<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medsovet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский Совет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-701X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5790</issn><publisher><publisher-name>REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21518/2079-701X-2021-6-106-112</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medsovet-6170</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ХИРУРГИЧЕСКАЯ ОТОРИНОЛАРИНГОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SURGICAL OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Визуализация операционного поля у пациентов с полипозным риносинуситом</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Surgical field visualization in patients with polyposis rhinosinusitis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4642-9307</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бебчук</surname><given-names>Г. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bebchuk</surname><given-names>H. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бебчук Герман Борисович, врач-оториноларинголог</p><p>123182, Москва, Волоколамское шоссе, д. 30, корп. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Herman  B.  Bebchuk, Оtorhinolaryngologist</p><p>30, Bldg. 2, Volokolamskoe Shosse, Moscow, 123182</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">hermanvsb@icloud.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2674-4553</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дайхес</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Daikhes</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дайхес Николай Аркадьевич, член-корреспондент РАН, доктор медицинских наук, профессор</p><p>123182, Москва, Волоколамское шоссе, д. 30, корп. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikolay A. Daikhes, Corresponding Member RAS, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p><p>30, Bldg. 2, Volokolamskoe Shosse, Moscow, 123182</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-6726</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Авербух</surname><given-names>В. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Averbukh</surname><given-names>V. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Авербух Владимир Михайлович, кандидат медицинских наук</p><p>123182, Москва, Волоколамское шоссе, д. 30, корп. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir M. Averbukh, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>30, Bldg. 2, Volokolamskoe Shosse, Moscow, 123182</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5895-5764</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Джафарова</surname><given-names>М. З.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dzhafarova</surname><given-names>M. Z.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Джафарова Марьям Зауровна, кандидат медицинских наук</p><p>123182, Москва, Волоколамское шоссе, д. 30, корп. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maryam Z. Dzhafarova, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>30, Bldg. 2, Volokolamskoe Shosse, Moscow, 123182</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5024-6135</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гаращенко</surname><given-names>Т. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Garashchenko</surname><given-names>T. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гаращенко Татьяна Ильинична, доктор медицинских наук, профессор</p><p>123182, Москва, Волоколамское шоссе, д. 30, корп. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatiana I. Garashchenko, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p><p>30, Bldg. 2, Volokolamskoe Shosse, Moscow, 123182</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5721-1699</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карнеева</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karneeva</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Карнеева Ольга Витальевна, доктор медицинских наук, профессор</p><p>123182, Москва, Волоколамское шоссе, д. 30, корп. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga V. Karneeva, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p><p>30, Bldg. 2, Volokolamskoe Shosse, Moscow, 123182</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9337-8592</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кошель</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Koshel</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кошель Иван Владимирович, доктор медицинских наук, профессор</p><p>355017, Ставрополь, ул. Мира, д. 310</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ivan V. Koshel, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p><p>310, Mira St., Stavropol, 355017</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр оториноларингологии</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Medical Research Center of Otorhinolaryngology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Ставропольский государственный медицинский университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Stavropol State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>05</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>106</fpage><lpage>112</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бебчук Г.