):2627-2632. doi: 10.1111/dom.13442.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andersen G., Meiffren G., Lamers D., DeVries J.H., Ranson A., Seroussi C. et al. Ultra-rapid BioChaperone Lispro improves postprandial blood glucose excursions vs insulin lispro in a 14-day crossover treatment study in people with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20(11):2627-2632. doi: 10.1111/dom.13442.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morrow L., Muchmore D.B., Hompesch M., Ludington E.A., Vaughn D.E. Comparative pharmacokinetics and insulin action for three rapid - acting insulin analogs injected subcutaneously with and without hyaluronidase. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(2):273-275. doi: 10.2337/dc12-0808.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morrow L., Muchmore D.B., Hompesch M., Ludington E.A., Vaughn D.E. Comparative pharmacokinetics and insulin action for three rapid - acting insulin analogs injected subcutaneously with and without hyaluronidase. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(2):273-275. doi: 10.2337/dc12-0808.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kildegaard J., Buckley S.T., Nielsen R.H., Povlsen G.K., Seested T., Ribel U. et al. Elucidating the Mechanism of Absorption of Fast-Acting Insulin Aspart: The Role of Niacinamide. Pharm Res. 2019;36(3):49. doi: 10.1007/s11095-019-2578-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kildegaard J., Buckley S.T., Nielsen R.H., Povlsen G.K., Seested T., Ribel U. et al. Elucidating the Mechanism of Absorption of Fast-Acting Insulin Aspart: The Role of Niacinamide. Pharm Res. 2019;36(3):49. doi: 10.1007/s11095-019-2578-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pieber T.R., Svehlikova E., Brunner M., Halberg I.B., Due Thomsen K.M., Haahr H. Fast-acting insulin aspart in people with type 2 diabetes: Earlier onset and greater initial exposure and glucose-lowering effect compared with insulin aspart. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019;21(9):2068-2075. doi: 10.1111/dom.13767.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pieber T.R., Svehlikova E., Brunner M., Halberg I.B., Due Thomsen K.M., Haahr H. Fast-acting insulin aspart in people with type 2 diabetes: Earlier onset and greater initial exposure and glucose-lowering effect compared with insulin aspart. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019;21(9):2068-2075. doi: 10.1111/dom.13767.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haahr H., Pieber T.R., Mathieu C., Gondolf T., Shiramoto M., Erichsen L., Heise T. Clinical Pharmacology of Fast-Acting Insulin Aspart Versus Insulin Aspart Measured as Free or Total Insulin Aspart and the Relation to Anti-Insulin Aspart Antibody Levels in Subjects with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2019;58(5):639-649. doi: 10.1007/s40262-018-0718-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haahr H., Pieber T.R., Mathieu C., Gondolf T., Shiramoto M., Erichsen L., Heise T. Clinical Pharmacology of Fast-Acting Insulin Aspart Versus Insulin Aspart Measured as Free or Total Insulin Aspart and the Relation to Anti-Insulin Aspart Antibody Levels in Subjects with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2019;58(5):639-649. doi: 10.1007/s40262-018-0718-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cobry E., McFann K., Messer L., Gage V., VanderWel B., Horton L., Chase H.P. Timing of meal insulin boluses to achieve optimal postprandial glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2010;12(3): 173-177. doi: 10.1089/dia.2009.0112.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cobry E., McFann K., Messer L., Gage V., VanderWel B., Horton L., Chase H.P. Timing of meal insulin boluses to achieve optimal postprandial glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2010;12(3): 173-177. doi: 10.1089/dia.2009.0112.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luijf Y.M., van Bon A.C., Hoekstra J.B., Devries J.H. Premeal injection of rapid-acting insulin reduces postprandial glycemic excursions in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(10):2152-2155. doi: 10.2337/dc10-0692.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luijf Y.M., van Bon A.C., Hoekstra J.B., Devries J.H. Premeal injection of rapid-acting insulin reduces postprandial glycemic excursions in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(10):2152-2155. doi: 10.2337/dc10-0692.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heinemann L., Muchmore D.B. Ultrafast-acting insulins: state of the art. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2012;6(4):728-742. doi: 10.1177/193229681200600402.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heinemann L., Muchmore D.B. Ultrafast-acting insulins: state of the art. