<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medsovet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский Совет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-701X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5790</issn><publisher><publisher-name>REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21518/2079-701X-2022-16-10-75-82</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medsovet-6913</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>САХАРНЫЙ ДИАБЕТ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>DIABETES MELLITUS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Изучение эквивалентности и сопоставимой иммуногенности биосимиляра инсулина аспарт в сравнении с зарегистрированным аналогом</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Study of equivalence and comparable immunogenicity of biosimilar insulin aspart in comparison with the registered analogue</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1547-0123</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каронова</surname><given-names>Т. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karonova</surname><given-names>Т. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Каронова Татьяна Леонидовна, доктор медицинских наук, главный научный сотрудник, руководитель научно-исследовательской лабораторией клинической эндокринологии, эндокринолог, профессор кафедры внутренних болезней</p><p>197341, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Аккуратова, д. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Тatiana L. Karonova, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Chief Researcher, Head of Clinical Endocrinology Research Laboratory, Endocrinologist, Professor of the Department of Internal Medicine</p><p>2, Akkuratov St., St Petersburg, 197341</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">karonova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5825-3287</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Майоров</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mayorov</surname><given-names>A. Y.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Майоров Александр Юрьевич, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий отделом прогнозирования и инноваций диабета Института диабета</p><p>117036, Москва, ул. Дмитрия Ульянова, д. 11</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander Y. Mayorov, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Diabetes Prognosis and Innovation Department, Institute of Diabetes</p><p>11, Dmitry Ulyanov St., Moscow, 117036</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени В.А. Алмазова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Almazov National Medical Research Centre</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Endocrinology Research Centre</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>06</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>10</issue><fpage>75</fpage><lpage>82</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Каронова Т.Л., Майоров А.Ю., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Каронова Т.Л., Майоров А.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Karonova Т.L., Mayorov A.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/6913">https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/6913</self-uri><abstract><p>Рост распространенности сахарного диабета в последние годы значительно ускорился. Ситуацию заметно усложнила пандемия COVID-19. С одной стороны, сахарный диабет является фактором риска тяжелого течения инфекции, а с другой – COVID-19 повышает риск развития сахарного диабета. Сохраняются и другие негативные факторы, снижающие результативность принимаемых мер по борьбе с этим заболеванием: недостаточная осведомленность населения о сахарном диабете, его последствиях и превентивных мерах, что способствует низкой настороженности в отношении заболевания и пренебрежению активной профилактикой сахарного диабета с целью устранения корригируемых факторов риска. В свою очередь, это приводит к увеличению числа лиц с инсулинорезистентностью и предиабетом. Другой немаловажный аспект – отсутствие эффективного постоянного контроля гликемии у многих пациентов с сахарным диабетом, что повышает риск развития осложнений и инвалидизации в последующем. Доступность лекарственных препаратов для лечения, в особенности инсулина, также является проблемой, решению которой может способствовать разработка и вывод на фармацевтический рынок биосимиляров оригинальных лекарственных препаратов инсулина. Важное условие для возможности перевода пациентов на более доступные биоаналоги инсулина – доказанная в соответствии с актуальными рекомендациями Евразийского экономического союза (ЕЭАС) сопоставимость с референтным инсулином на всех этапах доклинических и клинических исследований. Они включают в себя использование гиперинсулинемического эугликемического клэмп-метода для оценки фармакокинетики и фармакодинамики, а также исследования по оценке иммуногенности.