Б., Дайхес Н.А., Авербух В.М., Джафарова М.З., Гаращенко Т.И., Карнеева О.В., Кошель И.В., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бебчук Г.Б., Дайхес Н.А., Авербух В.М., Джафарова М.З., Гаращенко Т.И., Карнеева О.В., Кошель И.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bebchuk H.B., Daikhes N.A., Averbukh V.M., Dzhafarova M.Z., Garashchenko T.I., Karneeva O.V., Koshel I.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/6170">https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/6170</self-uri><abstract><p>У пациентов с полипозным риносинуситом отмечена склонность к развитию диффузной кровоточивости, которая обусловливает ухудшение визуализации операционного поля. Отсутствие универсальной техники улучшения его визуализации стало предпосылкой для поиска альтернативных методов гемостаза.</p><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Оценить эффективность коагуляции клиновидно-небной артерии и/или ее ветвей в качестве метода улучшения визуализации операционного поля у пациентов с полипозным риносинуситом и определить особенности хирургической анатомии клиновидно-небной артерии.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. 30 пациентам с полипозным риносинуситом проводилась коагуляция клиновидно-небной артерии и/ или ее ветвей. Уровень визуализации до и после гемостаза определялся по шкалам Boezaart и Wormald.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. 28 пациентам с первичным уровнем визуализации 8 и 2 пациентам с уровнем 9 по шкале Wormald последовательно промывали околоносовые пазухи физиологическим раствором с температурой 49 °С и проводили аппликацию раствором деконгестанта и анестетика, которые оказались неэффективными. Коагуляция клиновидно-небной артерии и/или ее ветвей обеспечивала улучшение визуализации операционного поля среди всех пациентов (р &lt; 0,001). У 9 пациентов (30%) уровень визуализации стал соответствовать 5 баллам, у 17 (56,7%) – 6 баллам и у 4 (13,3%) – 7 баллам по шкале Wormald. Из крыловидно-небной ямки в полость носа выходила 1 артерия (ствол клиновидно-небной артерии) у 18 пациентов (60%), в то время как 2 артерии (задняя перегородочная артерия и задняя носовая латеральная артерия) – у 12 исследуемых (40%). По данным эндоскопического осмотра в послеоперационном периоде признаки атрофии слизистой оболочки синоназального тракта после коагуляции отсутствовали.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Выбор оптимального метода гемостаза зависит от уровня визуализации операционного поля. Если уровень визуализации соответствует 8–9 баллам по шкале Wormald, эффективным и безопасным методом гемостаза является эндоскопическая коагуляция клиновидно-небной артерии и/или ее ветвей.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Patients with nasal polyposis are predisposed to diffuse intraoperative bleeding, that could highly impair surgical field visualization. The absence of a universal technique of improving surgical field visualization became a reason for searching the specific hemostatic methods.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to evaluate the efficiency of sphenopalatine artery and/or its branches coagulation as a method of hemostasis in endoscopic surgery for nasal polyposis and to describe the surgical anatomy of sphenopalatine artery.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Endoscopic coagulation of sphenopalatine artery and/or its branches was performed among 30 patients with nasal polyposis. Surgical field visualization was graded by Boezaart and Wormald scales before and after coagulation.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. Intraoperative attempts to achieve the hemostasis using warm (490С) saline irrigation and then application of xylometazoline (0.1%-10ml) and lidocaine (10%-4ml) were ineffective among 28 patients with initial grade 8 and among 2 patients with grade 9 according to Wormald scale. Sphenopalatine artery and/or its branches coagulation was effectively performed in these patients, obtaining the hemostasis in 100% of cases (р &lt; 0,001). The initial surgical field grade improved to grade 5 by Wormald scale in 9 patients (30%), to grade 6 in 17 patients (56,7%) and to grade 7 in 4 patients (13,3%). Only one artery (trunk of sphenopalatine artery) was observed in 18 patients (60%), crossing the sphenopalatine foramen, and 2 arteries (posterior septal artery and posterior lateral nasal artery) – in 12 patients (40%). Endoscopic examination revealed no signs of mucosal atrophy in postoperative period.