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2012;6(4):728-742. doi: 10.1177/193229681200600402.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bell K.J., Smart C.E., Steil G.M., Brand-Miller J.C., King B., Wolpert H.A. Impact of fat, protein, and glycemic index on postprandial glucose control in type 1 diabetes: implications for intensive diabetes management in the continuous glucose monitoring era. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(6):1008-1015. doi: 10.2337/dc15-0100.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bell K.J., Smart C.E., Steil G.M., Brand-Miller J.C., King B., Wolpert H.A. Impact of fat, protein, and glycemic index on postprandial glucose control in type 1 diabetes: implications for intensive diabetes management in the continuous glucose monitoring era. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(6):1008-1015. doi: 10.2337/dc15-0100.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Russell-Jones D., Bode B.W., De Block C., Franek E., Heller S.R., Mathieu C. et al. Fast-Acting Insulin Aspart Improves Glycemic Control in Basal-Bolus Treatment for Type 1 Diabetes: Results of a 26-Week Multicenter, Active-Controlled, Treat-to-Target, Randomized, Parallel-Group Trial (onset 1). Diabetes Care. 2017;40(7):943-950. doi: 10.2337/dc16-1771.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Russell-Jones D., Bode B.W., De Block C., Franek E., Heller S.R., Mathieu C. et al. Fast-Acting Insulin Aspart Improves Glycemic Control in Basal-Bolus Treatment for Type 1 Diabetes: Results of a 26-Week Multicenter, Active-Controlled, Treat-to-Target, Randomized, Parallel-Group Trial (onset 1). Diabetes Care. 2017;40(7):943-950. doi: 10.2337/dc16-1771.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bowering K., Case C., Harvey J., Reeves M., Sampson M., Strzinek R. et al. Faster Aspart Versus Insulin Aspart as Part of a Basal-Bolus Regimen in Inadequately Controlled Type 2 Diabetes: The onset 2 Trial. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(7):951-957. doi: 10.2337/dc16-1770.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bowering K., Case C., Harvey J., Reeves M., Sampson M., Strzinek R. et al. Faster Aspart Versus Insulin Aspart as Part of a Basal-Bolus Regimen in Inadequately Controlled Type 2 Diabetes: The onset 2 Trial. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(7):951-957. doi: 10.2337/dc16-1770.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Evans M., Ceriello A., Danne T., De Block C., DeVries J.H., Lind M. et al. Use of fast-acting insulin aspart in insulin pump therapy in clinical practice. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019;21(9):2039-2047. doi: 10.1111/dom.13798.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Evans M., Ceriello A., Danne T., De Block C., DeVries J.H., Lind M. et al. Use of fast-acting insulin aspart in insulin pump therapy in clinical practice. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019;21(9):2039-2047. doi: 10.1111/dom.13798.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fatourechi M.M., Kudva Y.C., Murad M.H., Elamin M.B., Tabini C.C., Montori V.M. Clinical review: Hypoglycemia with intensive insulin therapy: a systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized trials of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(3):729-740. doi: 10.1210/jc.2008-1415.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fatourechi M.M., Kudva Y.C., Murad M.H., Elamin M.B., Tabini C.C., Montori V.M. Clinical review: Hypoglycemia with intensive insulin therapy: a systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized trials of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(3):729-740. doi: 10.1210/jc.2008-1415.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klonoff D.C., Evans M.L., Lane W., Kempe H.P., Renard E., DeVries J.H. A randomized, multicentre trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of fast-acting insulin aspart in continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in adults with type 1 diabetes (onset 5). Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019;21(4):961-967. doi: 10.1111/dom.13610.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klonoff D.C., Evans M.L., Lane W., Kempe H.P., Renard E., DeVries J.H. A randomized, multicentre trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of fast-acting insulin aspart in continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in adults with type 1 diabetes (onset 5). Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019;21(4):961-967. doi: 10.1111/dom.13610.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klonoff D.C., Freckmann G., Heinemann L. Insulin Pump Occlusions: For Patients Who Have Been Around the (Infusion) Block. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2017;11(3):451-454. doi: 10.1177/1932296817700545.