medsovetМедицинский СоветMeditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council2079-701X2658-5790REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.10.21518/2079-701X-2021-19-109-118medsovet-6539Research ArticleПАРКИНСОНИЗМPARKINSONISMЛекарственные средства, ассоциированные с лекарственно-индуцированным паркинсонизмомDrugs associated with DIPhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1499-247XОстроумоваТ. М.OstroumovaT. M.

Остроумова Татьяна Максимовна, к.м.н., ассистент кафедры нервных болезней и нейрохирургии

119021, Россия, Москва, ул. Россолимо, 11, стр. 1

Tatiana M. Ostroumova, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Assistant at the Department of Nervous Diseases and Neurosurgery

11, Bldg. 1, Rossolimo St., Moscow, 119435, Russia

t.ostroumova3@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0795-8225ОстроумоваО. Д.OstroumovaO. D.

Остроумова Ольга Дмитриевна, профессор, кафедра клинической фармакологии и пропедевтики внутренних болезней; д.м.н., профессор, заведующая кафедрой терапии и полиморбидной патологии

119021, Россия, Москва, ул. Россолимо, 11, стр. 1

125993, Россия, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1, стр. 1

Olga D. Ostroumova, Professor of the Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Propedeutics of Internal Diseases; Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Therapy and Polymorbid Pathology

11, Bldg. 1, Rossolimo St., Moscow, 119435, Russia

2/1, Bldg. 1, Barrikadnaya St., Moscow, 125993, Russia

ostroumova.olga@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-2260СоловьеваА. С.SolovevaA. S.

Соловьева Александра Сергеевна, студентка 5 курса

119991, Россия, Москва, ул. Большая Пироговская, д. 6, стр. 1

Aleksandra S. Soloveva, 5th year Student

6, Bldg. 1, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya St., Moscow, 119991, Russia

Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)РоссияSechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)Russian FederationПервый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет); Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образованияРоссияSechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University); Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional EducationRussian FederationПервый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)РоссияSechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)Russian Federation202130112021019109118Copyright © Остроумова Т.М., Остроумова О.Д., Соловьева А.С., 20212021Остроумова Т.М., Остроумова О.Д., Соловьева А.С.Ostroumova T.M., Ostroumova O.D., Soloveva A.S.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/6539

Лекарственно-индуцированный паркинсонизм (ЛИП) – одно из самых частых экстрапирамидных нарушений, которое развивается на фоне назначения большого ряда лекарственных средств (ЛС). Изначально ЛИП был описан как нежелательная реакция (НР) на фоне применения антипсихотических ЛС, но позже признан НР ряда других препаратов, включая прокинетики, антидепрессанты, блокаторы кальциевых каналов и противоэпилептические ЛС. Относительный риск развития ЛИП на фоне приема типичных антипсихотиков увеличен в 2,92 раза по сравнению с пациентами, которые не принимают эти препараты. Риск развития ЛИП у пациентов, получающих флунаризин, повышен в 2,75–4,07 раз. Риск ЛИП при применении антидепрессантов увеличен в 2,14 раза. Среди препаратов этой группы с повышенным риском развития ЛИП чаще всего ассоциирован прием селективных ингибиторов обратного захвата серотонина (относительный риск 1,24). Среди других препаратов из группы антидепрессантов имеются данные о развитии ЛИП на фоне применения дулоксетина, миртазапина, амитриптиллина, кломипрамина, венлафаксина, тразодона. Среди антиконвульсантов ЛИП достаточно редко может развиваться на фоне назначения вальпроевой кислоты, габапентина, прегабалина, карбамазепина, окскарбазепина. Риск ЛИП у пациентов, получающих метоклопрамид, крайне низок (0,06%), однако он в 2,16 раза выше, чем у лиц, которые не принимают данное ЛС. Среди ЛС из других групп ЛИП может возникать на фоне применения карбоната лития, такролимуса, циклоспорина, амиодарона, каптоприла, амфотерицина В. При развитии у пациента ЛИП по возможности необходимо снизить дозу или отменить препарат-индуктор, или заменить его на другое ЛС с минимальным риском ЛИП. Симптомы ЛИП чаще всего регрессируют в течение нескольких недель или месяцев после уменьшения дозы или отмены ЛС-индуктора. Если симптомы сохраняются дольше, то необходимо исключить наличие у пациента болезни Паркинсона или деменции с тельцами Леви.

Drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) is one of the most frequent extrapyramidal disorders that develops against the background of prescribing a large number of medications. Initially, DIP was described as an adverse drug reactions (ADRs) against the background of the use of antipsychotic drugs, but later recognized as ADRs of a number of other drugs, including prokinetics, antidepressants, calcium channel blockers and antiepileptic drugs. The relative risk of developing LIP on the background of taking typical antipsychotics increased by 2.92 times compared to patients who do not take these drugs. The risk of developing DIP in patients receiving flunarizine is increased by 2.75-4.07 times. The risk of DIP with the use of antidepressants is increased by 2.14 times, among the drugs of this group with an increased risk of DIP, the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors is most often associated with DIP (relative risk 1.24). Among other antidepressants, there is evidence of the development of DIP against the background of the use of duloxetine, mirtazapine, amitriptyll clomipramine, venlafaxine, trazodone. Among anticonvulsants, DIP can rarely develop against the background of the appointment of valproic acid, gabapentin, pregabalin, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine. The risk of DIP in patients receiving metoclopramide is extremely low (0.06%), but it is 2.16 times higher compared to people who do not take this drug. Among drugs from other groups, DIP can occur against the background of the use of lithium carbonate, tacrolimus, cyclosporine, amiodarone, captopril, amphotericin B. If DIP develops, it is necessary, if possible, to reduce the dose or cancel the inducer drug, or replace it with another drug with minimal risk of DIP. Symptoms of DIP most often regress within a few weeks or months after dose reduction or withdrawal of the drug inducer. If the symptoms persist longer, it is necessary to exclude the presence of Parkinson’s disease or dementia with with Lewy bodies.

