<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medsovet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский Совет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-701X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5790</issn><publisher><publisher-name>REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21518/2079-701X-2021-18-166-171</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medsovet-6567</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ШКОЛА ОТОРИНОЛАРИНГОЛОГА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>THE SCHOOL’S OF OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGIST</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Дифференциальная диагностика и эффективная терапия боли в горле</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Differential diagnosis and effective therapy for sore throat</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7988-4229</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гусева</surname><given-names>А. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Guseva</surname><given-names>A. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гусева Александра Леонидовна - кандидат медицинских наук доцент, кафедра оториноларингологии имени академика Б.С. Преображенского.</p><p>117997, Москва, ул. Островитянова, д. 1.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexandra L. Guseva - Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Academician B.S. Preobrazhensky Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University.</p><p>1, Ostrovityanov St., Moscow, 117997.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alexandra.guseva@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8184-7312</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дербенева</surname><given-names>М. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Derbeneva</surname><given-names>M. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дербенева Мария Львовна – кандидат медицинских наук, врач-оториноларинголог.</p><p>117049, Москва, Ленинский пр., д. 10.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maria L. Derbeneva - Cand. Sci. (Med.), Otorhynolaryngologist, Pirogov City Clinical Hospital No.1.</p><p>10, Leninsky Ave, Moscow, 117049.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mlderbeneva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Городская клиническая больница №1 имени Н.И. Пирогова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pirogov City Clinical Hospital No.1</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>18</issue><fpage>166</fpage><lpage>171</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гусева А.Л., Дербенева М.Л., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гусева А.Л., Дербенева М.Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Guseva A.L., Derbeneva M.L.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/6567">https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/6567</self-uri><abstract><p>Распространенная жалоба на боль в горле может быть вызвана обычным вирусным фарингитом или же может иметь в основе угрожающее жизни заболевание, например, эпиглоттит или воспаление клетчаточных пространств глотки и шеи. К пациенту с болью в горле врач должен отнестись внимательно, незамедлительно провести дифференциальную диагностику и назначить адекватное лечение, включающее при необходимости и хирургическое вмешательство.</p><p>В статье рассматриваются наиболее частые причины боли в горле, включающие различные типы фарингитов, паратонзиллярный абсцесс, парафарингиальный абсцесс, ретрофарингиальный абсцесс, эпиглоттит.</p><p>Вирусные фарингиты имеют благоприятный прогноз, разрешаются самостоятельно без осложнений, бактериальные и грибковые фарингиты протекают тяжелее. Стрептококковый фарингит, вызываемый в-гемолитическим стрептококком группы А, занимает доминирующее положение в бактериальной этиологии и требует назначения антибактериальной терапии. В рутинной клинической практике для дифференциальной диагностики стрептококкового фарингита используются модифицированные критерии Центора. Антибиотикотерапия стрептококкового фарингита включает 10-дневный курс незащищенных пенициллинов. В случае наличия у пациента аллергической реакции на пенициллины рекомендовано использовать клиндамицин или кларитромицин. При гнойных процессах клетчаточных пространств шеи рекомендовано хирургическое лечение в сочетании с внутримышечной или внутривенной антибактериальной терапии. Возможные тяжелые осложнения этих заболеваний включают неврологические поражения, распространение гнойного процесса в средостение с развитием медиастинита, стеноз гортани, сепсис, некротический фасциит, тромбоз яремной вены и эрозию сонной артерии При эпиглоттите рекомендованы цефалоспорины 3-го поколения и защищенные пенициллины, а респираторные фторхинолоны используют при наличии в анамнезе аллергических реакций на пенициллины. В тяжелых случаях при явлениях стеноза, помимо назначения антибиотиков, может проводится интубация.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Sore throat is a common complaint, which can be caused by a typical viral pharyngitis, or it can be rooted in a life-threatening disease such as epiglottitis or inflammation of the cellular spaces in the throat and neck. The doctor should take a closer look at a patient with a sore throat, immediately make a differential diagnosis and prescribe adequate treatment, including surgical intervention, if necessary.</p><p>The article discusses the most common causes of a sore throat, including various types of pharyngitis, paratonsillar abscess, parapharyngeal abscess, retropharyngeal abscess, epiglottitis.