medsovetМедицинский СоветMeditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council2079-701X2658-5790REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.10.21518/2079-701X-2022-16-13-66-72medsovet-7012Research ArticleАЛЛЕРГОДЕРМАТОЗЫALLERGODERMATOSESБактериофаги в терапии и профилактике атопического дерматита и дерматозов, осложненных вторичной бактериальной инфекциейBacteriophages in the treatment and prevention of atopic dermatitis and dermatoses complicated by secondary bacterial infectionhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5723-6573ЖуковаО. В.ZhukovaO. V.

д.м.н., профессор, заведующая кафедрой дерматовенерологии, аллергологии и косметологии медицинского института, 117198, Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, д. 6;

главный врач, 119071, Москва, Ленинский проспект, д. 17

Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Dermatovenereology, Allergology and Cosmetology, Institute of Medicine, 6, Miklukho-Maklai St., Moscow, 117198;

Chief Medical Officer, 17, Leninskiy Ave., Moscow, 119071

klinderma@inbox.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0767-8821КасихинаЕ. И.KasikhinaE. I.

к.м.н., доцент кафедры дерматовенерологии, аллергологии и косметологии, 117198, Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, д. 6;

врач-дерматовенеролог, 119071, Москва, Ленинский проспект, д. 17

Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Department of Dermatovenereology, Allergology and Cosmetology, Institute of Medicine, 6, Miklukho-Maklai St., Moscow, 117198;

Dermatologist, 17, Leninskiy Ave., Moscow, 119071

kasprof@bk.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3386-1467ОстрецоваМ. Н.OstretsovaM. N.

к.м.н., доцент кафедры дерматовенерологии, аллергологии и косметологии,

117198, Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, д. 6

Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Department of Dermatovenereology, Allergology and Cosmetology, Institute of Medicine, 

6, Miklukho-Maklai St., Moscow, 117198

ostretsova-mn@rudn.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0909-482XНемерА.А.М.NemerA.A.M.

аспирант кафедры дерматовенерологии, аллергологии и косметологии медицинского института,

117198, Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, д. 6

Postgraduate Student of Department of Dermatovenereology, Allergology and Cosmetology, Institute of Medicine, 

6, Miklukho-Maklai St., Moscow, 117198

dr.alaa.nemer@gmail.comРоссийский университет дружбы народов; Московский научно-практический центр дерматовенерологии и косметологииРоссияPeoples’ Friendship University of Russia; Moscow Scientific and Practical Center of Dermatovenereology and CosmetologyRussian FederationРоссийский университет дружбы народовРоссияPeoples’ Friendship University of RussiaRussian Federation2022090820220136672Copyright © Жукова О.В., Касихина Е.И., Острецова М.Н., Немер А., 20222022Жукова О.В., Касихина Е.И., Острецова М.Н., Немер А.Zhukova O.V., Kasikhina E.I., Ostretsova M.N., Nemer A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/7012

Бактериофаги – большая группа вирусов, способных избирательно воздействовать на бактерии. Бактериофаги и их способность регулировать рост и  активность патогенной микрофлоры были обнаружены учеными в  начале ХХ  в. Дальнейшие исследования особенностей бактериофагов привели к построению современной концепции активности вирусов и в значительной степени легли в основу молекулярной генетики и биологии. На сегодняшний день известно более 6 000 видов фагов, которые распространены повсеместно, однако обязательным условием для их существования является наличие бактериальной клетки-хозяина, белки и энергоресурсы которой служат основой для дальнейшей репликации вируса. Способность бактериофагов избирательно разрушать бактериальную клетку-хозяина имеет особое значение для терапии и профилактики дерматозов с  потенциальным присоединением вторичной бактериальной инфекции или патогенетически отягощенной активностью бактериальной флоры. Среди подобных дерматозов атопический дерматит, акне, экзема, псориаз, пиодермии. В  статье освещены основные преимущества и  особенности бактериофагов, приведены данные некоторых доступных на сегодняшний день исследований, посвященных применению фагов в дерматовенерологии. С целью клинической иллюстрации возможности применения бактериофагов в дерматологии приведен пример успешного купирования обострения IgE-независимого атопического дерматита с высоким риском развития бактериальных осложнений у ребенка 8 лет. В качестве дополнительной к рекомендованной стандартной наружной противовоспалительной терапии в данной случае назначался гель для наружного применения на основе комплекса из более чем 70 вирулентных бактериофагов, способных подавлять рост актуальных штаммов бактерий, среди которых Staphylococcus spp., в т. ч. S. aureus, Streptococcus spp., в т. ч. S. pyogenes, Cutibacterium acnes и др. Спектр применения бактериофагов в дерматовенерологии может быть расширен ввиду постоянного роста антибиотикорезистентности. Использование бактериофагов в рутинной дерматологической практике требует дальнейших клинических испытаний. 