паркинсонизмлекарственно-индуцированный паркинсонизмэкстрапирамидные заболеваниялекарственные средстванежелательные реакцииparkinsonismdrug-induced parkinsonismmovement disordersdrugsadverse drug reactionsReferencesTisdale J.E., Miller D.A. (eds.) Drug-induced diseases: prevention, detection, and management. 3rd ed. Bethesda: ASHP; 2018. 1399 р. Available at: https://tetondata.com/TitleInfo.cshtml?id=285.Tisdale J.E., Miller D.A. (eds.) Drug-induced diseases: prevention, detection, and management. 3rd ed. Bethesda: ASHP; 2018. 1399 р. Available at: https://tetondata.com/TitleInfo.cshtml?id=285.Shin H.W., Chung S.J. Drug-induced parkinsonism. J Clin Neurol. 2015;36(2):269–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-014-1945-8.Shin H.W., Chung S.J. Drug-induced parkinsonism. J Clin Neurol. 2015;36(2):269–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-014-1945-8.de Germay S., Montastruc F., Carvajal A., Lapeyre-Mestre M., Montastruc J.L. Drug-induced parkinsonism: Revisiting the epidemiology using the WHO pharmacovigilance database. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2020;70:55–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.12.011.de Germay S., Montastruc F., Carvajal A., Lapeyre-Mestre M., Montastruc J.L. Drug-induced parkinsonism: Revisiting the epidemiology using the WHO pharmacovigilance database. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2020;70:55–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.12.011.Левин О.С., Шиндряева Н.Н., Аникина М.А. Лекарственный паркинсонизм. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии имени С.С. Корсакова. 2012;112(8):76–81. Режим доступа: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=18000440.Levin O.S., Shindryaeva N.N., Anikina M.A. Drug-induced parkinsonism. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova = S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2012;112(8):76–81. (In Russ.) Available at: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=18000440.Нодель М.Р. Лекарственный паркинсонизм: возможности минимизации риска. Нервные болезни. 2015;(3):18–23. Режим доступа: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=25088710.Nodel M.R. Drug-induced parkinsonism: opportunities to minimize risk. Nervnye bolezni = Nervous Diseases. 2015;(3):18–23. (In Russ.) Available at: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=25088710.Kumsa A., Girma S., Alemu B., Agenagnew L. Psychotropic medicationsinduced tardive dyskinesia and associated factors among patients with mental illness in Ethiopia. Clin Pharmacol. 2020;12:179–187. https://doi.org/10.2147/CPAA.S285585.Kumsa A., Girma S., Alemu B., Agenagnew L. Psychotropic medicationsinduced tardive dyskinesia and associated factors among patients with mental illness in Ethiopia. Clin Pharmacol. 2020;12:179–187. https://doi.org/10.2147/CPAA.S285585.Leucht S., Cipriani A., Spineli L., Mavridis D., Orey D., Richter F. et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Lancet. 2013;382(9896):951–962. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60733-3.Leucht S., Cipriani A., Spineli L., Mavridis D., Orey D., Richter F. et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Lancet. 2013;382(9896):951–962. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60733-3.Chyou T.Y., Nishtala R., Nishtala P.S. Comparative risk of Parkinsonism associated with olanzapine, risperidone and quetiapine in older adults-a propensity score matched cohort study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2020;29(6):692–700. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.5007.Chyou T.Y., Nishtala R., Nishtala P.S. Comparative risk of Parkinsonism associated with olanzapine, risperidone and quetiapine in older adults-a propensity score matched cohort study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2020;29(6):692–700. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.5007.Bondon-Guitton E., Perez-Lloret S., Bagheri H., Brefel C., Rascol O., Montastruc J.L. Drug-induced parkinsonism: a review of 17 years’ experience in a regional pharmacovigilance center in France. Mov Disord. 2011;26(12):2226–2231. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.23828.Bondon-Guitton E., Perez-Lloret S., Bagheri H., Brefel C., Rascol O., Montastruc J.L. Drug-induced parkinsonism: a review of 17 years’ experience in a regional pharmacovigilance center in France. Mov Disord. 2011;26(12):2226–2231. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.23828.Leung J.G., Breden E.L. Tetrabenazine for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Ann Pharmacother. 2011;45(4):525–531. https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.1P312.Leung J.G., Breden E.L. Tetrabenazine for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Ann Pharmacother. 2011;45(4):525–531. https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.1P312.Sahin T., Yilmaz R., Akbostanci M.C. Predictive factors for tolerability of tetrabenazine in patients with hyperkinetic movement disorders. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2020;74:36–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.04.007.Sahin T., Yilmaz R., Akbostanci M.C. Predictive factors for tolerability of tetrabenazine in patients with hyperkinetic movement disorders. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2020;74:36–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.04.007.Guay D.R. Tetrabenazine, a monoamine-depleting drug used in the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2010;8(4):331–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjopharm.2010.08.006.Guay D.R. Tetrabenazine, a monoamine-depleting drug used in the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2010;8(4):331–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjopharm.2010.08.006.Kenney C., Hunter C., Jankovic J. Long-term tolerability of tetrabenazine in the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders. Mov Disord. 2007;22(2):193–197. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.21222.Kenney C., Hunter C., Jankovic J. Long-term tolerability of tetrabenazine in the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders. Mov Disord. 2007;22(2):193–197. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.21222.Teive H.A., Troiano A.R., Germiniani F.M., Werneck L.C. Flunarizine and cinnarizine-induced parkinsonism: a historical and clinical analysis. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2004;10(4):243–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2003.12.004.Teive H.A., Troiano A.R., Germiniani F.M., Werneck L.C. Flunarizine and cinnarizine-induced parkinsonism: a historical and clinical analysis. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2004;10(4):243–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2003.12.004.Lin H.L., Lin H.C., Tseng Y.F., Chen S.C., Hsu C.Y. Risk of parkinsonism induced by flunarizine or cinnarizine: a population-based study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;73(3):365–371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-016-2181-3.Lin H.L., Lin H.C., Tseng Y.F., Chen S.C., Hsu C.Y. Risk of parkinsonism induced by flunarizine or cinnarizine: a population-based study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;73(3):365–371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-016-2181-3.Jhang K.M., Huang J.Y., Nfor O.N., Tung Y.C., Ku W.Y., Lee C.T., Liaw Y.P. Extrapyramidal symptoms after exposure to calcium channel blockerflunarizine or cinnarizine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;73(7):911–916. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-017-2247-x.Jhang K.M., Huang J.Y., Nfor O.N., Tung Y.C., Ku W.Y., Lee C.T., Liaw Y.P. Extrapyramidal symptoms after exposure to calcium channel blocker-flunarizine or cinnarizine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;73(7):911–916. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-017-2247-x.Miguel R., Correia A.S., Bugalho P. Iatrogenic parkinsonism: the role of flunarizine and cinnarizine. J Parkinsons Dis. 2014;4(4):645–649. https://doi.org/10.3233/JPD-140414.Miguel R., Correia A.S., Bugalho P. Iatrogenic parkinsonism: the role of flunarizine and cinnarizine. J Parkinsons Dis. 2014;4(4):645–649. https://doi.org/10.3233/JPD-140414.Cardoso F., Camargos S.T., Silva Júnior G.A. Etiology of parkinsonism in a Brazilian movement disorders clinic. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 1998;56(2):171–175. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x1998000200001.Cardoso F., Camargos S.T., Silva Júnior G.A. Etiology of parkinsonism in a Brazilian movement disorders clinic. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 1998;56(2):171–175. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x1998000200001.Negrotti A., Calzetti S. A long-term follow-up study of cinnarizine- and flunarizine-induced parkinsonism. Mov Disord. 1997;12(1):107–110. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.870120119.Negrotti A., Calzetti S. A long-term follow-up study of cinnarizine- and flunarizine-induced parkinsonism. Mov Disord. 1997;12(1):107–110. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.870120119.Kim S., Cheon S.M., Suh H.S. Association between drug exposure and occurrence of parkinsonism in Korea: a population-based case-control study. Ann Pharmacother. 2019;53(11):1102–1110. https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028019859543.Kim S., Cheon S.M., Suh H.S. Association between drug exposure and occurrence of parkinsonism in Korea: a population-based case-control study. Ann Pharmacother. 2019;53(11):1102–1110. https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028019859543.Jhang K.M., Huang J.Y., Nfor O.N., Tung Y.C., Ku W.Y., Jan C.F., Liaw Y.P. Flunarizine related movement disorders: a nationwide population-based study. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):1705. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37901-z.Jhang K.M., Huang J.Y., Nfor O.N., Tung Y.C., Ku W.Y., Jan C.F., Liaw Y.P. Flunarizine related movement disorders: a nationwide population-based study. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):1705. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37901-z.Lin W., Lin C.L., Hsu C.Y., Wei C.Y. Flunarizine Induced Parkinsonism in Migraine Group: A Nationwide Population-Based Study. Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:1495. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.01495.Lin W., Lin C.L., Hsu C.Y., Wei C.Y. Flunarizine Induced Parkinsonism in Migraine Group: A Nationwide Population-Based Study. Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:1495. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.01495.Liang C.Y., Yeh Y.C., Lee C.J., Chen Y.Y. Flunarizine and the risk of parkinsonism in a newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic population in Taiwan: A nested case-control study. J Clin Neurosci. 