</p><p>Viral pharyngitis has a favourable prognosis, resolves without intervention and complications, but bacterial and fungal pharyngitis have a more severe course. Streptococcal pharyngitis caused by group A в-hemolytic streptococcus holds a dominant position in bacterial etiology and requires the use of antibiotic therapy. The differential diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis is based on the modified Centor scores in the routine clinical practice. Antibiotic therapy for streptococcal pharyngitis includes a 10-day course of unprotected penicillins. If a patient has an allergic reaction to penicillins, it is recommended to use clindamycin or clarithromycin. The surgical intervention combined with intramuscular or intravenous antibiotic therapy is recommended for the treatment of purulent processes in the cellular spaces of the neck. These diseases can have life-threatening complications, which include neurological damage, the spread of purulent process in the mediastinum with the development of mediastinitis, laryn-geal stenosis, sepsis, necrotizing fasciitis, jugular vein thrombosis and erosion of the carotid artery. The third generation cephalosporins and protected penicillins are recommended for the treatment of epiglottitis, and respiratory fluoroquinolones are used, if a patient has a history of allergic reactions to penicillins. In severe cases with symptoms of stenosis, intubation can be performed in addition to the use of antibiotics.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>боль в горле</kwd><kwd>фарингит</kwd><kwd>антибактериальная терапия</kwd><kwd>парафарингеальный абсцесс</kwd><kwd>ретрофарингеальный абсцесс</kwd><kwd>эпиглотит</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>sore throat</kwd><kwd>pharyngitis</kwd><kwd>antibiotic therapy</kwd><kwd>parapharyngeal abscess</kwd><kwd>retropharyngeal abscess</kwd><kwd>epiglotitis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sadeghirad B., Siemieniuk R.A.C., Brignardello-Petersen R., Papola D., Lytvyn L., Vandvik P.O. et al. Corticosteroids for treatment of sore throat: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ. 2017;358:j3887. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j3887.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sadeghirad B., Siemieniuk R.A.C., Brignardello-Petersen R., Papola D., Lytvyn L., Vandvik P.O. et al. Corticosteroids for treatment of sore throat: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ. 2017;358:j3887. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j3887.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kruger K., Topfner N., Berner R., Windfuhr J., Oltrogge J.H., Guideline group. Clinical Practice Guideline: Sore Throat. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2021;118 (Forthcoming):188-194. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0121.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kruger K., Topfner N., Berner R., Windfuhr J., Oltrogge J.H., Guideline group. Clinical Practice Guideline: Sore Throat. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2021;118 (Forthcoming):188-94. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0121.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yoon Y.K., Park C.S., Kim J.W., Hwang K., Lee S.Y., Kim T.H. et al. Guidelines for the Antibiotic Use in Adults with Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections. Infect Chemother. 2017;49(4):326-352. https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2017.49.4.326.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yoon Y.K., Park C.S., Kim J.W., Hwang K., Lee S.Y., Kim T.H. et al. Guidelines for the Antibiotic Use in Adults with Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections. Infect Chemother. 2017;49(4):326-352. https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2017.49.4.326.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kronman M.P., Zhou C., Mangione-Smith R. Bacterial prevalence and antimicrobial prescribing trends for acute respiratory tract infections. Pediatrics. 2014;134(4):e956-e65. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-0605.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kronman M.P., Zhou C., Mangione-Smith R. Bacterial prevalence and antimicrobial prescribing trends for acute respiratory tract infections. Pediatrics. 2014;134(4):e956-e65. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-0605.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cars T., Eriksson I., Granath A., Wettermark B., Hellman J., Norman C., Ternhag A. Antibiotic use and bacterial complications following upper respiratory tract infections: a population-based study. BMJ Open. 2017;7(11):e016221. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016221.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cars T., Eriksson I., Granath A., Wettermark B., Hellman J., Norman C., Ternhag A. Antibiotic use and bacterial complications following upper respiratory tract infections: a population-based study. BMJ Open. 2017;7(11):e016221. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016221.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аксенова А.В., Абельдяев Д.В., Глушкова Е.В. Эпидемиологические аспекты стрептококковых и постстрептококковых заболеваний в Российской Федерации на современном этапе. Клиницист. 2020;14(1-2):14-23. https://doi.org/10.17650/1818-8338-2020-14-1-2-14-23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aksenova A.V., Abeldyaev D.V., Glushkova E.V. Current epidemiological aspects of streptococcal and post-streptococcal diseases in the Russian Federation. Klinitsist = Clinician. 2020;14(1-2):14-23. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17650/1818-8338-2020-14-1-2-14-23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Холодова И.Н., Холодов Д.И. Как снизить резистентность к антибактериальной терапии? Медицинский совет. 2017;(19):84-89. https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2017-19-84-89.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kholodova I.N., Kholodov D.I. How to reduce resistance to antibacterial therapy? Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council. 2017;(19):84-89. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2017-19-84-89.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harberger S., Graber M. Bacterial Pharyngitis. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32644433/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harberger S., Graber M. Bacterial Pharyngitis. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32644433/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shulman S.T., Bisno A.L., Clegg H.W., Gerber M.A., Kaplan E.L., Lee G. et al. Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis: 2012 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(10):e86-e102. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis629.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shulman S.T., Bisno A.L., Clegg H.W., Gerber M.A., Kaplan E.L., Lee G. et al. Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis: 2012 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(10):e86-e102. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis629.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vila T., Sultan A.S., Montelongo-Jauregui D., Jabra-Rizk M.A. Oral Candidiasis: A Disease of Opportunity. J Fungi (Basel). 2020;6(1):15. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6010015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vila T., Sultan A.S., Montelongo-Jauregui D., Jabra-Rizk M.A. Oral Candidiasis: A Disease of Opportunity. J Fungi (Basel). 2020;6(1):15. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6010015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cunha B.A. A positive rapid strep test in a young adult with acute pharyngitis: Be careful what you wish for! IDCases. 2017;10:58-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr.2017.08.012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cunha B.A. A positive rapid strep test in a young adult with acute pharyngitis: Be careful what you wish for! IDCases. 2017;10:58-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr.2017.08.012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Демина О.И., Чеботарева Т.А., Мазанкова Л.Н., Тетова В.Б., Учаева О.Н. Инфекционный мононуклеоз у детей: клинико-лабораторная характеристика в зависимости от этиологии и фазы инфекционного процесса. Инфекционные болезни. 2020;18(3):62-72. https://doi.org/10.20953/1729-9225-2020-3-62-72.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Demina O.I., Chebotareva T.A., Mazankova L.N., Tetova V.B., Uchaeva O.N. Infectious mononucleosis in children: clinical and laboratory characteristics depending on the disease etiology and phase of infection. Infektsionnye bolezni = Infectious Diseases. 2020;18(3):62-72. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.20953/1729-9225-2020-3-62-72.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thai T.N., Dale A.P., Ebell M.H. Signs and symptoms of Group A versus NonGroup A strep throat: A meta-analysis. Fam Pract. 2018;35(3):231-238. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmx072.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thai T.N., Dale A.P., Ebell M.H. Signs and symptoms of Group A versus Non-Group A strep throat: A meta-analysis. Fam Pract. 2018;35(3):231-238. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmx072.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shaikh N., Swaminathan N., Hooper E.G. Accuracy and precision of the signs and symptoms of streptococcal pharyngitis in children: a systematic review. J Pediatr. 2012;160(3):487-493.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.09.011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shaikh N., Swaminathan N., Hooper E.G. Accuracy and precision of the signs and symptoms of streptococcal pharyngitis in children: a systematic review. J Pediatr. 2012;160(3):487-493.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.09.011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McIsaac W.J., Kellner J.D., Aufricht P., Vanjaka A., Low D.E. Empirical validation of guidelines for the management of pharyngitis in children and adults. JAMA. 2004;291(13):1587-1595. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.13.1587.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McIsaac W.J., Kellner J.D., Aufricht P., Vanjaka A., Low D.E. Empirical validation of guidelines for the management of pharyngitis in children and adults. JAMA. 2004;291(13):1587-1595. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.13.1587.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moesker F.M., van Kampen J.J.A., Aron G., Schutten M., van de Vijver D.A.M.C., Koopmans M.P.G. et al. Diagnostic performance of influenza viruses and RSV rapid antigen detection tests in children in tertiary care. J Clin Virol. 2016;79:12-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2016.03.022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moesker F.M., van Kampen J.J.A., Aron G., Schutten M., van de Vijver D.A.M.C., Koopmans M.P.G. et al. Diagnostic performance of influenza viruses and RSV rapid antigen detection tests in children in tertiary care. J Clin Virol. 2016;79:12-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2016.03.022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cheung L., Pattni V., Peacock P., Sood S., Gupta D. Throat swabs have no influence on the management of patients with sore throats. J Laryngol Otol. 2017;131(11):977-981. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002221511700189X.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cheung L., Pattni V., Peacock P., Sood S., Gupta D. Throat swabs have no influence on the management of patients with sore throats. J Laryngol Otol. 2017;131(11):977-981. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002221511700189X.