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klonoff D.C., Freckmann G., Heinemann L. Insulin Pump Occlusions: For Patients Who Have Been Around the (Infusion) Block. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2017;11(3):451-454. doi: 10.1177/1932296817700545.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zijlstra E., Demissie M., Graungaard T., Heise T., Nosek L., Bode B. Investigation of Pump Compatibility of Fast-Acting Insulin Aspart in Subjects With Type 1 Diabetes. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2018;12(1):145-151. doi: 10.1177/1932296817730375.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zijlstra E., Demissie M., Graungaard T., Heise T., Nosek L., Bode B. Investigation of Pump Compatibility of Fast-Acting Insulin Aspart in Subjects With Type 1 Diabetes. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2018;12(1):145-151. doi: 10.1177/1932296817730375.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Janez A., Guja C., Mitrakou A., Lalic N., Tankova T., Czupryniak L. et al. Insulin Therapy in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: a Narrative Review. Diabetes Ther. 2020;11(2):387-409. doi: 10.1007/s13300-019-00743-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Janez A., Guja C., Mitrakou A., Lalic N., Tankova T., Czupryniak L. et al. Insulin Therapy in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: a Narrative Review. Diabetes Ther. 2020;11(2):387-409. doi: 10.1007/s13300-019-00743-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mathieu C., Bode B.W., Franek E., Philis-Tsimikas A., Rose L., Graungaard T. et al. Efficacy and safety of fast-acting insulin aspart in comparison with insulin aspart in type 1 diabetes (onset 1): A 52-week, randomized, treat-to-target, phase III trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20(5):1148-1155. doi: 10.1111/dom.13205.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mathieu C., Bode B.W., Franek E., Philis-Tsimikas A., Rose L., Graungaard T. et al. Efficacy and safety of fast-acting insulin aspart in comparison with insulin aspart in type 1 diabetes (onset 1): A 52-week, randomized, treat-to-target, phase III trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20(5):1148-1155. doi: 10.1111/dom.13205.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buse J.B., Carlson A.L., Komatsu M., Mosenzon O., Rose L., Liang B. et al. Fast-acting insulin aspart versus insulin aspart in the setting of insulin degludec-treated type 1 diabetes: Efficacy and safety from a randomized double-blind trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20(12):2885-2893. doi: 10.1111/dom.13545.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buse J.B., Carlson A.L., Komatsu M., Mosenzon O., Rose L., Liang B. et al. Fast-acting insulin aspart versus insulin aspart in the setting of insulin degludec-treated type 1 diabetes: Efficacy and safety from a randomized double-blind trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20(12):2885-2893. doi: 10.1111/dom.13545.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Danne T., Schweitzer M.A., Keuthage W., Kipper S., Kretzschmar Y., Simon J. et al. Impact of Fast-Acting Insulin Aspart on Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Using Intermittent-Scanning Continuous Glucose Monitoring Within a Real-WorldSetting: The GoBolus Study. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2021;23(3):203-212. doi: 10.1089/dia.2020.0360.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Danne T., Schweitzer M.A., Keuthage W., Kipper S., Kretzschmar Y., Simon J. et al. Impact of Fast-Acting Insulin Aspart on Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Using Intermittent-Scanning Continuous Glucose Monitoring Within a Real-WorldSetting: The GoBolus Study. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2021;23(3):203-212. doi: 10.1089/dia.2020.0360.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shiraiwa T., Kaneto H., Miyatsuka T., Kato K., Yamamoto K., Kawashima A. et al. Post-prandial hyperglycemia is an important predictor of the incidence of diabetic microangiopathy in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005;336(1):339-345. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.158.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shiraiwa T., Kaneto H., Miyatsuka T., Kato K., Yamamoto K., Kawashima A. et al. Post-prandial hyperglycemia is an important predictor of the incidence of diabetic microangiopathy in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005;336(1):339-345. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.158.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hanefeld M., Koehler C., Schaper F., Fuecker K., Henkel E., Temelkova-Kurktschiev T. Postprandial plasma glucose is an independent risk factor for increased carotid intima-media thickness in non-diabetic individuals. Atherosclerosis. 