medsovetМедицинский СоветMeditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council2079-701X2658-5790REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.10.21518/2079-701X-2021-14-124-132medsovet-6440Research ArticleКОМОРБИДНЫЙ ПАЦИЕНТCOMORBID PATIENTПредиабет. Новая парадигма ранней профилактики сердечно-сосудистых заболеванийPrediabetes. A new paradigm for early prevention of cardiovascular diseasehttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6385-540XДемидоваТ. Ю.DemidovaT. Y.

Демидова Татьяна Юльевна, д.м.н., профессор, заведующая кафедрой эндокринологии лечебного факультета

117997, Москва, ул. Островитянова, д. 1

Tatiana Y. Demidova, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of General Medicine

1, Ostrovityanov St., Moscow, 117997

demidova@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3826-0935ПлахотняяВ. М.PlakhotnyayaV. M.

Плахотняя Виктория Михайловна, клинический ординатор кафедры эндокринологии лечебного факультета

117997, Москва, ул. Островитянова, д. 1

Viktoria M. Plakhotnyaya, Clinical Resident, Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of General Medicine

1, Ostrovityanov St., Moscow, 117997

vplahotnyaya@gmail.comРоссийский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. ПироговаРоссияPirogov Russian National Research Medical UniversityRussian Federation202117102021014124132Copyright © Демидова Т.Ю., Плахотняя В.М., 20212021Демидова Т.Ю., Плахотняя В.М.Demidova T.Y., Plakhotnyaya V.M.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/6440

Данный литературный обзор посвящен вопросам взаимосвязи предиабета и сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. В последние годы большое внимание уделяется изучению предиабета ввиду его крайне высокой распространенности, а также наличия прочной ассоциации между ранними нарушениями углеводного обмена и высоким риском развития серьезных осложнений, ухудшающих качество жизни пациентов. Предиабет представляет собой не только метаболическое состояние высокого риска развития сахарного диабета 2-го типа, но и сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний (ССЗ) и смерти от всех причин. Эта ассоциация верна как для пациентов, еще не имеющих ССЗ, так и для лиц с ССЗ в анамнезе. Также во время пандемии COVID-19 обращает на себя внимание тот факт, что люди с предиабетом подвержены более тяжелому течению новой коронавирусной инфекции, имеют более высокий риск осложнений и менее благоприятный прогноз заболевания. Это связано с гипергликемией, наличием хронического системного воспаления низкой степени активности, нарушениями механизмов иммунного ответа в ответ на инфекцию и прокоагулянтным состоянием у лиц с предиабетом, хотя и в меньшей степени, чем у пациентов с СД2. В связи с этим ранний скрининг ранних нарушений углеводного обмена и активное ведение пациентов с предиабетом становятся крайне важной клинической задачей, т. к. активное раннее вмешательство на этапе предиабета помогает профилактировать развитие не только СД2, но и ССЗ, становясь основной стратегией сохранения кардиометаболического здоровья пациентов. 

This literature review focuses on the association of prediabetes with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recently, much attention has been paid to the study of prediabetes due to its extremely high prevalence and strong association with a high risk of developing serious complications that worsen the quality of kife of patients. Prediabetes is not only a metabolic condition with a high risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but also CVD and death from all causes. This association is true for both patients who do not yet have CVD and those with a history of CVD. Also during the COVID-19 pandemic, attention is drawn to the fact that people with prediabetes have a higher risk of a severe course of infection, complications and a worse prognosis of the disease. This is associated with hyperglycemia, the  presence of  chronic systemic inflammation of  a  low degree of  activity, impaired immune response mechanisms and a procoagulant state in patients with prediabetes, although these disorders are less developed than in patients with T2DM. Therefore, early screening of early disorders of normal metabolism. Since active early intervention at the stage of prediabetes helps to prevent the development of type 2 diabetes and CVD.