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion: The appropriate choice of hemostatic technique depends on grades of surgical field visualization. If there is a grade 8–9 by Wormald scale, endoscopic coagulation of sphenopalatine artery and/or its branches is an effective and safe method to improve surgical field visualization.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>полипозный риносинусит</kwd><kwd>эндоскопическая хирургия околоносовых пазух</kwd><kwd>кровоточивость</kwd><kwd>визуализация операционного поля</kwd><kwd>гемостаз</kwd><kwd>клиновидно-небная артерия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps</kwd><kwd>endoscopic sinus surgery</kwd><kwd>bleeding</kwd><kwd>surgical field visualization</kwd><kwd>hemostasis</kwd><kwd>sphenopalatine artery</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fokkens W.J., Lund V.J., Hopkins C., Hellings P.W., Kern R., Reitsma S. et al. European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020. Rhinology. 2020;58(S29 Suppl.):1–464. doi: 10.4193/Rhin20.600.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fokkens W.J., Lund V.J., Hopkins C., Hellings P.W., Kern R., Reitsma S. et al. European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020. Rhinology. 2020;58(S29 Suppl.):1–464. doi: 10.4193/Rhin20.600.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Егоров В.И., Рязанцев С.В., Карнеева О.В., Казанова А.В., Максимова Е.А. Полипозный риносинусит: клинические рекомендации. М.: Министерство здравоохранения Российской Федерации; 2016. 21 с. Режим доступа: http://glav-otolar.ru/assets/images/docs/clinicalrecomendations/%D0%9A%D0%A0316%20%20Polipoznyj%20rinosinusit1.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Egorov V.I., Ryazantsev S.V., Karneeva O.V., Kazanova A.V., Maksimova E.A. Polypoid Rhinosinusitis: Clinical Guidelines. Moscow: Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; 2016. 21 p. (In Russ.) Available at: http://glav-otolar.ru/assets/images/docs/clinicalrecomendations/%D0%9A%D0%A0316%20%20Polipoznyj%20rinosinusit1.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ha T.N., van Renen R.G., Ludbrook G.L., Wormald P.J. The Effect of Blood Pressure and Cardiac Output on the Quality of the Surgical Field and Middle Cerebral Artery Blood Flow during Endoscopic Sinus Surgery. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2016;6(7):701–709. doi: 10.1002/alr.21728.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ha T.N., van Renen R.G., Ludbrook G.L., Wormald P.J. The Effect of Blood Pressure and Cardiac Output on the Quality of the Surgical Field and Middle Cerebral Artery Blood Flow during Endoscopic Sinus Surgery. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2016;6(7):701–709. doi: 10.1002/alr.21728.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Budrovich R., Saetti R. Microscopic and Endoscopic Ligature of the Sphenopalatine Artery. Laryngoscope. 1992;102(12 Pt 1):1391–1394. doi: 10.1288/00005537-199212000-00016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Budrovich R., Saetti R. Microscopic and Endoscopic Ligature of the Sphenopalatine Artery. Laryngoscope. 1992;102(12 Pt 1):1391–1394. doi: 10.1288/00005537-199212000-00016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cassano M., Longo M., Fiocca-Matthews E., Del Giudice A.M. Endoscopic Intraoperative Control of Epistaxis in Nasal Surgery. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2010;37(2):178–184. doi: 10.1016/j.anl.2009.06.008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cassano M., Longo M., Fiocca-Matthews E., Del Giudice A.M. Endoscopic Intraoperative Control of Epistaxis in Nasal Surgery. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2010;37(2):178–184. doi: 10.1016/j.anl.2009.06.008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cassano M., Marioni G., Russo L., Cassano P. Sphenopalatine Artery Ligation with Nerve Resection in Patients with Vasomotor Rhinitis and Polyposis: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Investigation. Acta Otolaryngol. 2012;132(5):525–532. doi: 10.3109/00016489.2011.648272.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cassano M., Marioni G., Russo L., Cassano P. Sphenopalatine Artery Ligation with Nerve Resection in Patients with Vasomotor Rhinitis and Polyposis: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Investigation. Acta Otolaryngol. 2012;132(5):525–532. doi: 10.3109/00016489.2011.648272.