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The increase in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus has accelerated significantly in recent years. The situation has been greatly complicated by the COVID-19 pandemic. On the one hand, diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for a severe course of infection, and on the other hand, COVID-19 increases the risk of developing diabetes mellitus. There remain other negative factors that reduce the effectiveness of measures taken to combat the disease: lack of public awareness about diabetes, its effects and preventive measures, which contributes to low vigilance against the disease and neglect of active prevention of diabetes in order to eliminate correctable risk factors. In turn, this leads to an increase in the number of people with insulin resistance and prediabetes. Another important aspect is the lack of effective continuous glycemic control in many patients with diabetes, which increases the risk of complications and disability later in life. The availability of drugs for treatment, especially insulin, is also a problem that can be solved by developing and introducing biosimilars of original insulin drugs on the pharmaceutical market. An important condition for the possibility of transferring patients to more affordable insulin biosimilars is comparability with the reference insulin at all stages of preclinical and clinical trials, proven in accordance with current ESE recommendations. These include the use of the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp method to evaluate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, as well as immunogenicity studies.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сахарный диабет</kwd><kwd>распространенность</kwd><kwd>гликированный гемоглобин</kwd><kwd>гликемия</kwd><kwd>инсулин аспарт</kwd><kwd>биосимиляр</kwd><kwd>гиперинсулинемический эугликемический клэмп-метод</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>diabetes mellitus</kwd><kwd>prevalence</kwd><kwd>glycated hemoglobin</kwd><kwd>glycemia</kwd><kwd>insulin aspart</kwd><kwd>biosimilar</kwd><kwd>hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp-method</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дедов И.И., Омельяновский В.В., Шестакова М.В., Авксентьева М.В., Игнатьева В.И. Cахарный диабет как экономическая проблема в Российской Федерации. Сахарный диабет. 2016;19(1):30–43. Режим доступа: https://www.dia-endojournals.ru/dia/article/view/7784.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">.Dedov I.I., Omelyanovskiy V.V., Shestakova M.V., Avksentieva M.V., Ignatieva V.I. Diabetes mellitus as an economic problem In Russian Federation. Diabetes Mellitus. 2016;19(1):30–43. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.dia-endojournals.ru/dia/article/view/7784.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ogurtsova K., Guariguata L., Barengo N.C., Ruiz P.L., Sacre J.W., Karuranga S. et al. IDF diabetes Atlas: Global estimates of undiagnosed diabetes in adults for 2021. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;183:109118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109118.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ogurtsova K., Guariguata L., Barengo N.C., Ruiz P.L., Sacre J.W., Karuranga S. et al. IDF diabetes Atlas: Global estimates of undiagnosed diabetes in adults for 2021. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;183:109118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109118.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sun H., Saeedi P., Karuranga S., Pinkepank M., Ogurtsova K., Duncan B.B. et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;183:109119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109119.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sun H., Saeedi P., Karuranga S., Pinkepank M., Ogurtsova K., Duncan B.B. et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;183:109119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109119.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guariguata L. By the numbers: new estimates from the IDF Diabetes Atlas Update for 2012. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2012;98(3):524–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2012.11.006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guariguata L. By the numbers: new estimates from the IDF Diabetes Atlas Update for 2012. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2012;98(3):524–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2012.11.006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Unwin N., Gan D., Whiting D. The IDF Diabetes Atlas: providing evidence, raising awareness and promoting action. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010;87(1):2–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2009.11.006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Unwin N., Gan D., Whiting D. The IDF Diabetes Atlas: providing evidence, raising awareness and promoting action. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010;87(1):2–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2009.11.006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whiting D.R., Guariguata L., Weil C., Shaw J. IDF diabetes atlas: global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2011 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011;94(3):311–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2011.10.029.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whiting D.R., Guariguata L., Weil C., Shaw J. IDF diabetes atlas: global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2011 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011;94(3):311–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2011.10.029.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guariguata L. Contribute data to the 6th edition of the IDF Diabetes Atlas. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2013;100(2):280–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2013.02.006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guariguata L. Contribute data to the 6th edition of the IDF Diabetes Atlas. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2013;100(2):280–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2013.02.006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cho N.H. Q&amp;A: Five questions on the 2015 IDF Diabetes Atlas. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2016;115:157–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2016.04.048.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cho N.H. Q&amp;A: Five questions on the 2015 IDF Diabetes Atlas. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2016;115:157–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2016.04.048.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ogurtsova K., da Rocha Fernandes J.D., Huang Y., Linnenkamp U., Guariguata L., Cho N.H. et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates for the prevalence of diabetes for 2015 and 2040. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2017;128:40–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2017.03.024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ogurtsova K., da Rocha Fernandes J.D., Huang Y., Linnenkamp U., Guariguata L., Cho N.H. et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates for the prevalence of diabetes for 2015 and 2040. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2017;128:40–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2017.03.024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">da Rocha Fernandes J., Ogurtsova K., Linnenkamp U., Guariguata L., Seuring T., Zhang P. et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas estimates of 2014 global health expenditures on diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2016;117:48–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2016.04.016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">da Rocha Fernandes J., Ogurtsova K., Linnenkamp U., Guariguata L., Seuring T., Zhang P. et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas estimates of 2014 global health expenditures on diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2016;117:48–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2016.04.016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cho N.H., Shaw J.E., Karuranga S., Huang Y., da Rocha Fernandes J.D., Ohlrogge A.W., Malanda B. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2018;138:271–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2018.02.023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cho N.H., Shaw J.E., Karuranga S., Huang Y., da Rocha Fernandes J.D., Ohlrogge A.W., Malanda B. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2018;138:271–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2018.02.023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chatterjee S., Khunti K., Davies M.J. Type 2 diabetes. Lancet. 2017;389(10085): 2239–2251. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30058-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chatterjee S., Khunti K., Davies M.J. Type 2 diabetes. Lancet. 2017;389(10085): 2239–2251. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30058-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saeedi P., Petersohn I., Salpea P., Malanda B., Karuranga S., Unwin N. et al. Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas. 9th ed. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019;157:107843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107843.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saeedi P., Petersohn I., Salpea P., Malanda B., Karuranga S., Unwin N. et al. Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas. 9th ed. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019;157:107843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107843.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Williams R., Karuranga S., Malanda B., Saeedi P., Basit A., Besançon S. et al. Global and regional estimates and projections of diabetes-related health expenditure: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas. 9th ed. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;162:108072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108072.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Williams R., Karuranga S., Malanda B., Saeedi P., Basit A., Besançon S. et al. Global and regional estimates and projections of diabetes-related health expenditure: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas. 9th ed. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;162:108072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108072.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tönnies T., Rathmann W., Hoyer A., Brinks R., Kuss O. Quantifying the underestimation of projected global diabetes prevalence by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Diabetes Atlas. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2021;9(1):e002122. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002122.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tönnies T., Rathmann W., Hoyer A., Brinks R., Kuss O. Quantifying the underestimation of projected global diabetes prevalence by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Diabetes Atlas. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2021;9(1):e002122. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002122.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tinajero M.G., Malik V.S. An Update on the Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes: A Global Perspective. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2021;50(3):337–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2021.05.013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tinajero M.G., Malik V.S. An Update on the Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes: A Global Perspective. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2021;50(3):337–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2021.05.013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yu M., Zhan X., Yang Z., Huang Y. Measuring the global, regional, and national burden of type 2 diabetes and the attributable risk factors in all 194 countries. J Diabetes. 2021;13(8):613–639. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.13159.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yu M., Zhan X., Yang Z., Huang Y. Measuring the global, regional, and national burden of type 2 diabetes and the attributable risk factors in all 194 countries. J Diabetes. 2021;13(8):613–639. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.13159.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Einarson T.R, Acs A., Ludwig C., Panton U.H. Economic Burden of Cardiovascular Disease in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review. Value Health. 2018;21(7):881–890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2017.12.019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Einarson T.R, Acs A., Ludwig C., Panton U.H. Economic Burden of Cardiovascular Disease in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review. Value Health. 2018;21(7):881–890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2017.12.019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kotwas A., Karakiewicz B., Zabielska P., Wieder-Huszla S., Jurczak A. Epidemiological factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus: evidence from the Global Burden of Disease. Arch Public Health. 2021;79(1):110. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-021-00632-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kotwas A., Karakiewicz B., Zabielska P., Wieder-Huszla S., Jurczak A. Epidemiological factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus: evidence from the Global Burden of Disease. Arch Public Health. 2021;79(1):110. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-021-00632-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goodall R., Alazawi A., Hughes W., Bravis V., Salciccioli J.D., Marshall D.C. et al. Trends in type 2 diabetes mellitus disease burden in European Union countries between 1990 and 2019. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):15356. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94807-z.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goodall R., Alazawi A., Hughes W., Bravis V., Salciccioli J.D., Marshall D.C. et al. Trends in type 2 diabetes mellitus disease burden in European Union countries between 1990 and 2019. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):15356. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94807-z.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xie Y., Al-Aly Z. Risks and burdens of incident diabetes in long COVID: a cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022;10(5):311–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00044-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xie Y., Al-Aly Z. Risks and burdens of incident diabetes in long COVID: a cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022;10(5):311–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00044-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дедов И.И., Шестакова М.В., Викулова О.К., Железнякова А.В., Исаков М.А. Эпидемиологические характеристики сахарного диабета в Российской Федерации: клинико-статистический анализ по данным регистра сахарного диабета на 01.01.2021. Сахарный диабет. 2021;24(3):204–221. https://doi.org/10.14341/DM12759.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dedov I.I., Shestakova M.V., Vikulova O.K., Zheleznyakova A.V., Isakov M.А. Epidemiological characteristics of diabetes mellitus in the Russian Federation: clinical and statistical analysis according to the Federal diabetes register data of 01.01.2021. Diabetes Mellitus. 2021;24(3):204–221. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14341/DM12759.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дедов И.И., Шестакова М.В., Галстян Г.Р. Распространенность сахарного диабета 2 типа у взрослого населения России (исследование NATION). Сахарный диабет. 2016;19(2):104–112. https://doi.org/10.14341/ DM2004116-17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dedov I.I., Shestakova M.V., Galstyan G.R. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the adult population of Russia (NATION study). Diabetes Mellitus. 2016;19(2):104–112. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14341/DM2004116-17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шестакова М.В., Дедов И.И. Сахарный диабет в Российской Федерации: аргументы и факты. Терапевтический архив. 2016;88(10):4–8. https://doi.org/10.17116/terarkh201688104-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shestakova M.V., Dedov I.I. Diabetes mellitus in the Russian Federation: Arguments and facts. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv. 2016;88(10):4–8. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17116/terarkh201688104-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дедова И.