medsovetМедицинский СоветMeditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council2079-701X2658-5790REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.10.21518/2079-701X-2022-16-1-27-35medsovet-6680Research ArticleЗДОРОВЫЙ РЕБЕНОКHEALTHY CHILDМикробиота грудного молока (представление, источники, роль бактерий для ребенка и матери)Breast milk microbiota (concept, sources, role of bacteria for a child and mother)https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4200-4598ЗахароваИ. Н.ZakharovaI. N.

 д.м.н., профессор, заведующая кафедрой педиатрии имени академика Г.Н. Сперанского 

125993, Россия, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1, стр. 1 

 Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Pediatrics named after Academician G.N. Speransky

2/1, Bldg. 1, Barrikadnaya St., Moscow, 125993, Russia 

kafedra25@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8998-264XКучинаА. Е.КuchinaA. E.

аспирант кафедры педиатрии имени академика Г.Н.  Сперанского 

125993, Россия, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1, стр. 1 

 Рostgraduate Student of the Department of Pediatrics named after Academician G.N. Speransky

2/1, Bldg. 1, Barrikadnaya St., Moscow, 125993, Russia 

kuchina_doc@mail.ruРоссийская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образованияРоссияRussian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional EducationRussian Federation202225022022012735Copyright © Захарова И.Н., Кучина А.Е., 20222022Захарова И.Н., Кучина А.Е.Zakharova I.N., Кuchina A.E.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/6680

Научные открытия последних лет демонстрируют определяющую роль микробиома человека для его здоровья. Формирование здоровой, функциональной микробиоты кишечника новорожденного требует физиологических условий, одним из которых является грудное вскармливание. О роли грудного молока как «прямого поставщика» живых микробов для формирования кишечной микробиоты новорожденного стало известно только в начале нового тысячелетия, ранее оно считалось стерильным. На сегодняшний день микробиоту грудного молока можно определить, как совокупность комменсальных взаимодействующих между собой микробов, представляющих сложную организованную экосистему, среди которых доминирующими являются роды Streptococcus и Staphylococcus. К часто встречающимся родам бактерий также относят Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas, Bifidobacterium, Corynebacterium, Enterococcus, Acinetobacter, Rothia, Cutibacterium, Veillonella и Bacteroides. В статье представлены две теории происхождения бактерий в грудном молоке (эндогенный путь транслокации бактерий и экзогенный), а также дано объяснение, почему обе они справедливы. Роль бактерий в молоке здоровой женщины в глобальном смысле рассматривается в контексте формирования кишечной микробиоты ребенка. Перечислены основные продуценты антибактериальных пептидов (бактериоцинов) в грудном молоке, эффективность иммунологической защиты рассмотрена на примере популяции бифидобактерий и бактероидов, преобладающих в кишечнике детей на грудном вскармливании. Однако для здоровья женщины микробиота грудного молока также немаловажна. Мы попытались объяснить, почему сегодня инфекционный лактационный мастит считают результатом дисбиоза в экосистеме молочной железы, что приводит к развитию воспалительного процесса, и почему Streptococcus thermophilus (TCI633) перспективен в борьбе со старением.

Scientific discoveries of recent years demonstrate a crucial role of the human microbiome in human health. The establishment of a healthy, functional gut microbiota of the newborn requires physiological conditions, one of which is breastfeeding. The role of breast milk as a “direct supplier” of live microbes for the establishment of the newborn gut microbiota became known only at the beginning of the new millennium, previously it was believed that the breast milk was sterile. Today, the breast milk microbiota can be defined as multi-species assemblage, in which microbes interact with each, representing a complex organized ecosystem, among which the genera Streptococcus and Staphylococcus are dominant. Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas, Bifidobacterium, Corynebacterium, Enterococcus, Acinetobacter, Rothia, Cutibacterium, Veillonella and Bacteroides are also often referred to the common bacterial genera. The article presents two theories of the origin of bacteria in the breast milk (endogenous and exogenous bacterial translocation pathways) and explains why both of them are true. The role of bacteria in the breast milk of healthy women, in the global sense, is viewed in the context of the establishment of the infant gut microbiota. The article lists the main producers of antibacterial peptides (bacteriocins) in the breast milk and considers the effective immunological protection using the example of the population of bifidobacteria and bacteroids prevailing in the breastfed infant gut. However, the breast milk microbiota is also important for women’s health. We tried to explain why infectious lactational mastitis is now considered to be the result of dysbiosis in the mammary ecosystem, which leads to the development of an inflammatory process, and why Streptococcus thermophilus (TCI633) shows promise in the fight against human ageing.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.