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pant H. Hemostasis in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2016;49(3):655–676. doi: 10.1016/j.otc.2016.03.011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pant H. Hemostasis in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2016;49(3):655–676. doi: 10.1016/j.otc.2016.03.011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boezaart A.P., van der Merwe J., Coetzee A. Comparison of Sodium Nitroprusside- and Esmolol-Induced Controlled Hypotension for Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery. Can J Anaesth. 1995;42(5 Pt 1):373– 376. doi: 10.1007/BF03015479.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boezaart A.P., van der Merwe J., Coetzee A. Comparison of Sodium Nitroprusside- and Esmolol-Induced Controlled Hypotension for Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery. Can J Anaesth. 1995;42(5 Pt 1):373– 376. doi: 10.1007/BF03015479.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Athanasiadis T., Beule A., Embate J., Steinmeier E., Field J., Wormald P.J. Standardized Video-Endoscopy and Surgical Field Grading Scale for Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: A Multi-Centre Study. Laryngoscope. 2008;118(2):314–319. doi: 10.1097/MLG.0b013e318157f764.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Athanasiadis T., Beule A., Embate J., Steinmeier E., Field J., Wormald P.J. Standardized Video-Endoscopy and Surgical Field Grading Scale for Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: A Multi-Centre Study. Laryngoscope. 2008;118(2):314–319. doi: 10.1097/MLG.0b013e318157f764.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lund V.J., Mackay I.S. Staging in Rhinosinusitis. Rhinology. 1993;31(4):183– 184. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8140385/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lund V.J., Mackay I.S. Staging in Rhinosinusitis. Rhinology. 1993;31(4):183– 184. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8140385/.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lund V.J., Kennedy D.W. Quantification for Staging Sinusitis. The Staging and Therapy Group. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl. 1995;167:17–21. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7574265/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lund V.J., Kennedy D.W. Quantification for Staging Sinusitis. The Staging and Therapy Group. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl. 1995;167:17–21. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7574265/.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Колесников Л.Л. (ред.). Международная анатомическая терминология (с официальным списком русских эквивалентов). М.: Медицина; 2003. 424 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolesnikov L.L. (ed.). Terminologia Anatomica. Moscow: Meditsina; 2003. 424 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gan E.C., Habib A.R., Rajwani A., Javer A.R. Five-Degree, 10-Degree, and 20-Degree Reverse Trendelenburg Position during Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2014;4(1):61–68. doi: 10.1002/alr.21249.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gan E.C., Habib A.R., Rajwani A., Javer A.R. Five-Degree, 10-Degree, and 20-Degree Reverse Trendelenburg Position during Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2014;4(1):61–68. doi: 10.1002/alr.21249.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Turri-Zanoni M., Battaglia P., Karligkiotis A., Lepera D., Zocchi J., Dallan I. et al. Transnasal Endoscopic Partial Maxillectomy: Operative Nuances and Proposal for a Comprehensive Classification System Based on 1378 Cases. Head Neck. 2017;39(4):754–766. doi: 10.1002/hed.24676.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Turri-Zanoni M., Battaglia P., Karligkiotis A., Lepera D., Zocchi J., Dallan I. et al. Transnasal Endoscopic Partial Maxillectomy: Operative Nuances and Proposal for a Comprehensive Classification System Based on 1378 Cases. Head Neck. 2017;39(4):754–766. doi: 10.1002/hed.24676.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alsharif S., Jonstam K., van Zele T., Gevaert P., Holtappels G., Bachert C. Endoscopic Sinus Surgery for Type-2 CRS wNP: An Endotype-Based Retrospective Study. Laryngoscope. 2019;129(6):1286–1292. doi: 10.1002/lary.27815.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alsharif S., Jonstam K., van Zele T., Gevaert P., Holtappels G., Bachert C. Endoscopic Sinus Surgery for Type-2 CRS wNP: An EndotypeBased Retrospective Study. Laryngoscope. 2019;129(6):1286–1292. doi: 10.1002/lary.27815.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дайхес Н.А., Бебчук Г.Б., Джафарова М.З., Авербух В.М. Способ улучшения визуализации хирургического поля во время эндоскопической эндоназальной операции у пациентов с полипозным риносинуситом: патент РФ на изобретение № 2707863/17.10.2018. Режим доступа: https://findpatent.ru/patent/270/2707863.html.