Bacteriophages are a large group of viruses that can selectively affect bacteria. Bacteriophages and their ability to regulate the growth and activity of pathogenic microorganisms were discovered by scientists at the beginning of the 20th century. Further studies of the properties of bacteriophages led to the construction of the modern concept of virus activity and formed the ground of molecular genetics and biology. To date, more than 6 000 phage species are known to be ubiquitous, but a prerequisite for their existence is the presence of a bacterial host cell, proteins and energy resources serve as the basis for further viral replication. The ability of bacteriophages to selectively destroy bacterial host cells is of particular importance for the therapy and prevention of dermatoses with a potential risk of bacterial infection or pathogenetically aggravated by the activity of the bacterial flora. Such dermatoses include atopic dermatitis, acne, eczema, psoriasis, pyoderma. The article highlights the main advantages and features of bacteriophages, presents data from some of the currently available studies on the use of phages in dermatovenereology. To illustrate the possibility of using bacteriophages in dermatology, a clinical case of successful relief of exacerbation of IgE- independent atopic dermatitis with a high risk of secondary infection in an 8-year-old child is presented. In this case, as an additional to the recommended standard external anti-inflammatory therapy, a gel for external use was prescribed based on a complex of more than 70 virulent bacteriophages capable of inhibiting the growth of actual bacterial strains, among them Staphylococcus spp. (including S. aureus), Streptococcus spp. (including S. pyogenes), Cutibacterium acnes, etc. The range of bacteriophages in dermatovenereology can be expanded due to the constant growth of antibiotic resistance. The use of bacteriophages in routine dermatological practice requires further clinical trials. 