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marshall-Andon T., Heinz P. How to use ... the Monospot and other hetero-phile antibody tests. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2017;102(4):188-193. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2016-311526.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marshall-Andon T., Heinz P. How to use ... the Monospot and other hetero-phile antibody tests. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2017;102(4):188-193. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2016-311526.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Поляков Д.П., Карнеева О.В., Рязанцев С.В., Гаращенко Т.И., Гуров А.В., Казанова А.В., Максимова Е.А. Острый тонзиллофарингит. М.; 2016. 24 с. Режим доступа: http://www.nmaoru.org/files/KR306%20Tonzillofaringit.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poliakov D.P., Karneeva O.V., Riazantcev S.V., Garashchenko T.I., Gurov A.V., Kazanova A.V., Maksimova E.A. Acute tonsillopharyngitis. Moscow; 2016. 24 p. (In Russ.) Available at: http://www.nmaoru.org/files/KR306%20Tonzillofaringit.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mustafa Z., Ghaffari M. Diagnostic Methods, Clinical Guidelines, and Antibiotic Treatment for Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis: A Narrative Review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:563627. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.563627.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mustafa Z., Ghaffari M. Diagnostic Methods, Clinical Guidelines, and Antibiotic Treatment for Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis: A Narrative Review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:563627. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.563627.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">de Cassan S., Thompson M.J., Perera R., Glasziou P.P., Del Mar C.B., Heneghan C.J., Hayward G. Corticosteroids as standalone or add-on treatment for sore throat. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;5(5):CD008268. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008268.pub3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">de Cassan S., Thompson M.J., Perera R., Glasziou P.P., Del Mar C.B., Heneghan C.J., Hayward G. Corticosteroids as standalone or add-on treatment for sore throat. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;5(5):CD008268. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008268.pub3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кунельская Н.Л., Изотова Г.Н., Кунельская В.Я., Шадрин Г.Б., Красникова Д.И., Андреенкова О.А. Фарингомикоз. Диагностика, профилактика и лечение. Медицинский совет. 2013;(2):42-45. Режим досутпа: https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/874?locale=ru_RU.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kunelskaya N.L., Izotova G.N., Kunelskaya V.Y., Shadrin G.B., Krasnikova D.I., Andreyenkova O.A. Pharyngomycosis. Diagnostics, prevention and treatment. Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council. 2013;(2):42-45. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/874?locale=ru_RU.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гуров А.В., Мужичкова А.В., Келеметов А.А. Актуальные вопросы лечения хронического тонзиллита. Медицинский совет. 2021;(6):67-73. https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2021-6-67-73.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gurov A.V., Muzhichkova A.V., Kelemetov A.A. Topical issues in the treatment of chronic tonsillitis. Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council. 2021;(6):67-73. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2021-6-67-73.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Menegas S., Moayedi S., Torres M. Abscess Management: An EvidenceBased Review for Emergency Medicine Clinicians. J Emerg Med. 2021;60(3):310-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.10.043.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Menegas S., Moayedi S., Torres M. Abscess Management: An EvidenceBased Review for Emergency Medicine Clinicians. J Emerg Med. 2021;60(3):310-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.10.043.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akhavan M. Ear, Nose, Throat: Beyond Pharyngitis: Retropharyngeal Abscess, Peritonsillar Abscess, Epiglottitis, Bacterial Tracheitis, and Postoperative Tonsillectomy. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2021;39(3):661-675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emc.2021.04.012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akhavan M. Ear, Nose, Throat: Beyond Pharyngitis: Retropharyngeal Abscess, Peritonsillar Abscess, Epiglottitis, Bacterial Tracheitis, and Postoperative Tonsillectomy. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2021;39(3):661-675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emc.2021.04.012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пальчун В. Т. Очаговая инфекция в оториноларингологии. Вестник оториноларингологии. 2016;81(1):4-7. https://doi.org/10.17116/otorino20168114-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Palchun V.T. Focal infections in otorhinolaryngology. Vestnik otorinolaringologii = Bulletin of Otorhinolaryngology. 2016;81(1):4-7. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17116/otorino20168114-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scott P.M., Loftus W.K., Kew J., Ahuja A., Yue V., van Hasselt C.A. Diagnosis of peritonsillar infections: a prospective study of ultrasound, computerized tomography and clinical diagnosis. J Laryngol Otol. 1999;113(3):229-232. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100143634.