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Daikhes N.A., Bebchuk G.B., Dzhafarova M.Z., Averbukh V.M. A Method for Improving Visualization of the Surgical Field during Endoscopic Endonasal Surgery in Patients with Polyposis Rhinosinusitis: RF Patent for Invention  No. 2707863/17.10.2018. (In Russ.) Available at: https://findpatent.ru/patent/270/2707863.html.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang X., Wang E.W., Wei H., Shi J., Snyderman C.H., Gardner P.A., Fernandez-Miranda J.C. Anatomy of the Posterior Septal Artery with Surgical Implications on the Vascularized Pedicled Nasoseptal Flap. Head Neck. 2015;37(10):1470–1476. doi: 10.1002/hed.23775.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang X., Wang E.W., Wei H., Shi J., Snyderman C.H., Gardner P.A., Fernandez-Miranda J.C. Anatomy of the Posterior Septal Artery with Surgical Implications on the Vascularized Pedicled Nasoseptal Flap. Head Neck. 2015;37(10):1470–1476. doi: 10.1002/hed.23775.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Orgain C.A., Harvey R.J. The Role of Frontal Sinus Drillouts in Nasal Polyposis. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2018;26(1):34–40. doi: 10.1097/MOO.0000000000000425.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Orgain C.A., Harvey R.J. The Role of Frontal Sinus Drillouts in Nasal Polyposis. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2018;26(1):34–40. doi: 10.1097/MOO.0000000000000425.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hathorn I.F., Habib A.R., Manji J., Javer A.R. Comparing the Reverse Trendelenburg and Horizontal Position for Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013;148(2):308–313. doi: 10.1177/0194599812466529.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hathorn I.F., Habib A.R., Manji J., Javer A.R. Comparing the Reverse Trendelenburg and Horizontal Position for Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013;148(2):308–313. doi: 10.1177/0194599812466529.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sieśkiewicz A., Reszeć J., Piszczatowski B., Olszewska E., Klimiuk P.A., Chyczewski L., Rogowski M. Intraoperative Bleeding during Endoscopic Sinus Surgery and Microvascular Density of the Nasal Mucosa. Adv Med Sci. 2014;59(1):132–135. doi: 10.1016/j.advms.2013.10.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sieśkiewicz A., Reszeć J., Piszczatowski B., Olszewska E., Klimiuk P.A., Chyczewski L., Rogowski M. Intraoperative Bleeding during Endoscopic Sinus Surgery and Microvascular Density of the Nasal Mucosa. Adv Med Sci. 2014;59(1):132–135. doi: 10.1016/j.advms.2013.10.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кошель И.В. Профилактика интраоперационной кровоточивости у пациентов с аспирин ассоциированным полипозным риносинуситом. Оториноларингология. Восточная Европа. 2016;6(4):559–567. Режим доступа: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=27431126.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koshel I.V. Prevention of Intraoperative Bleeding in Patients with Aspirin Associated Polyposis Rhinosinusitis. Otorinolaringologiya. Vostochnaya Yevropa = Otorhinolaryngology. Eastern Europe. 2016;6(4):559–567. (In Russ.) Available at: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=27431126.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mortuaire G., BahiJ J., Maetz B., Chevalier D. Lund-Mackay Score Is Predictive of Bleeding in Ethmoidectomy for Nasal Polyposis. Rhinology. 2008;46(4):285–288. Available at: https://rhinologyjournal.com/Abstract.php?id=725.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mortuaire G., BahiJ J., Maetz B., Chevalier D. Lund-Mackay Score Is Predictive of Bleeding in Ethmoidectomy for Nasal Polyposis. Rhinology. 2008;46(4):285– 288. Available at: https://rhinologyjournal.com/Abstract.php?id=725.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim C.H., Hyun Song M., Eun Ahn Y., Lee J.G., Yoon J.H. Effect of Hypo-, Isoand Hypertonic Saline Irrigation on Secretory Mucins and Morphology of Cultured Human Nasal Epithelial Cells. Acta Otolaryngol. 2005;125(12):1296–1300. doi: 10.1080/00016480510012381.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim C.H., Hyun Song M., Eun Ahn Y., Lee J.G., Yoon J.H. Effect of Hypo-, Isoand Hypertonic Saline Irrigation on Secretory Mucins and Morphology of Cultured Human Nasal Epithelial Cells. Acta Otolaryngol. 2005;125(12):1296–1300. doi: 10.1080/00016480510012381.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stangerup S. E, Thomsen H.K. Histological Changes in the Nasal Mucosa after Hot-Water Irrigation. An Animal Experimental Study. Rhinology. 1996;34(1):14–17. Available at: https://rhinologyjournal.com/Abstract.php?id=322.