2018;50:281–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2018.01.017.Liang C.Y., Yeh Y.C., Lee C.J., Chen Y.Y. Flunarizine and the risk of parkinsonism in a newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic population in Taiwan: A nested case-control study. J Clin Neurosci. 2018;50:281–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2018.01.017.Giménez-Roldán S., Mateo D. Cinnarizine-induced parkinsonism. Susceptibility related to aging and essential tremor. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1991;14(2):156–164. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002826-199104000-00005.Giménez-Roldán S., Mateo D. Cinnarizine-induced parkinsonism. Susceptibility related to aging and essential tremor. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1991;14(2):156–164. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002826-199104000-00005.Martí-Massó J.F., Poza J.J. Cinnarizine-induced parkinsonism: ten years later. Mov Disord. 1998;13(3):453–456. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.870130313.Martí-Massó J.F., Poza J.J. Cinnarizine-induced parkinsonism: ten years later. Mov Disord. 1998;13(3):453–456. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.870130313.Padrell M.D., Navarro M., Faura C.C., Horga J.F. Verapamil-induced parkinsonism. Am J Med. 1995;99(4):436. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9343(99)80195-8.Padrell M.D., Navarro M., Faura C.C., Horga J.F. Verapamil-induced parkinsonism. Am J Med. 1995;99(4):436. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9343(99)80195-8.Revet A., Montastruc F., Roussin A., Raynaud J.P., Lapeyre-Mestre M., Nguyen T.T. H. Antidepressants and movement disorders: a postmarketing study in the world pharmacovigilance database. BMC Psychiatry. 2020;20(1):308. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02711-z.Revet A., Montastruc F., Roussin A., Raynaud J.P., Lapeyre-Mestre M., Nguyen T.T. H. Antidepressants and movement disorders: a postmarketing study in the world pharmacovigilance database. BMC Psychiatry. 2020;20(1):308. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02711-z.Miletić V., Relja M. Citalopram-induced parkinsonian syndrome: case report. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2011;34(2):92–93. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNF.0b013e318210ea3e.Miletić V., Relja M. Citalopram-induced parkinsonian syndrome: case report. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2011;34(2):92–93. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNF.0b013e318210ea3e.Damali Amiri N., Wijenaike N. Citalopram-induced hyponatraemia and parkinsonism: potentially fatal side-effects not to be missed. BMJ Case Rep. 2014;2014:bcr2014206575. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2014-206575.Damali Amiri N., Wijenaike N. Citalopram-induced hyponatraemia and parkinsonism: potentially fatal side-effects not to be missed. BMJ Case Rep. 2014;2014:bcr2014206575. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2014-206575.Ak S., Anıl Yağcıoğlu A.E. Escitalopram-induced Parkinsonism. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2014;36(1):126.e1-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.09.010.Ak S., Anıl Yağcıoğlu A.E. Escitalopram-induced Parkinsonism. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2014;36(1):126.e1-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.09.010.Kuloglu M., Caykoylu A., Ekinci O., Bayindirli D., Vural G., Deniz O. Successful management of depression with reboxetine in a patient who developed Parkinsonism related to paroxetine use. J Psychopharmacol. 2010;24(4):623–624. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881108099962.Kuloglu M., Caykoylu A., Ekinci O., Bayindirli D., Vural G., Deniz O. Successful management of depression with reboxetine in a patient who developed Parkinsonism related to paroxetine use. J Psychopharmacol. 2010;24(4):623–624. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881108099962.Gernaat H.B., Van de Woude J., Touw D.J. Fluoxetine and parkinsonism in patients taking carbamazepine. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148(11):1604–1605. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.148.11.1604b.Gernaat H.B., Van de Woude J., Touw D.J. Fluoxetine and parkinsonism in patients taking carbamazepine. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148(11):1604–1605. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.148.11.1604b.Christodoulou C., Papadopoulou A., Rizos E., Tournikioti K., Gonda X., Douzenis A., Lykouras L. Extrapyramidal side effects and suicidal ideation under fluoxetine treatment: a case report. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2010;9:5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-859X-9-5.Christodoulou C., Papadopoulou A., Rizos E., Tournikioti K., Gonda X., Douzenis A., Lykouras L. Extrapyramidal side effects and suicidal ideation under fluoxetine treatment: a case report. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2010;9:5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-859X-9-5.Gray J.A. Parkinsonism and rabbit syndrome after discontinuation of lowdose ziprasidone and concomitant initiation of sertraline. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012;32(1):142–143. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0b013e31823f912a.Gray J.A. Parkinsonism and rabbit syndrome after discontinuation of lowdose ziprasidone and concomitant initiation of sertraline. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012;32(1):142–143. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0b013e31823f912a.Di Rocco A., Brannan T., Prikhojan A., Yahr M.D. Sertraline induced parkinsonism. A case report and an in-vivo study of the effect of sertraline on dopamine metabolism. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 1998;105(2-3):247–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s007020050053.Di Rocco A., Brannan T., Prikhojan A., Yahr M.D. Sertraline induced parkinsonism. A case report and an in-vivo study of the effect of sertraline on dopamine metabolism. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 1998;105(2-3):247–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s007020050053.Pina Latorre M.A., Modrego P.J., Rodilla F., Catalán C., Calvo M. Parkinsonism and Parkinson’s disease associated with long-term administration of sertraline. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2001;26(2):111–112. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2710.2001.00307.x.Pina Latorre M.A., Modrego P.J., Rodilla F., Catalán C., Calvo M. Parkinsonism and Parkinson’s disease associated with long-term administration of sertraline. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2001;26(2):111–112. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2710.2001.00307.x.Mendhekar D.N., Benuiwal R.P., Puri V. Parkinsonism and elevated lactic acid with sertraline. Can J Psychiatry. 2005;50(5):301. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370505000516.Mendhekar D.N., Benuiwal R.P., Puri V. Parkinsonism and elevated lactic acid with sertraline. Can J Psychiatry. 2005;50(5):301. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370505000516.Schechter D.S., Nunes E.V. Reversible parkinsonism in a 90-year-old man taking sertraline. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997;58(6):275. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v58n0607f.Schechter D.S., Nunes E.V. Reversible parkinsonism in a 90-year-old man taking sertraline. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997;58(6):275. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v58n0607f.Bayrak A., Cetin B., Meteris H., Kesebir S. Parkinsonism secondary to duloxetine use: a case report. North Clin Istanb. 2015;2(3):243–246. https://doi.org/10.14744/nci.2015.63634.Bayrak A., Cetin B., Meteris H., Kesebir S. Parkinsonism secondary to duloxetine use: a case report. North Clin Istanb. 2015;2(3):243–246. https://doi.org/10.14744/nci.2015.63634.Hong J.Y., Sunwoo M.K., Oh J.S., Kim J.S., Sohn Y.H., Lee P.H. Persistent druginduced parkinsonism in patients with normal dopamine transporter imaging. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(6):e0157410. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157410.Hong J.Y., Sunwoo M.K., Oh J.S., Kim J.S., Sohn Y.H., Lee P.H. Persistent druginduced parkinsonism in patients with normal dopamine transporter imaging. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(6):e0157410. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157410.Sarwar A.I. Trazodone and parkinsonism: the link strengthens. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2018;41(3):106–108. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNF.0000000000000278.Sarwar A.I. Trazodone and parkinsonism: the link strengthens. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2018;41(3):106–108. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNF.0000000000000278.Albanese A., Rossi P., Altavista M.C. Can trazodone induce parkinsonism? Clin Neuropharmacol. 1988;11(2):180–182. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002826-198804000-00010.Albanese A., Rossi P., Altavista M.C. Can trazodone induce parkinsonism? Clin Neuropharmacol. 1988;11(2):180–182. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002826-198804000-00010.Sotto Mayor J., Pacheco A.P., Esperança S., Oliveira e Silva A. Trazodone in the elderly: risk of extrapyramidal acute events. BMJ Case Rep. 2015;2015:bcr2015210726. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2015-210726.Sotto Mayor J., Pacheco A.P., Esperança S., Oliveira e Silva A. Trazodone in the elderly: risk of extrapyramidal acute events. BMJ Case Rep. 2015;2015:bcr2015210726. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2015-210726.Brugger F., Bhatia K.P., Besag F.M. Valproate-associated parkinsonism: a critical review of the literature. CNS Drugs. 2016;30(6):527–540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-016-0341-8.Brugger F., Bhatia K.P., Besag F.M. Valproate-associated parkinsonism: a critical review of the literature. CNS Drugs. 2016;30(6):527–540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-016-0341-8.Yomtoob J., Koloms K., Bega D. DAT-SPECT imaging in cases of druginduced parkinsonism in a specialty movement disorders practice. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2018;53:37–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.04.037.Yomtoob J., Koloms K., Bega D. DAT-SPECT imaging in cases of druginduced parkinsonism in a specialty movement disorders practice. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2018;53:37–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.04.037.Ristić A.J., Vojvodić N., Janković S., Sindelić A., Sokić D. The frequency of reversible parkinsonism and cognitive decline associated with valproate treatment: a study of 364 patients with different types of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2006;47(12):2183–2185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00711.x.Ristić A.J., Vojvodić N., Janković S., Sindelić A., Sokić D. The frequency of reversible parkinsonism and cognitive decline associated with valproate treatment: a study of 364 patients with different types of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2006;47(12):2183–2185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00711.x.Muralidharan A., Rahman J., Banerjee D., Hakim Mohammed A.R., Malik B.H. Parkinsonism: a rare adverse effect of valproic acid. Cureus. 2020;12(6):e8782. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32724733.Muralidharan A., Rahman J., Banerjee D., Hakim Mohammed A.R., Malik B.H. Parkinsonism: a rare adverse effect of valproic acid. Cureus. 2020;12(6):e8782. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32724733.Pacheco-Paez T., Montastruc F., Rousseau V., Chebane L., LapeyreMestre M., Renoux C., Montastruc J.L. Parkinsonism associated with gabapentinoid drugs: A pharmacoepidemiologic study. Mov Disord. 2020;35(1):176–180. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.27876.Pacheco-Paez T., Montastruc F., Rousseau V., Chebane L., LapeyreMestre M., Renoux C., Montastruc J.L. Parkinsonism associated with gabapentinoid drugs: A pharmacoepidemiologic study. Mov Disord. 2020;35(1):176–180. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.27876.Rissardo J.P., Caprara A.L. F. Carbamazepine-, oxcarbazepine-, eslicarbazepine-associated movement disorder: a literature review. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2020;43(3):66–80. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNF.0000000000000387.Rissardo J.P., Caprara A.L. F. Carbamazepine-, oxcarbazepine-, eslicarbazepine-associated movement disorder: a literature review. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2020;43(3):66–80. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNF.0000000000000387.Tsai S.C., Sheu S.Y., Chien L.N., Lee H.C., Yuan E.J., Yuan R.Y. High exposure compared with standard exposure to metoclopramide associated with a higher risk of parkinsonism: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;84(9):2000–2009. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13630.Tsai S.C., Sheu S.Y., Chien L.N., Lee H.C., Yuan E.J., Yuan R.Y. High exposure compared with standard exposure to metoclopramide associated with a higher risk of parkinsonism: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;84(9):2000–2009. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13630.Lai C.H., Yeh Y.C., Chen Y.Y. Metoclopramide as a prokinetic agent for diabetic gastroparesis: revisiting the risk of Parkinsonism. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2019;10:2042098619854007. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042098619854007.Lai C.H., Yeh Y.C., Chen Y.Y. Metoclopramide as a prokinetic agent for diabetic gastroparesis: revisiting the risk of Parkinsonism. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2019;10:2042098619854007. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042098619854007.Kane J., Rifkin A., Quitkin F., Klein D.F. Extrapyramidal side effects with lithium treatment. Am J Psychiatry. 1978;135(7):851–853. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.135.7.851.Kane J., Rifkin A., Quitkin F., Klein D.F. Extrapyramidal side effects with lithium treatment. Am J Psychiatry. 1978;135(7):851–853. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.135.7.851.Reches A., Tietler J., Lavy S. Parkinsonism due to lithium carbonate poisoning. Arch Neurol. 1981;38(7):471. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1981.00510070105031.Reches A., Tietler J., Lavy S. Parkinsonism due to lithium carbonate poisoning. Arch Neurol. 1981;38(7):471. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1981.00510070105031.Gmitterová K., Minár M., Žigrai M., Košutzká Z., Kušnírová A., Valkovič P. Tacrolimus-induced parkinsonism in a patient after liver transplantation – case report. BMC Neurol. 2018;18(1):44. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-018-1052-1.Gmitterová K., Minár M., Žigrai M., Košutzká Z., Kušnírová A., Valkovič P. Tacrolimus-induced parkinsonism in a patient after liver transplantation – case report. BMC Neurol. 2018;18(1):44. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-018-1052-1.Diaz-Segarra N., Edmond A., Yonclas P. Functional improvement of tacrolimus-induced parkinsonism with amantadine after liver transplantation: a case report. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2021;44(4):141–144. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNF.0000000000000444.Diaz-Segarra N., Edmond A., Yonclas P. Functional improvement of tacrolimus-induced parkinsonism with amantadine after liver transplantation: a case report. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2021;44(4):141–144. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNF.0000000000000444.Marras C., Herrmann N., Fischer H.D., Fung K., Gruneir A., Rochon P.A. et al. Lithium use in older adults is associated with increased prescribing of parkinson medications. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;24(4):301–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2015.11.004.Marras C., Herrmann N., Fischer H.D., Fung K., Gruneir A., Rochon P.A. et al. Lithium use in older adults is associated with increased prescribing of parkinson medications. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;24(4):301–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2015.11.004.Miyagi S., Sekiguchi S., Kawagishi N., Akamatsu Y., Sato A., Fujimori K., Satomi S. Parkinsonism during cyclosporine treatment in liver transplantation: an unusual case report. Transplant Proc. 2008;40(8):2823–2824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.07.053.Miyagi S., Sekiguchi S., Kawagishi N., Akamatsu Y., Sato A., Fujimori K., Satomi S. Parkinsonism during cyclosporine treatment in liver transplantation: an unusual case report. Transplant Proc. 2008;40(8):2823–2824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.07.053.Kim H.C., Han S.Y., Park S.B., Suh S.J. Parkinsonism during cyclosporine treatment in renal transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17(2):319–321. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/17.2.319.Kim H.C., Han S.Y., Park S.B., Suh S.J. Parkinsonism during cyclosporine treatment in renal transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17(2):319–321. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/17.2.319.Ling H., Bhidayasiri R. Reversible Parkinsonism after chronic cyclosporin treatment in renal transplantation. Mov Disord. 2009;24(12):1848–1849. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.22530.Ling H., Bhidayasiri R. Reversible Parkinsonism after chronic cyclosporin treatment in renal transplantation. Mov Disord. 2009;24(12):1848–1849. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.22530.Montastruc J.L., Durrieu G. Amiodarone and Parkinsonism: a pharmacovigilance study. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2021;35(4):781–784. https://doi.org/10.1111/fcp.12618.Montastruc J.L., Durrieu G. Amiodarone and Parkinsonism: a pharmacovigilance study. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2021;35(4):781–784. https://doi.org/10.1111/fcp.12618.Werner E.G., Olanow C.W. Parkinsonism and Amiodarone Therapy. Ann Neurol. 1989;25(6):630–632. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410250618.Werner E.G., Olanow C.W. Parkinsonism and Amiodarone Therapy. Ann Neurol. 1989;25(6):630–632. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410250618.Dotti M.T., Federico A. Amiodarone-induced parkinsonism: a case report and pathogenetic discussion. Mov Disorders. 1995;10(2):233–234. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.870100223.Dotti M.T., Federico A. Amiodarone-induced parkinsonism: a case report and pathogenetic discussion. Mov Disorders. 1995;10(2):233–234. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.870100223.Malaterre H.R., Renou C., Kallee K., Gauthier A. Akinesia and amiodarone therapy. Int J Cardiol. 1997;59(1):107–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5273(96)02891-4.Malaterre H.R., Renou C., Kallee K., Gauthier A. Akinesia and amiodarone therapy. Int J Cardiol. 1997;59(1):107–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5273(96)02891-4.Ishida S., Sugino M., Hosokawa T., Sato T., Furutama D., Fukuda A. et al. Amiodarone-induced liver cirrhosis and parkinsonism: a case report. Clin Neuropathol. 2010;29(2):84–88. https://doi.org/10.5414/npp29084.Ishida S., Sugino M., Hosokawa T., Sato T., Furutama D., Fukuda A. et al. Amiodarone-induced liver cirrhosis and parkinsonism: a case report. Clin Neuropathol. 2010;29(2):84–88. https://doi.org/10.5414/npp29084.Sandyk R. Parkinsonism induced by captopril. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1985;8(2):197. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002826-198506000-00013.Sandyk R. Parkinsonism induced by captopril. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1985;8(2):197. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002826-198506000-00013.Fisher J.F., Dewald J. Parkinsonism associated with intraventricular amphotericin B. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1983;12(1):97–99. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/12.1.97.Fisher J.F., Dewald J. Parkinsonism associated with intraventricular amphotericin B. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1983;12(1):97–99. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/12.1.97.Naranjo C.A., Busto U., Sellers E.M., Sandor P., Ruiz I., Roberts E.A. et al. A method for estimating the probability of adverse drug reactions. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1981;30(2):239–245. https://doi.org/10.1038/clpt.1981.154.Naranjo C.A., Busto U., Sellers E.M., Sandor P., Ruiz I., Roberts E.A. et al. A method for estimating the probability of adverse drug reactions. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1981;30(2):239–245. https://doi.org/10.1038/clpt.1981.154.Сычев Д.А., Остроумова О.Д., Переверзев А.П., Кочетков А.И., Остроумова Т.М., Клепикова М.В. и др. Лекарственно-индуцированные заболевания: подходы к диагностике, коррекции и профилактике. Фарматека. 2020;(6):113–126. https://doi.org/10.18565/pharmateca.2020.6.113-126.Sychev D.A., Ostroumova O.D., Pereverzev A.P., Kochetkov A.I., Ostroumova T.M., Klepikova M.V. et al. Drug-induced diseases: approaches to diagnosis, correction and prevention. Farmateka. 2020;(6):113–126. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18565/pharmateca.2020.6.113-126.The American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. 3d ed. Washington: American Psychiatric Association; 2021. 312 p. https://doi.org/appi.books.9780890424841.The American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. 3d ed. Washington: American Psychiatric Association; 2021. 312 p. https://doi.org/appi.books.9780890424841.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.