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scott P.M., Loftus W.K., Kew J., Ahuja A., Yue V., van Hasselt C.A. Diagnosis of peritonsillar infections: a prospective study of ultrasound, computerized tomography and clinical diagnosis. J Laryngol Otol. 1999;113(3):229-232. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100143634.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пальчун В.Т., Крюков А.И., Гуров А.В., Ермолаев А.Г. Небные миндалины: физиология и патология. Вестник оториноларингологии. 2019;84(6):11-16. https://doi.org/10.17116/otorino20198406111.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Palchun V.T., Krukov A.I., Gurov A.V., Ermolaev A.G. Palatine tonsils: physiology and pathology. Vestnik otorinolaringologii = Bulletin of Otorhinolaryngology. 2019;84(6):11-16. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17116/otorino20198406111.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Repanos C., Mukherjee P., Alwahab Y. Role of microbiological studies in management of peritonsillar abscess. J Laryngol Otol. 2009;123(8):877-879. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022215108004106.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Repanos C., Mukherjee P., Alwahab Y. Role of microbiological studies in management of peritonsillar abscess. J Laryngol Otol. 2009;123(8):877-879. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022215108004106.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klug T.E., Fischer A.S., Antonsen C., Rusan M., Eskildsen H., Ovesen T. Parapharyngeal abscess is frequently associated with concomitant peritonsillar abscess. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;271(6):1701-1707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-013-2667-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klug T.E., Fischer A.S., Antonsen C., Rusan M., Eskildsen H., Ovesen T. Parapharyngeal abscess is frequently associated with concomitant peritonsillar abscess. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;271(6):1701-1707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-013-2667-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bochner R.E., Gangar M., Belamarich P.F. A Clinical Approach to Tonsillitis, Tonsillar Hypertrophy, and Peritonsillar and Retropharyngeal Abscesses. Pediatr Rev. 2017;38(2):81-92. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.2016-0072.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bochner R.E., Gangar M., Belamarich P.F. A Clinical Approach to Tonsillitis, Tonsillar Hypertrophy, and Peritonsillar and Retropharyngeal Abscesses. Pediatr Rev. 2017;38(2):81-92. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.2016-0072.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keita A., Diallo I., Fofana M., Diallo M.A., Diallo M.M.R., Balde O. et al. Abces retropharynge et la revue de la litterature: a propos de 5 observations. Pan Afr Med J. 2020;36:360. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2020.36.360.24282.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keita A., Diallo I., Fofana M., Diallo M.A., Diallo M.M.R., Balde O. et al. Retropharyngeal abscess: case study of 5 cases and literature review. (In French) https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2020.36.360.24282.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Свистушкин В.М., Мустафаев Д.М. Парафарингит, тонзиллогенный сепсис: особенности патогенеза, клиническая картина и современные представления о лечении. Вестник оториноларингологии. 2013;78(3):29-34. Режим доступа: https://www.mediasphera.ru/issues/vestnik-otorinolaringologii/2013/3/downloads/ru/030042-4668201337.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Svistushkin V.M., Mustafaev D.M. Parapharingitis, tonsillogenic sepsis: peculiarities of pathogenesis, clinical picture, and modern approaches to the treatment. Vestnik otorinolaringologii = Bulletin of Otorhinolaryngology. 2013;78(3):29-34. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.mediasphera.ru/issues/vestnik-otorinolaringologii/2013/3/downloads/ru/030042-4668201337.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tomita H., Yamashiro T., Ikeda H., Fujikawa A., Kurihara Y., Nakajima Y. Fluid collection in the retropharyngeal space: A wide spectrum of various emergency diseases. Eur J Radiol. 2016;85(7):1247-1256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2016.04.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tomita H., Yamashiro T., Ikeda H., Fujikawa A., Kurihara Y., Nakajima Y. Fluid collection in the retropharyngeal space: A wide spectrum of various emergency diseases. Eur J Radiol. 2016;85(7):1247-1256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2016.04.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guardiani E., Bliss M., Harley E. Supraglottitis in the era following widespread immunization against Haemophilus influenzae type B: evolving principles in diagnosis and management. Laryngoscope. 2010;120(11):2183-2188. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.21083.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guardiani E., Bliss M., Harley E. Supraglottitis in the era following widespread immunization against Haemophilus influenzae type B: evolving principles in diagnosis and management. Laryngoscope. 2010;120(11):2183-2188. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.21083.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ames W.A., Ward V.M., Tranter R.M., Street M. Adult epiglottitis: an underrecognized, life-threatening condition. Br J Anaesth. 2000;85(5):795-797. https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/85.5.795.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ames W.A., Ward V.M., Tranter R.M., Street M. Adult epiglottitis: an underrecognized, life-threatening condition. Br J Anaesth. 2000;85(5):795-797. https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/85.5.795.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
