<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medsovet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский Совет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-701X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5790</issn><publisher><publisher-name>REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21518/2079-701X-2022-16-2-8-14</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medsovet-6722</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЦЕРЕБРОВАСКУЛЯРНЫЕ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Нейровоспаление головного мозга при инсульте у пациентов с сахарным диабетом 2-го типа</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Neuroinflammation of the brain in stroke in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6484-286X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Янишевский</surname><given-names>С. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yanishevskiy</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> д.м.н., профессор кафедры нервных болезней; заведующий научно-исследовательской лабораторией неврологии и нейрореабилитации</p><p>194044, Россия, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Академика Лебедева, д. 6 </p><p>191014, Россия, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Маяковского, д. 12</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor of the Department of Nervous Diseases; Head of the Research Laboratory of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation</p><p>6, Akademik Lebedev St., St Petersburg, 194044, Russia</p><p>12, Mayakovsky St., St Petersburg, 191014, Russia </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">stasya71@icloud.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3562-1029</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Онищенко</surname><given-names>Л. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Onishchenko</surname><given-names>L. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник научного центра</p><p>194044, Россия, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Академика Лебедева, д. 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Senior Researcher of the Scientific Center</p><p>6, Akademik Lebedev St., St Petersburg, 194044, Russia </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ludonis1947@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9671-462X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гневышев</surname><given-names>Е. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gnevyshev</surname><given-names>E. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> к.м.н., начальник неврологического отделения; доцент кафедры психофизиологии, </p><p>192171, Россия, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Цимбалина, д. 13</p><p>199226, Россия, Санкт-Петербург, Галерный проезд, д. 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Cand. Sci. (Med.), Head of the Neurological Department; Associate Professor of the Department of Psychophysiology</p><p>13, Tsimbalin St., St Petersburg, 192171</p><p>3, Galerniy Proezd, St Petersburg, 199226, Russia </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">evg-gnevyshev@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гайкова</surname><given-names>О. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gaikova</surname><given-names>O. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> д.м.н., профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник</p><p>192019, Россия, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Бехтерева, д. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Leading Researcher</p><p>1, Bekhterev St., St Petersburg, 1192019, Russia </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ludonis1947@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8435-7562</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Яковлев</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yakovlev</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> к.м.н., заведующий неврологическим отделением; доцент кафедры фундаментальных медицинских дисциплин; исполняющий обязанности заведующего кафедрой психофизиологии</p><p>190121, Россия, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Садовая, д. 126</p><p>105005, Россия, Москва, ул. Радио, д. 10а, стр. 1</p><p>199226, Россия, СанктПетербург, Галерный проезд, д. 3 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Cand. Sci. (Med.), Head of the Neurological Department; Acting Head of the Department of Psychophysiology; Associate Professor of the Departmentof Fundamental Medical Disciplines</p><p>126, Sadovaya St., St Petersburg, 190121</p><p>3, Galerniy Proezd, St Petersburg, 199226, Russia</p><p>10а, Bldg. 1, Radio St., Moscow, 105005, Russia </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vmeda-ev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2661-3759</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> к.м.н., доцент, заведующий кафедрой фундаментальных медицинских дисциплин</p><p>105005, Россия, Москва, ул. Радио, д. 10а, стр. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Fundamental Medical Disciplines</p><p>10а, Bldg. 1, Radio St., Moscow, 105005, Russia </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">savmeda@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Военно-медицинская академия имени С.М. Кирова;&#13;