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stangerup S. E, Thomsen H.K. Histological Changes in the Nasal Mucosa after Hot-Water Irrigation. An Animal Experimental Study. Rhinology. 1996;34(1):14–17. Available at: https://rhinologyjournal.com/Abstract.php?id=322.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Georgalas C., Fokkens W. Rhinology and Skull Base Surgery: From the Lab to the Operating Room – An Evidence-based Approach. Stuttgart, New York: Thieme; 2019. 952 p. Available at: https://thieme.com/books-main/otolaryngology/product/5269-rhinology-and-skull-base-surgery.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Georgalas C., Fokkens W. Rhinology and Skull Base Surgery: From the Lab to the Operating Room – An Evidence-based Approach. Stuttgart, New York: Thieme; 2019. 952 p. Available at: https://thieme.com/books-main/otolaryngology/product/5269-rhinology-and-skull-base-surgery.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cassano M., Russo L., Del Giudice A.M., Gelardi M. Cytologic Alterations in Nasal Mucosa after Sphenopalatine Artery Ligation in Patients with Vasomotor Rhinitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2012;26(1):49–54. doi: 10.2500/ajra.2012.26.3683.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cassano M., Russo L., Del Giudice A.M., Gelardi M. Cytologic Alterations in Nasal Mucosa after Sphenopalatine Artery Ligation in Patients with Vasomotor Rhinitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2012;26(1):49–54. doi: 10.2500/ajra.2012.26.3683.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simmen D.B., Raghavan U., Briner H.R., Manestar M., Groscurth P., Jones N.S. The Anatomy of the Sphenopalatine Artery for the Endoscopic Sinus Surgeon. Am J Rhinol. 2006;20(5):502–505. doi: 10.2500/ajr.2006.20.2928.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simmen D.B., Raghavan U., Briner H.R., Manestar M., Groscurth P., Jones N.S. The Anatomy of the Sphenopalatine Artery for the Endoscopic Sinus Surgeon. Am J Rhinol. 2006;20(5):502–505. doi: 10.2500/ajr.2006.20.2928.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Полев Г.А. Хирургические аспекты вариабельности топографической анатомии ветвей клиновидно-небной артерии и крыловидно-небной ямки: автор. дис. ... канд. мед. наук.. М.; 2015. 26 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polev G.A. Surgical Aspects of the Variability of the Topographic Anatomy of the Branches of the Sphenoid-Palatine Artery and the Pterygo-Palatine Fossa [dissertation thesis]. Moscow; 2015. 26 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eordogh M., Grimm A., Gawish I., Patonay L., Reisch R., Briner H.R., Baksa G. Anatomy of the Sphenopalatine Artery and Its Implications for Transnasal Neurosurgery. Rhinology. 2018;56(1):82–88. doi: 10.4193/Rhin17.181.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eordogh M., Grimm A., Gawish I., Patonay L., Reisch R., Briner H.R., Baksa G. Anatomy of the Sphenopalatine Artery and Its Implications for Transnasal Neurosurgery. Rhinology. 2018;56(1):82–88. doi: 10.4193/Rhin17.181.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gras-Cabrerizo J.R., Ademá-Alcover J.M., Gras-Albert J.R., Kolanczak K., Montserrat-Gili J.R., Mirapeix-Lucas R. et al. Anatomical and Surgical Study of the Sphenopalatine Artery Branches. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;271(7):1947–1951. doi: 10.1007/s00405-013-2825-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gras-Cabrerizo J.R., Ademá-Alcover J.M., Gras-Albert J.R., Kolanczak K., Montserrat-Gili J.R., Mirapeix-Lucas R. et al. Anatomical and Surgical Study of the Sphenopalatine Artery Branches. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;271(7):1947–1951. doi: 10.1007/s00405-013-2825-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бебчук Г.Б., Дайхес Н.А., Джафарова М.З., Авербух В.М. Перспективы использования эндоскопической ангиографии в хирургии околоносовых пазух. Российская ринология. 2020;28(2):107–112. doi: 10.17116/rosrino202028021107.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bebchuk G.B., Daikhes N.A., Dzhafarova M.Z., Averbukh V.M. Prospects for the Endoscopic Angiography Using in the Paranasal Sinuses Surgery. Rossiyskaya rinologiya = Russian Rhinology. 2020;28(2):107–112. (In Russ.) doi: 10.17116/rosrino202028021107.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chiu T. A Study of the Maxillary and Sphenopalatine Arteries in the Pterygopalatine Fossa and at the Sphenopalatine Foramen. Rhinology. 2009;47(3):264–270. doi: 10.4193/Rhin08.153.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chiu T. A Study of the Maxillary and Sphenopalatine Arteries in the Pterygopalatine Fossa and at the Sphenopalatine Foramen. Rhinology. 2009;47(3):264–270. doi: 10.4193/Rhin08.153.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
