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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medsovet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский Совет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-701X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5790</issn><publisher><publisher-name>REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21518/2079-701X-2022-16-7-69-75</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medsovet-6862</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Заболевания билиарной системы и печени</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Liver diseases</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Патогенетическое и клиническое значение оси «микробиота – кишечник – печень»</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Pathogenetic and clinical significance of the gut-liver microbiota axis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9224-7382</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дичева</surname><given-names>Д. Т.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dicheva</surname><given-names>D. T.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дичева Диана Тодоровна - кандидат медицинских наук, доцент, доцент кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней и гастроэнтерологии.</p><p>127473, Москва, ул. Делегатская, д. 20, стр. 1.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Diana T. Dicheva - Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry.</p><p>20, Bldg. 1, Delegatskaya St., Moscow, 127473.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">di.di4eva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4007-7112</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Андреев</surname><given-names>Д. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Andreev</surname><given-names>D. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Андреев Дмитрий Николаевич - кандидат медицинских наук, доцент, доцент кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней и гастроэнтерологии.</p><p>127473, Москва, ул. Делегатская, д. 20, стр. 1.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry N. Andreev - Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry.</p><p>20, Bldg. 1, Delegatskaya St., Moscow, 127473.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dna-mit8@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет имени А.И. Евдокимова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>05</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>69</fpage><lpage>75</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Дичева Д.Т., Андреев Д.Н., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Дичева Д.Т., Андреев Д.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dicheva D.T., Andreev D.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/6862">https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/6862</self-uri><abstract><p>Сегодня в развитых странах неалкогольная болезнь печени (НАЖБП) и алкогольная болезнь печени (АБП) составляют более 50% случаев хронических заболеваний печени и циррозов. Клиническое значение этих патологий заключается в формировании фиброза печени и, как следствие, в увеличении риска развития цирроза печени и гепатоцеллюлярной карциномы, являющихся жизнеугрожающими состояниями. В основе НАЖБП лежит ожирение и инсулинорезистентность, тогда как центральное место в этиопатогенезе АБП занимает употребление алкоголя. Также в последнее время все большее внимания в рамках генеза НАЖБП и АБП уделяется роли оси «микробиота – кишечник – печень» (англ., microbiota – gut – liver axis). Изменения качественного и количественного состава кишечной микробиоты и альтерации барьерной функции слизистой оболочки кишечника способны приводить к поступлению внутрипросветных антигенов через систему воротной вены в печень, индуцируя повреждение гепатоцитов  и активацию провоспалительных процессов. Показано, что у пациентов с ХЗП, в частности,   с НАЖБП и АБП, отмечаются повышение проницаемости слизистой оболочки кишечника и дисбиотические изменения кишечного микробиома. Роль оси «микробиота – кишечник – печень» подробно описана в генезе НАЖБП и АБП. Хроническое употребление алкоголя приводит к увеличению колоний грамотрицательных бактерий в слизистой кишечника и, как следствие, к накоплению эндотоксинов (липополисахаридные компоненты клеточных мембран бактерий). Ацетальдегид, образующийся при помощи АДГ кишечного эпителия, стимулирует фосфорилирование тирозина плотных контактов клеток, увеличивая проницаемость слизистой кишечника, что ведет к транслокации эндотоксинов в портальный кровоток. Для НАЖБП основным фактором риска является ожирение, также ассоциированное с дисбиотическими изменениями кишечного микробиома. У лиц с ожирением отмечается повышение Firmicutes, снижение Bacteroidetes, опосредованная редукция синтеза короткоцепочечных жирных кислот и повышение проницаемости кишечной стенки вследствие нарушения межклеточных плотных контактов, что приводит к повышенной транслокации бактерий и эндотоксинов в системный кровоток.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Today, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic liver disease (ALD) account for more than 50% of chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis in developed countries. The clinical significance of these pathologies lies in the formation of liver fibrosis and, therefore, in the increased risk of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, which are life-threatening conditions. NAFLD is based on obesity and insulin resistance, whereas alcohol consumption is central to the etiopathogenesis of ALD. Recently, the role of the gut-liver microbiota axis in the genesis of NAFLD and ALD has also received increasing attention. Changes in qualitative and quantitative composition of intestinal microbiota and alterations of barrier function of intestinal mucosa can lead to entry of intraluminal antigens through portal vein system into the liver, inducing damage to hepatocytes and activation of proinflammatory processes. It is shown that in patients with CLD (NAFLD and ALD) there is an increase in  the permeability of the intestinal mucosa and dysbiotic changes of the intestinal microbiome. The role of the gut-liver microbiota axis is well described in the genesis of NAFLD and ALD. Chronic alcohol consumption leads to increased colonies of Gram-negative bacteria in the intestinal mucosa and, therefore, to the accumulation of endotoxins (lipopolysaccharide components of bacterial cell membranes). Acetaldehyde produced by ADH of the intestinal epithelium stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of tight cell contacts, increasing intestinal mucosal permeability, which leads to translocation of endotoxins into the portal bloodstream. Obesity is a major risk factor for NAFLD, which is also associated with dysbiotic changes in the intestinal microbiome. Obese individuals have increased Firmicutes, decreased Bacteroidetes, mediated reduction of short-chain fatty acid synthesis and increased intestinal wall permeability due to disruption of intercellular dense contacts, which leads  to increased translocation of bacteria and endotoxins into the systemic bloodstream.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>стеатогепатит</kwd><kwd>неалкогольная жировая болезнь печени</kwd><kwd>неалкогольный стеатогепатит</kwd><kwd>метаболически ассоциированная жировая болезнь печени</kwd><kwd>алкогольная болезнь печени</kwd><kwd>лекарственные поражения печени</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>steatohepatitis</kwd><kwd>nonalcoholic fatty liver disease</kwd><kwd>nonalcoholic steatohepatitis</kwd><kwd>metabolically associated fatty liver disease</kwd><kwd>alcoholic liver disease</kwd><kwd>drug-induced liver damage</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Komova A., Maevskaya M., Ivashkin V. 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