Российский научно-исследовательский нейрохирургический институт имени профессора А.Л. Поленова, Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени В.А. Алмазова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov; &#13;
Russian Research Neurosurgical Institute named after Professor A.L. Polenov, Almazov National Medical Research Center</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Военно-медицинская академия имени С.М. Кирова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>3-й Военный госпиталь войск национальной гвардии Российской Федерации;&#13;
Институт прикладного психоанализа и психологии, Университет при Межпарламентской Ассамблее ЕврАзЭС</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>3rd Military Hospital of the National Guard Troops of the Russian&#13;
Federation;&#13;
Russia Institute of Applied Psychoanalysis and Psychology, University under the Interparliamentary Assembly of the EurAsEC</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-клинический центр токсикологии имени академика&#13;
С.Н. Голикова Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Scientific and Clinical Center of Toxicology named after Academician S.N. Golikov Federal Medical and Biological Agency</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Медицинский центр «Адмиралтейские верфи»;&#13;
Московский государственный областной университет; &#13;
Институт прикладного психоанализа и психологии, Университет при Межпарламентской Ассамблее ЕврАзЭС</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Medical Center “Admiralteyskie Verfi”; &#13;
Institute of Applied Psychoanalysis and Psychology, University under the Interparliamentary Assembly of the EurAsEC;&#13;
Moscow State Regional University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-6"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный областной университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow State Regional University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>03</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>8</fpage><lpage>14</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Янишевский С.Н., Онищенко Л.С., Гневышев Е.Н., Гайкова О.Н., Яковлев Е.В., Смирнов А.А., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Янишевский С.Н., Онищенко Л.С., Гневышев Е.Н., Гайкова О.Н., Яковлев Е.В., Смирнов А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Yanishevskiy S.N., Onishchenko L.S., Gnevyshev E.N., Gaikova O.N., Yakovlev E.V., Smirnov A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/6722">https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/6722</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. В структуре общей смертности населения церебральный инсульт занимает второе место и лидирует среди причин инвалидизации. Несмотря на огромное число пациентов с диабетом и инсультом, механизмы, лежащие в основе такой предрасположенности, остаются малоизученными. Морфологические изменения головного мозга при диабет-индуцированном нейровоспалении практически нигде не описаны.Цель. Установить закономерность патоморфологических изменений головного мозга, ассоциированных с нейровоспалением, у пациентов с сахарным диабетом 2-го типа, перенесших инсульт.Материалы и методы. На секционном материале исследованы изменения головного мозга и артерий у 27 умерших от инсульта (6 мужчин и 21 женщина) в возрасте от 60 до 97 лет, средний возраст 75 ± 7,2 года, имевших сахарный диабет 2-го типа, группу сравнения составили 32 умерших от инсульта (14 мужчин, 18 женщин) с дисциркуляторной энцефалопатией без СД в возрасте от 42 до 100 лет (средний возраст – 68,5 ± 14,2 года). Выполнено светооптическое и электронномикроскопическое исследование головного мозга, иммуногистохимические реакции: непрямая иммунопероксидазная реакция с глиофибриллярным белком, виментином и маркерами иммунофенотипирования макрофагов – CD-68, CD-163, CD-21, CD-23, CD-11c, HAM.Результаты. Установлено, что нейровоспаление характеризуется макрофагально-микроглиальной активацией, проникновением антигенпрезентирующих клеток через поврежденный гематоэнцефалический барьер, поражением нейронального и глиального клеточных пулов. Выявлена выраженная макрофагальная инфильтрация при помощи иммуногистохимических методов исследования с СD-68. Периваскулярно располагаются макрофаги моноцитарного ряда и антигенпрезентирующие клетки, мигрирующие через поврежденный гематоэнцефалический барьер и экспрессирующие рецептор CD-11c. Наблюдается феномен смены фенотипа макрофагов с М2-типа, обладающих саногенетической активностью, на М1-тип, ответственный за воспалительное повреждение.Выводы. Выраженная инфильтрация ткани головного мозга у пациентов с инсультом при сахарном диабете 2-го типа как резидентными макрофагами, так и макрофагами моноцитарного ряда ассоциирована с прогрессирующим нейровоспалением.