1999;144(1):229-235. doi: 10.1016/s0021-9150(99)00059-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hanefeld M., Koehler C., Schaper F., Fuecker K., Henkel E., Temelkova-Kurktschiev T. Postprandial plasma glucose is an independent risk factor for increased carotid intima-media thickness in non-diabetic individuals. Atherosclerosis. 1999;144(1):229-235. doi: 10.1016/s0021-9150(99)00059-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abbatecola A.M., Rizzo M.R., Barbieri M., Grella R., Arciello A., Laieta M.T. et al. Postprandial plasma glucose excursions and cognitive functioning in aged type 2 diabetics. Neurology. 2006;67(2):235-240. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000224760.22802.e8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abbatecola A.M., Rizzo M.R., Barbieri M., Grella R., Arciello A., Laieta M.T. et al. Postprandial plasma glucose excursions and cognitive functioning in aged type 2 diabetics. Neurology. 2006;67(2):235-240. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000224760.22802.e8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ceriello A., Quagliaro L., Piconi L., Assaloni R., Da Ros R., Maier A. et al. Effect of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia on circulating adhesion molecules and oxidative stress generation and the possible role of simvastatin treatment. Diabetes. 2004;53(3):701-710. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.53.3.701.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ceriello A., Quagliaro L., Piconi L., Assaloni R., Da Ros R., Maier A. et al. Effect of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia on circulating adhesion molecules and oxidative stress generation and the possible role of simvastatin treatment. Diabetes. 2004;53(3):701-710. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.53.3.701.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Erlinger T.P., Brancati F.L. Postchallenge hyperglycemia in a national sample of U.S. adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(10):1734-1738. doi: 10.2337/diacare.24.10.1734.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erlinger T.P., Brancati F.L. Postchallenge hyperglycemia in a national sample of U.S. adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(10):1734-1738. doi: 10.2337/diacare.24.10.1734.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bonora E., Corrao G., Bagnardi V., Ceriello A., Comaschi M., Montanari P., Meigs J.B. Prevalence and correlates of post-prandial hyperglycaemia in a large sample of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 2006;49(5):846-854. doi: 10.1007/s00125-006-0203-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bonora E., Corrao G., Bagnardi V., Ceriello A., Comaschi M., Montanari P., Meigs J.B. Prevalence and correlates of post-prandial hyperglycaemia in a large sample of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 2006;49(5):846-854. doi: 10.1007/s00125-006-0203-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rodbard H.W.,Tripathy D., Vidrio Velazquez M., Demissie M., Tamer S.C., Piletic M. Adding fast-acting insulin aspart to basal insulin significantly improved glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, 18-week, open-label, phase 3 trial (onset 3). Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017;19(10):1389-1396. doi: 10.1111/dom.12955.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rodbard H.W.,Tripathy D., Vidrio Velazquez M., Demissie M., Tamer S.C., Piletic M. Adding fast-acting insulin aspart to basal insulin significantly improved glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, 18-week, open-label, phase 3 trial (onset 3). Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017;19(10):1389-1396. doi: 10.1111/dom.12955.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bode B.W., Iotova V., Kovarenko M., Laffel L.M., Rao P.V., Deenadayalan S. et al. Efficacy and Safety of Fast-Acting Insulin Aspart Compared With Insulin Aspart, Both in Combination With Insulin Degludec, in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes: The onset 7 Trial. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(7):1255-1262. doi: 10.2337/dc19-0009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bode B.W., Iotova V., Kovarenko M., Laffel L.M., Rao P.V., Deenadayalan S. et al. Efficacy and Safety of Fast-Acting Insulin Aspart Compared With Insulin Aspart, Both in Combination With Insulin Degludec, in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes: The onset 7 Trial. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(7):1255-1262. doi: 10.2337/dc19-0009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