И., Шестакова М.В., Майорова А.Ю. (ред.) Алгоритмы специализированной медицинской помощи больным сахарным диабетом. 10-е изд. М.; 2021. 222 с. Режим доступа: https://webmed.irkutsk.ru/doc/pdf/algosd.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dedov I.I., Shestakova M.V., Mayorov A.Yu. (eds.) Standards of specialized diabetes care. 10th ed. Moscow; 2021. 222 p. (In Russ.) Available at: https://webmed.irkutsk.ru/doc/pdf/algosd.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ustun G.U., Keskin A., Aci R., Erdem M.A., Ari M. Association between HbA1c and Severity of COVID-19 Patients. Hemoglobin. 2021;45(2):124–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630269.2021.1926278.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ustun G.U., Keskin A., Aci R., Erdem M.A., Ari M. Association between HbA1c and Severity of COVID-19 Patients. Hemoglobin. 2021;45(2):124–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630269.2021.1926278.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дедов И.И., Шестакова М.В., Петеркова В.А., Майоров А.Ю., Галстян Г.Р., Викулова О.К. Проект рекомендаций Российской ассоциации эндокринологов по применению биосимиляров инсулина. Сахарный диабет. 2021;24(1):76–79. Режим доступа: https://www.dia-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/12739.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dedov I.I., Shestakova M.V., Peterkova V.A., Mayorov A.Yu., Galstyan G.R., Vikulova O.K. Russian association of endocrinologist draft recommendation on insulin biosimilars using. Diabetes Mellitus. 2021;24(1):76–79. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.dia-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/12739.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Майоров А.Ю., Демидова Т.Ю., Мотовилин О.Г., Саверская Е.Н. Новое в ведении пациентов с сахарным диабетом – от контроля и лечения до персонализации в физических нагрузках и психологии. Материалы IV (XXVII) Национального конгресса эндокринологов с международным участием «Инновационные технологии в эндокринологии». Эффективная фармакотерапия. 2021;17(40):40–46. Режим доступа: https://umedp.ru/articles/novoe_v_vedenii_patsientov_s_sakharnym_diabetom_ot_kontrolya_i_lecheniya_do_personalizatsii_v_fizich.html.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mayorov A.Yu., Demidova T.Yu., Motovilin O.G., Saverskaya E.N. New in the management of patients with diabetes mellitus – from control and treatment to personalization in physical activity and psychology. Proceedings of the IV (XXVII) National Congress of Endocrinologists with international participation «Innovative technologies in endocrinology». Effective Pharmacotherapy. 2021;17(40):40–46. (In Russ.) Available at: https://umedp.ru/articles/novoe_v_vedenii_patsientov_s_sakharnym_diabetom_ot_kontrolya_i_lecheniya_do_personalizatsii_v_fizich.html.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Носков С.М., Нагибин Р.М., Луцкова Л.Н., Драй Р.В., Авдеева О.И., Макаренко И.Е. Клиническое доказательство биосимилярности препаратов Ринсулин® НПХ (ООО «ГЕРОФАРМ», Россия) И Хумулин® НПХ («ЛИЛЛИ ФРАНС», Франция) с использованием метода эугликемического гиперинсулинемического клэмпа на здоровых добровольцах. Вестник современной клинической медицины. 2019;12(2):45–53. https://doi.org/10.20969/SKM.2019.12(2).45-53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Noskov S.M., Nagibin R.M., Lutskova L.N., Drai R.V., Avdeeva O.I., Makarenko I.E. Clinical evidence of biosimilarity of Rinsulin® NPH (Geropharm, Russia) and Humulin®NPH (Eli lilly, France) medications by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp performance in healthy volunteers. Vestnik Sovremennoi Klinicheskoi Mediciny. 2019;12(2):45–53. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.20969/VSKM.2019.12(2).45-53.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Майоров А.Ю., Авдеева О.И., Кокшарова Е.О., Беликова Т.М., Мишина Е.Е., Драй Р.В. Результаты двойного слепого, рандомизированного, сравнительного, перекрестного исследования фармакокинетики и фармакодинамики препаратов генно-инженерного инсулина человека. Фармакокинетика и фармакодинамика. 2019;(3):47–55. https://doi.org/10.24411/2587-7836-2019-10055.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mayorov A.Yu., Avdeeva O.I., Koksharova E.O., Belikova T.M., Mishina E.E., Dry R.B. Results of a double-blind, randomized, comparative, cross-sectional study of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of genetically engineered human insulin preparations. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. 2019;(3):47–55. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.24411/2587-7836-2019-10055.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karonova T.L., Mayorov A.Y., Magruk M.A., Zyangirova S.T., Grigoryeva I.V., Khmelnitski O.K. et al. Safety and efficacy of GP40071 compared with originator insulin aspart (NovoRapid® Penfill®) in Type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Comp Eff Res. 2021;10(9):763–775. https://doi.org/10.2217/cer-2020-0208.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karonova T.L., Mayorov A.Y., Magruk M.A., Zyangirova S.T., Grigoryeva I.V., Khmelnitski O.K. et al. Safety and efficacy of GP40071 compared with originator insulin aspart (NovoRapid® Penfill®) in Type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Comp Eff Res. 2021;10(9):763–775. https://doi.org/10.2217/cer-2020-0208.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