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction. In the structure of the total mortality of the population, cerebral stroke ranks second and leads among the causes of disability. Despite the huge number of patients with diabetes and stroke, the mechanisms underlying this predisposition remain poorly understood. Morphological changes of the brain in diabetes-induced neuroinflammation are practically not described anywhere.Objective. To establish the patterns of pathomorphological changes of the brain associated with neuroinflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who have suffered a stroke.Materials and methods. On the sectional material, changes in the brain and arteries were studied in 27 stroke deaths (6 men and 21 women), aged 60 to 97 years, average age 75 ± 7.2 years, who had type 2 diabetes mellitus, the comparison group consisted of 32 stroke deaths (14 men, 18 women) with dyscirculatory encephalopathy without type 2 diabetes aged 42 to 100 years (average age 68.5 ± 14.2 years). Light-optical and electron microscopic examination of the brain, immunohistochemical reactions were performed: indirect immunoperoxidase reaction with gliofibrillary protein, vimentin and macrophage immunophenotyping markers – CD-68, CD-163, CD-21, CD-23, CD-11c, HAM.Results. It has been established that neuroinflammation is characterized by macrophage-microglial activation, penetration of antigen-presenting cells through the damaged blood-brain barrier, damage to neuronal and glial cell pools. Pronounced macrophage infiltration was revealed using immunohistochemical methods of investigation with CD-68. Monocytic macrophages and antigen-presenting cells are located perivascularly, migrating through the damaged blood-brain barrier and expressing the CD-11c receptor. There is a phenomenon of changing the phenotype of macrophages from M2-type, with sanogenetic activity, to M1-type, responsible for inflammatory damage.Conclusions. Pronounced infiltration of brain tissue in stroke patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus by both resident macrophages and monocytic macrophages is associated with progressive neuroinflammation.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>нейровоспаление</kwd><kwd>инсульт</kwd><kwd>сахарный диабет 2-го типа</kwd><kwd>гематоэнцефалический барьер</kwd><kwd>микроглия</kwd><kwd>моноцитарные макрофаги</kwd><kwd>резидентные макрофаги</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>neuroinflammation</kwd><kwd>stroke</kwd><kwd>type 2 diabetes mellitus</kwd><kwd>blood-brain barrier</kwd><kwd>microglia</kwd><kwd>monocytic macrophages</kwd><kwd>resident macrophages</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lichanska A.M., Hume D.A. Origins and functions of phagocytes in the embryo. Exp Hematol. 2000;28(6):601–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0301-472x(00)00157-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lichanska A.M., Hume D.A. Origins and functions of phagocytes in the embryo. Exp Hematol. 2000;28(6):601–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0301-472x(00)00157-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sieweke M.H., Allen J.E. Beyond stem cells: self-renewal of differentiated macrophages. Science. 2013;342(6161):1242974. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1242974.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sieweke M.H., Allen J.E. Beyond stem cells: self-renewal of differentiated macrophages. Science. 2013;342(6161):1242974. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1242974.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ginhoux F., Jung S. Monocytes and macrophages: developmental pathways and tissue homeostasis. Nat Rev Immunol. 2014;14(6):392–404. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3671.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ginhoux F., Jung S. Monocytes and macrophages: developmental pathways and tissue homeostasis. Nat Rev Immunol. 2014;14(6):392–404. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3671.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ginhoux F., Guilliams M. Tissue-Resident Macrophage Ontogeny and Homeostasis. Immunity. 2016;44(3):439–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02.024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ginhoux F., Guilliams M. Tissue-Resident Macrophage Ontogeny and Homeostasis. Immunity. 2016;44(3):439–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02.024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ajami B., Bennett J.L., Krieger C., McNagny K.M., Rossi F.M. Infiltrating monocytes trigger EAE progression, but do not contribute to the resident microglia pool. Nat Neurosci. 2011;14(9):1142–1149. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2887.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ajami B., Bennett J.L., Krieger C., McNagny K.M., Rossi F.M. Infiltrating monocytes trigger EAE progression, but do not contribute to the resident microglia pool. Nat Neurosci. 2011;14(9):1142–1149. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2887.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lawson L.J, Perry V.H., Gordon S. Turnover of resident microglia in the normal adult mouse brain. Neuroscience. 1992;48(2):405–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(92)90500-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lawson L.J, Perry V.H., Gordon S. Turnover of resident microglia in the normal adult mouse brain. Neuroscience. 