нарушение толерантности к глюкозенарушение гликемии натощаксердечно-сосудистый рисккардиометаболическое здоровьеCOVID-19prediabetescardiovascular diseasesCOVID-19cardiometabolic healthReferencesCai X., Zhang Y., Li M., Wu J.H., Mai L., Li J. et al. Association between prediabetes and risk of all cause mortality and cardiovascular disease: updated meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020;370:m2297. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m2297.Cai X., Zhang Y., Li M., Wu J.H., Mai L., Li J. et al. Association between prediabetes and risk of all cause mortality and cardiovascular disease: updated meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020;370:m2297. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m2297.Hostalek1. Cai X., Zhang Y., Li M., Wu J.H., Mai L., Li J. et al. Association between prediabetes and risk of all cause mortality and cardiovascular disease: updated meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020;370:m2297. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m2297. U. Global epidemiology of prediabetes – present and future perspectives. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;5:5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40842-019-0080-0.Hostalek U. Global epidemiology of prediabetes – present and future perspectives. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;5:5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40842-019-0080-0.Weiss R., Santoro N., Giannini C., Galderisi A., Umano G.R., Caprio S. Prediabetes in youth – mechanisms and biomarkers. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2017;1(3):240–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(17)30044-5.Weiss R., Santoro N., Giannini C., Galderisi A., Umano G.R., Caprio S. Prediabetes in youth – mechanisms and biomarkers. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2017;1(3):240–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(17)30044-5.Wang T., Lu J., Su Q., Chen Y., Bi Y., Mu Y. et al. Ideal cardiovascular health metrics and major cardiovascular events in patients with prediabetes and diabetes. JAMA Cardiol. 2019;4(9):874–883. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2019.2499.Wang T., Lu J., Su Q., Chen Y., Bi Y., Mu Y. et al. Ideal cardiovascular health metrics and major cardiovascular events in patients with prediabetes and diabetes. JAMA Cardiol. 2019;4(9):874–883. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2019.2499.Lu J., He J., Li M., Tang X., Ruying H., Shi L. et al. Predictive value of fasting glucose, postload glucose, and hemoglobin A1c on risk of diabetes and complications in Chinese adults. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(8):1539–1548. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc18-1390.Lu J., He J., Li M., Tang X., Ruying H., Shi L. et al. Predictive value of fasting glucose, postload glucose, and hemoglobin A1c on risk of diabetes and complications in Chinese adults. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(8):1539–1548. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc18-1390.Hubbard D., Colantonio L.D., Tanner R.M., Carson A.P., Sakhuja S., Jaeger B.C. et al. Prediabetes and risk for cardiovascular disease by hypertension status in black adults: the Jackson heart study. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(12):2322–2329. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc19-1074.Hubbard D., Colantonio L.D., Tanner R.M., Carson A.P., Sakhuja S., Jaeger B.C. et al. Prediabetes and risk for cardiovascular disease by hypertension status in black adults: the Jackson heart study. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(12):2322–2329. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc19-1074.Tang K., Cores O., Matsushitah J., Sharrett A.R., McEvoy J.W., Windham B.G. et al. Mortality implications of prediabetes and diabetes in older adults. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(2):382–388. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc19-1221.Tang K., Cores O., Matsushitah J., Sharrett A.R., McEvoy J.W., Windham B.G. et al. Mortality implications of prediabetes and diabetes in older adults. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(2):382–388. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc19-1221.Welsh C., Welsh P., Celis-Morales C.A., Mark P.B., Mackay D., Ghouri N. et al. Glycated hemoglobin, prediabetes, and the links to cardiovascular disease: data from UK Biobank. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(2):440–445. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc19-1683.Welsh C., Welsh P., Celis-Morales C.A., Mark P.B., Mackay D., Ghouri N. et al. Glycated hemoglobin, prediabetes, and the links to cardiovascular disease: data from UK Biobank. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(2):440–445. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc19-1683.Vistisen D., Witte D.R., Brunner E.J., Kivimaki M., Tabak A., Jorgensen M.E., Færch K. Risk of cardiovascular disease and death in individuals with prediabetes defined by different criteria: the Whitehall II study. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(4):899–906. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-2530.Vistisen D., Witte D.R., Brunner E.J., Kivimaki M., Tabak A., Jorgensen M.E., Færch K. Risk of cardiovascular disease and death in individuals with prediabetes defined by different criteria: the Whitehall II study. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(4):899–906. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-2530.Kim N.H., Kwon T.Y., Yu S., Kim N.H., Choi K.M., Baik S.H. et al. Increased vascular disease mortality risk in prediabetic Korean adults is mainly attributable to ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2017;48(4):840–845. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.015947.Kim N.H., Kwon T.Y., Yu S., Kim N.H., Choi K.M., Baik S.H. et al. Increased vascular disease mortality risk in prediabetic Korean adults is mainly attributable to ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2017;48(4):840–845. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.015947.Warren B., Pankow J.S., Matsushita K., Punjabi N.M., Daya N.R., Grams M. et al. Comparative prognostic performance of definitions of prediabetes: a prospective cohort analysis of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(1):34–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30321-7.Punjabi N.M., Daya N.R., Grams M. et al. Comparative prognostic performance of definitions of prediabetes: a prospective cohort analysis of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(1):34–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30321-7.Zand A., Ibrahim K., Patham B. Prediabetes: Why Should We Care? Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. 2018;14(4):289–297. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30788015.Zand A., Ibrahim K., Patham B. Prediabetes: Why Should We Care? Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. 2018;14(4):289–297. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30788015.DECODE Study Group, on behalf of the European Diabetes Epidemiology Study Group. Will new diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus change phenotype of patients with diabetes? Reanalysis of European epidemiological data. BMJ. 1998;317(7155):371–375. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.317.7155.371.DECODE Study Group, on behalf of the European Diabetes Epidemiology Study Group. Will new diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus change phenotype of patients with diabetes? Reanalysis of European epidemiological data. BMJ. 1998;317(7155):371–375. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.317.7155.371.Takao T., Suka M., Yanagisawa H., Iwamoto Y. Impact of postprandial hyperglycemia at clinic visits on the incidence of cardiovascular events and allcause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Investig. 2017;8(4):600–608. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdi.12610.Takao T., Suka M., Yanagisawa H., Iwamoto Y. Impact of postprandial hyperglycemia at clinic visits on the incidence of cardiovascular events and allcause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Investig. 2017;8(4):600–608. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdi.12610.UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. UK prospective diabetes study (UKPDS). Diabetologia. 1999;34(12):877–890. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00400195.UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. UK prospective diabetes study (UKPDS). Diabetologia. 1999;34(12):877–890. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00400195.Skyler J.S., Bergenstal R., Bonow R.O., Buse J., Deedwania P., Gale E.A. et al. Intensive Glycemic Control and the Prevention of Cardiovascular Events: Implications of the ACCORD, ADVANCE, and VA Diabetes Trials. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(1):187–192. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc08-9026.Skyler J.S., Bergenstal R., Bonow R.O., Buse J., Deedwania P., Gale E.A. et al. Intensive Glycemic Control and the Prevention of Cardiovascular Events: Implications of the ACCORD, ADVANCE, and VA Diabetes Trials. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(1):187–192. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc08-9026.Gaede P., Lund-Andersen H., Parving H.H., Pedersen O. Effect of a Multifactorial Intervention on Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:580–591. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0706245.Gaede P., Lund-Andersen H., Parving H.H., Pedersen O. Effect of a Multifactorial Intervention on Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:580–591. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0706245.American Diabetes Association. Prevention or Delay of Type 2 Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes — 2020. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(1 Suppl.):32–36. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-S003.American Diabetes Association. Prevention or Delay of Type 2 Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes — 2020. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(1 Suppl.):32–36. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-S003.Swarup S., Goyal A., Grigorova Y., Zeltser R. Metabolic Syndrome. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459248.Swarup S., Goyal A., Grigorova Y., Zeltser R. Metabolic Syndrome. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459248.American Diabetes Association. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes — 2020. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(1 Suppl.):14–31. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-S002.American Diabetes Association. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes — 2020. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(1 Suppl.):14–31. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-S002.Мкртумян А.М. Актуальные возможности современных инновационных препаратов в достижении долговременного контроля сахарного диабета 2 типа и снижении риска развития его осложнений. Эффективная фармакотерапия. Эндокринология. 2020;16(26):26–30. Режим доступа: https://umedp.ru/articles/aktualnye_vozmozhnosti_sovremennykh_innovatsionnykh_preparatov_v_dostizhenii_dolgovremennogo_kontrol.html.Mkrtumyan A.M. Current Opportunities of Morden Innovate Drugs in Achievement of Type 2 Diabetes Long-Term Control and Reduction of the Risk of Its Complications. Effektivnaya farmakoterapiya. Endokrinologiya = Effective Pharmacotherapy. Endocrinology. 2020;16(26):26–30. (In Russ.) Available at: https://umedp.ru/articles/aktualnye_vozmozhnosti_sovremennykh_innovatsionnykh_preparatov_v_dostizhenii_dolgovremennogo_kontrol.html.Sattar N., McGuire D.K. Prevention of CV outcomes in antihyperglycaemic drug-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes with, or at elevated risk of, ASCVD: to start or not to start with metformin. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(26):2574–2576. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa879.Sattar N., McGuire D.K. Prevention of CV outcomes in antihyperglycaemic drug-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes with, or at elevated risk of, ASCVD: to start or not to start with metformin. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(26):2574–2576. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa879.Cosentino F., Grant P.J., Aboyans V., Bailey C.J., Ceriello A., Delgado V. et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(2):255– 323. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz486.Cosentino F., Grant P.J., Aboyans V., Bailey C.J., Ceriello A., Delgado V. et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(2):255– 323. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz486.Buse J.B., Wexler D.J., Tsapas A., Rossing P., Mingrone G., Mathieu C. et al. 2019 update to: Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2020;43(2):487–493. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci19-0066.use J.B., Wexler D.J., Tsapas A., Rossing P., Mingrone G., Mathieu C. et al. 2019 update to: Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2020;43(2):487–493. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci19-0066.Дедов И.И., Шестакова М.В., Майоров А.Ю. (ред.). Алгоритмы специализированной медицинской помощи больным сахарным диабетом. 9-й выпуск. Сахарный диабет. 2019;22(1S1):1–144. https://doi.org/10.14341/DM221S1.Dedov I.I., Shestakova M.V., Mayorov A.Yu. (eds.). Stndaarts of specialized diabetes care. 9th ed. Sakharnyy diabet = Diabetes Mellitus. 2019;22(1S1):1–144. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14341/DM221S1.Matthews D.R., Paldanius P.M., Proot P., Chiang Y., Stumvoll M., Del Prato S; VERIFY study group. Glycaemic durability of an early combination therapy with vildagliptin and metformin versus sequential metformin monotherapy in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (VERIFY): a 5-year, multicentre, randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet. 2019;394(10208):1519–1529. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32131-2.Matthews D.R., Paldanius P.M., Proot P., Chiang Y., Stumvoll M., Del Prato S; VERIFY study group. Glycaemic durability of an early combination therapy with vildagliptin and metformin versus sequential metformin monotherapy in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (VERIFY): a 5-year, multicentre, randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet. 2019;394(10208):1519–1529. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32131-2.Knowler W.C., Barrett-Connor E., Fowler S.E., Hamman R.F., Lachin J.M., Walker E.A; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(6):393–403. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa012512.Knowler W.C., Barrett-Connor E., Fowler S.E., Hamman R.F., Lachin J.M., Walker E.A; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(6):393–403. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa012512.Knowler W.C., Fowler S.E., Hamman R.F., Christophi C.A., Hoffman H.J., Brenneman A.T. et al; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Lancet. 2009;374(9702):1677–1686. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61457-4.Knowler W.C., Fowler S.E., Hamman R.F., Christophi C.A., Hoffman H.J., Brenneman A.T. et al; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Lancet. 2009;374(9702):1677–1686. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61457-4.Imdieke B.H. Metformin versus Lif ersus Lifestyle Modification in Diabetes Prevention: New Considerations in the Age of Healthcare Reform. Sophia: the St. Catherine University repository website; 2013. Available at: https://sophia.stkate.edu/ma_nursing/64.Imdieke B.H. Metformin versus Lif ersus Lifestyle Modification in Diabetes Prevention: New Considerations in the Age of Healthcare Reform. Sophia: the St. Catherine University repository website; 2013. Available at: https://sophia.stkate.edu/ma_nursing/64.Абусуев С.А., Аметов А.С, Андреева Е.Н., Анциферов М.Б., Бардымова Т.П., Беловалова И.М. и др. Профилактика развития сахарного диабета 2 типа: роль и место метформина. Эндокринология: новости, мнения, обучение. 2017;(1):78–87. https://doi.org/10.24411/2304-9529-2017-00061.Abusuyev S.A., Ametov A.S, Andreyeva Ye.N., Antsiferov M.B., Bardymova T.P., Belovalova I.M. et al. Prophylaxis of diabetes mellitus type 2: the role and place of Metformin. Endokrinologiya: novosti, mneniya, obucheniye = Endocrinology: News, Opinions, Training. 2017;1(18):78–87. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.24411/2304-9529-2017-00061.Abdi A., Jalilian M., Sarbarzeh P.A., Vlaisavljevic Z. Diabetes and COVID-19: A systematic review on the current evidences. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;166:108347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108347.Abdi A., Jalilian M., Sarbarzeh P.A., Vlaisavljevic Z. Diabetes and COVID-19: A systematic review on the current evidences. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;166:108347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108347.Corrao S., Pinelli K., Vacca M., Raspanti M., Argano C. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and COVID-19: A Narrative Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:609470. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.609470.Corrao S., Pinelli K., Vacca M., Raspanti M., Argano C. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and COVID-19: A Narrative Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:609470. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.609470.Gazzaz Z.J. Diabetes and COVID-19. Open Life Sci. 2021;16(1):297–302. https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2021-0034.Gazzaz Z.J. Diabetes and COVID-19. Open Life Sci. 2021;16(1):297–302. https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2021-0034.Li G., Chen Z., Lv Z., Li H., Chang D., Lu J. Diabetes Mellitus and COVID-19: Associations and Possible Mechanisms. Int J Endocrinol. 2021;2021:7394378. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7394378.Li G., Chen Z., Lv Z., Li H., Chang D., Lu J. Diabetes Mellitus and COVID-19: Associations and Possible Mechanisms. Int J Endocrinol. 2021;2021:7394378. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7394378.Landstra C.P., de Koning E.J.P. COVID-19 and Diabetes: Understanding the Interrelationship and Risks for a Severe Course. Front Endocrinol. 2021;12:649525. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.649525.Landstra C.P., de Koning E.J.P. COVID-19 and Diabetes: Understanding the Interrelationship and Risks for a Severe Course. Front Endocrinol. 2021;12:649525. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.649525.Sathish T., Cao Y., Kapoor N. Preexisting prediabetes and the severity of COVID-19. Prim Care Diabetes. 2021;15(1):28–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2020.09.002.Sathish T., Cao Y., Kapoor N. Preexisting prediabetes and the severity of COVID-19. Prim Care Diabetes. 2021;15(1):28–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2020.09.002.Sosibo A.M., Khathi A. Pre-diabetes and COVID-19, could we be missing the silent killer? Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2021;246(4):369–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/1535370220973451.Sosibo A.M., Khathi A. Pre-diabetes and COVID-19, could we be missing the silent killer? Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2021;246(4):369–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/1535370220973451.Wang S., Ma P., Zhang S., Song S., Wang Z., Ma Y. et al. Fasting blood glucose at admission is an independent predictor for 28-day mortality in patients with COVID-19 without previous diagnosis of diabetes: a multi-centre retrospective study. Diabetologia. 2020;63:2102–2111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-020-05209-1.Wang S., Ma P., Zhang S., Song S., Wang Z., Ma Y. et al. Fasting blood glucose at admission is an independent predictor for 28-day mortality in patients with COVID-19 without previous diagnosis of diabetes: a multi-centre retrospective study. Diabetologia. 2020;63:2102–2111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-020-05209-1.Li H., Tian S., Chen T., Cui Z., Shi N., Zhong X. et al. Newly diagnosed diabetes is associated with a higher risk of mortality than known diabetes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020;22(10):1897–1906. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14099.Li H., Tian S., Chen T., Cui Z., Shi N., Zhong X. et al. Newly diagnosed diabetes is associated with a higher risk of mortality than known diabetes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020;22(10):1897–1906. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14099.Smith S.M., Boppana A., Traupman J.A., Unson E., Maddock D.A., Chao K. et al. Impaired glucose metabolism in patients with diabetes, pre-diabetes and obesity is associated with severe COVID-19. J Med Virol. 2021;93(1):409–415. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26227.Smith S.M., Boppana A., Traupman J.A., Unson E., Maddock D.A., Chao K. et al. Impaired glucose metabolism in patients with diabetes, pre-diabetes and obesity is associated with severe COVID-19. J Med Virol. 2021;93(1):409–415. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26227.Sathish T., Cao Y., Kapoor N. Newly diagnosed diabetes in COVID-19 patients. Prim Care Diabetes. 2021;15(1):194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2020.08.014.Sathish T., Cao Y., Kapoor N. Newly diagnosed diabetes in COVID-19 patients. Prim Care Diabetes. 2021;15(1):194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2020.08.014.Sathish T., Kapoor N., Cao Y., Tapp R.J., Zimmet P. Proportion of newly diagnosed diabetes in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2021;23(3):870–874. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14269.Sathish T., Kapoor N., Cao Y., Tapp R.J., Zimmet P. Proportion of newly diagnosed diabetes in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2021;23(3):870–874. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14269.Шестакова М.В., Викулова О.К., Исаков М.А., Дедов И.И. Сахарный диабет и COVID-19: анализ клинических исходов по данным регистра сахарного диабета Российской Федерации. Проблемы эндокринологии. 2020;66(1):35–46. https://doi.org/10.14341/probl12458.Shestakova M.V., Vikulova O.K., Isakov M.A., Dedov I.I. Diabetes and COVID19: analysis of the clinical outcomes according to the data of Russian diabetes registry. Problemy endokrinologii = Problems of Endocrinology. 2020;66(1):35–46. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14341/probl12458.Lukito A.A., Pranata R., Henrina J., Lim M.A., Lawrensia S., Suastika K. The Effect of Metformin Consumption on Mortality in Hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(6):2177–2183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.11.006.Lukito A.A., Pranata R., Henrina J., Lim M.A., Lawrensia S., Suastika K. The Effect of Metformin Consumption on Mortality in Hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(6):2177–2183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.11.006.Sasson C., Eckel R., Alger H., Bozkurt B., Carson A., Daviglus M. et al. American Heart Association Diabetes and Cardiometabolic Health Summit: Summary and Recommendations. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(15):e009271. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.118.009271.Sasson C., Eckel R., Alger H., Bozkurt B., Carson A., Daviglus M. et al. American Heart Association Diabetes and Cardiometabolic Health Summit: Summary and Recommendations. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(15):e009271. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.118.009271.Gerstein H.C., Harmel M. The Best Way to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes? Change Our Target. Medscape; 2021. Available at: https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/953961.Gerstein H.C., Harmel M. The Best Way to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes? Change Our Target. Medscape; 2021. Available at: https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/953961.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.