1992;48(2):405–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(92)90500-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Askew K., Li K., Olmos-Alonso A., Garcia-Moreno F., Liang Y., Richardson P. et al. Coupled Proliferation and Apoptosis Maintain the Rapid Turnover of Microglia in the Adult Brain. Cell Rep. 2017;18(2):391–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.041.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Askew K., Li K., Olmos-Alonso A., Garcia-Moreno F., Liang Y., Richardson P. et al. Coupled Proliferation and Apoptosis Maintain the Rapid Turnover of Microglia in the Adult Brain. Cell Rep. 2017;18(2):391–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.041.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tay T.L., Mai D., Dautzenberg J., Fernández-Klett F., Lin G., Sagar et al. A new fate mapping system reveals context-dependent random or clonal expansion of microglia. Nat Neurosci. 2017;20(6):793–803. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4547.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tay T.L., Mai D., Dautzenberg J., Fernández-Klett F., Lin G., Sagar et al. A new fate mapping system reveals context-dependent random or clonal expansion of microglia. Nat Neurosci. 2017;20(6):793–803. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4547.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guilliams M., Scott C.L. Does niche competition determine the origin of tissue-resident macrophages?. Nat Rev Immunol. 2017;17(7):451–460. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri.2017.42.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guilliams M., Scott C.L. Does niche competition determine the origin of tissue-resident macrophages?. Nat Rev Immunol. 2017;17(7):451–460. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri.2017.42.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Böttcher C., Schlickeiser S., Sneeboer M.A.M., Kunkel D., Knop A., Paza E. et al. Human microglia regional heterogeneity and phenotypes determined by multiplexed single-cell mass cytometry. Nat Neurosci. 2019;22(1):78–90. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-018-0290-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Böttcher C., Schlickeiser S., Sneeboer M.A.M., Kunkel D., Knop A., Paza E. et al. Human microglia regional heterogeneity and phenotypes determined by multiplexed single-cell mass cytometry. Nat Neurosci. 2019;22(1):78–90. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-018-0290-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prinz M., Erny D., Hagemeyer N. Ontogeny and homeostasis of CNS myeloid cells. Nat Immunol. 2017;18(4):385–392. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.3703.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prinz M., Erny D., Hagemeyer N. Ontogeny and homeostasis of CNS myeloid cells. Nat Immunol. 2017;18(4):385–392. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.3703.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mrdjen D., Pavlovic A., Hartmann F.J., Schreiner B., Utz S.G., Leung B.P. et al. High-Dimensional Single-Cell Mapping of Central Nervous System Immune Cells Reveals Distinct Myeloid Subsets in Health, Aging, and Disease. Immunity. 2018;48(2):380–395.e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2018.01.011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mrdjen D., Pavlovic A., Hartmann F.J., Schreiner B., Utz S.G., Leung B.P. et al. High-Dimensional Single-Cell Mapping of Central Nervous System Immune Cells Reveals Distinct Myeloid Subsets in Health, Aging, and Disease. Immunity. 2018;48(2):380–395.e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2018.01.011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Hove H., Martens L., Scheyltjens I., De Vlaminck K., Pombo Antunes A.R., De Prijck S. et al. A single-cell atlas of mouse brain macrophages reveals unique transcriptional identities shaped by ontogeny and tissue environment. Nat Neurosci. 2019;22(6):1021–1035. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-019-0393-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Hove H., Martens L., Scheyltjens I., De Vlaminck K., Pombo Antunes A.R., De Prijck S. et al. A single-cell atlas of mouse brain macrophages reveals unique transcriptional identities shaped by ontogeny and tissue environment. Nat Neurosci. 2019;22(6):1021–1035. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-019-0393-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ajami B., Samusik N., Wieghofer P., Ho P.P., Crotti A., Bjornson Z. et al. Single-cell mass cytometry reveals distinct populations of brain myeloid cells in mouse neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration models. Nat Neurosci. 2018;21(4):541–551. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-018-0100-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ajami B., Samusik N., Wieghofer P., Ho P.P., Crotti A., Bjornson Z. et al. Single-cell mass cytometry reveals distinct populations of brain myeloid cells in mouse neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration models. Nat Neurosci. 2018;21(4):541–551. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-018-0100-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Locatelli G., Theodorou D., Kendirli A., Jordão M.J.C., Staszewski O., Phulphagar K. et al. Mononuclear phagocytes locally specify and adapt their phenotype in a multiple sclerosis model. Nat Neurosci. 2018;21(9):1196–1208. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-018-0212-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Locatelli G., Theodorou D., Kendirli A., Jordão M.J.C., Staszewski O., Phulphagar K. et al. Mononuclear phagocytes locally specify and adapt their phenotype in a multiple sclerosis model. Nat Neurosci. 2018;21(9):1196–1208. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-018-0212-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yamasaki R., Lu H., Butovsky O., Ohno N., Rietsch A.M., Cialic R. et al. Differential roles of microglia and monocytes in the inflamed central nervous system. J Exp Med. 2014;211(8):1533-–549. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20132477.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yamasaki R., Lu H., Butovsky O., Ohno N., Rietsch A.M., Cialic R. et al. Differential roles of microglia and monocytes in the inflamed central nervous system. J Exp Med. 2014;211(8):1533-–549. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20132477.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Меркулов Г.А. Курс патологогистологической техники. 5-е изд., испр. и доп. Л.: Медицина. Ленингр. отд-ние; 1969. 423 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Merkulov G.A. Course of pathological histological technique. 5th ed. Leningrad: Medicine. Leningrad Branch; 1969. 423 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клочков Н.Д., Онищенко Л.С., Гайкова О.Н. Возможности использования электронной микроскопии для исследования ткани нервной системы на секционном материале. Труды Санкт-Петербургской ассоциации патологоанатомов. 2003;(36/44):36–37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klochkov N.D., Onishchenko L.S., Gaikova O.N. Possibilities of using electron microscopy to study the tissue of the nervous system in sectional material. Trudy Sankt-Peterburgskoi assotsiatsii patologoanatomov. 2003;(36/44):36–37. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бисага Г.Н., Гайкова О.Н., Онищенко Л.С., Чикуров А.А., Поздняков А.В. Рассеянный склероз: от морфологии к патогенезу. СПб.; 2015. 104 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bisaga G.N., Gaikova O.N., Onishchenko L.S., Chikurov A.A., Pozdniakov A.V. Multiple sclerosis: from morphology to pathogenesis. St Petersburg; 2015. 104 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stonesifer C., Corey S., Ghanekar S., Diamandis Z., Acosta S.A., Borlongan C.V. Stem cell therapy for abrogating stroke-induced neuroinflammation and relevant secondary cell death mechanisms. Prog Neurobiol. 2017;158:94–131. https://doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.07.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stonesifer C., Corey S., Ghanekar S., Diamandis Z., Acosta S.A., Borlongan C.V. Stem cell therapy for abrogating stroke-induced neuroinflammation and relevant secondary cell death mechanisms. Prog Neurobiol. 2017;158:94–131. https://doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.07.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schwartz G.G., Steg P.G., Szarek M., Bhatt D.L., Bittner V.A., Diaz R. et al. Alirocumab and Cardiovascular Outcomes after Acute Coronary Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(22):2097–2107. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1801174.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schwartz G.G., Steg P.G., Szarek M., Bhatt D.L., Bittner V.A., Diaz R. et al. Alirocumab and Cardiovascular Outcomes after Acute Coronary Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(22):2097–2107. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1801174.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jukema J.W., Zijlstra L.E., Bhatt D.L., Bittner V.A., Diaz R., Drexel H. et al. Effect of Alirocumab on Stroke in ODYSSEY OUTCOMES. Circulation. 2019;140(25): 2054–2062. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.043826.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jukema J.W., Zijlstra L.E., Bhatt D.L., Bittner V.A., Diaz R., Drexel H. et al. Effect of Alirocumab on Stroke in ODYSSEY OUTCOMES. Circulation. 2019;140(25): 2054–2062. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.043826.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Giugliano R.P., Pedersen T.R., Saver J.L., Sever P.S., Keech A.C., Bohula E.A. et al. Stroke Prevention With the PCSK9 (Proprotein Convertase SubtilisinKexin Type 9) Inhibitor Evolocumab Added to Statin in High-Risk Patients With Stable Atherosclerosis. Stroke. 2020;51(5):1546–1554. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.027759.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Giugliano R.P., Pedersen T.R., Saver J.L., Sever P.S., Keech A.C., Bohula E.A. et al. Stroke Prevention With the PCSK9 (Proprotein Convertase SubtilisinKexin Type 9) Inhibitor Evolocumab Added to Statin in High-Risk Patients With Stable Atherosclerosis. Stroke. 2020;51(5):1546–1554. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.027759.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