бактериофагиантибиотикорезистентностьинфицированные дерматозыатопический дерматитнаружная терапияпиодермииbacteriophagesantibiotic resistanceinfected dermatosesatopic dermatitistopical therapypyodermaReferencesChen Y.E., Fischbach M.A., Belkaid Y. Skin microbiota-host interactions. Nature. 2018;24;553(7689):427–436. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25177.Chen Y.E., Fischbach M.A., Belkaid Y. Skin microbiota-host interactions. Nature. 2018;24;553(7689):427–436. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25177.Totté J.E., van der Feltz W.T., Hennekam M., van Belkum A., van Zuuren E.J., Pasmans S.G. Prevalence and odds of Staphylococcus aureus carriage in atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol. 2016;175(4):687–695. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.14566.Totté J.E., van der Feltz W.T., Hennekam M., van Belkum A., van Zuuren E.J., Pasmans S.G. Prevalence and odds of Staphylococcus aureus carriage in atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol. 2016;175(4):687–695. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.14566.Byrd A.L., Deming C., Cassidy S.K.B., Harrison O.J., Ng W.I., Conlan S., NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, Belkaid Y., Segre J.A., Kong H.H. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis strain diversity underlying pediatric atopic dermatitis. Sci Transl Med. 2017;9(397):eaal4651. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aal465.Byrd A.L., Deming C., Cassidy S.K.B., Harrison O.J., Ng W.I., Conlan S., NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, Belkaid Y., Segre J.A., Kong H.H. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis strain diversity underlying pediatric atopic dermatitis. Sci Transl Med. 2017;9(397):eaal4651. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aal465.Huang J.T., Abrams M., Tlougan B., Rademaker A., Paller A.S. Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus colonization in atopic dermatitis decreases disease severity. Pediatrics. 2009;123(5):e808-e814. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-2217.Huang J.T., Abrams M., Tlougan B., Rademaker A., Paller A.S. Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus colonization in atopic dermatitis decreases disease severity. Pediatrics. 2009;123(5):e808-e814. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-2217.Kobayashi T., Glatz M., Horiuchi K., Kawasaki H., Haruhiko Akiyama D.H., Kong H.H. et al. Dysbiosis and Staphylococcus aureus colonization drives inflammation in atopic dermatitis. Immunity. 2015;42(4):756–766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2015.03.014.Kobayashi T., Glatz M., Horiuchi K., Kawasaki H., Haruhiko Akiyama D.H., Kong H.H. et al. Dysbiosis and Staphylococcus aureus colonization drives inflammation in atopic dermatitis. Immunity. 2015;42(4):756–766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2015.03.014.Leyden J.J., Marples R.R., Kligman A.M. Staphylococcus aureus in the lesions of atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 1974;90(5):525–530. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1974.tb06447.x.Leyden J.J., Marples R.R., Kligman A.M. Staphylococcus aureus in the lesions of atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 1974;90(5):525–530. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1974.tb06447.x.Kwon S., Choi J.Y., Shin J.W., Huh C.H., Park C., Du M.H. et al. Changes in lesional and non-lesional skin microbiome during treatment of atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol. 2019;99:284–290. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-3089.Kwon S., Choi J.Y., Shin J.W., Huh C.H., Park C., Du M.H. et al. Changes in lesional and non-lesional skin microbiome during treatment of atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol. 2019;99:284–290. https://doi.org/10.2340/ 00015555-3089.Kong H.H., Oh J., Deming C., Conlan S., Grice E.A., Beatson M.A. et al. Temporal shifts in the skin microbiome associated with disease flares and treatment in children with atopic dermatitis. Genome Res. 2012;22(5):850–859. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.131029.111.Kong H.H., Oh J., Deming C., Conlan S., Grice E.A., Beatson M.A. et al. Temporal shifts in the skin microbiome associated with disease flares and treatment in children with atopic dermatitis. Genome Res. 2012;22(5):850–859. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.131029.111.Otto M. Basis of virulence in community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2010;64:143–162. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.112408.134309.Otto M. Basis of virulence in community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2010;64:143–162. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.112408.134309.Sonesson A., Przybyszewska K., Eriksson S., Mörgelin M., Kjellström S., Davies J. et al. Identification of bacterial biofilm and the Staphylococcus aureus derived protease, staphopain, on the skin surface of patients with atopic dermatitis. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):8689. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08046-2.Sonesson A., Przybyszewska K., Eriksson S., Mörgelin M., Kjellström S., Davies J. et al. Identification of bacterial biofilm and the Staphylococcus aureus derived protease, staphopain, on the skin surface of patients with atopic dermatitis. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):8689. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08046-2.Chen C., Krishnan V., Macon K., Manne K., Narayana S.V., Schneewind O. Secreted proteases control autolysin-mediated biofilm growth of Staphylococcus aureus. J Biol Chem. 2013;288(41):29440–29452. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M113.502039.Chen C., Krishnan V., Macon K., Manne K., Narayana S.V., Schneewind O. Secreted proteases control autolysin-mediated biofilm growth of Staphylococcus aureus. J Biol Chem. 2013;288(41):29440–29452. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M113.502039.Thurlow L.R., Joshi G.S., Clark J.R., Spontak J.S., Neely C.J., Maile R. et al. Functional modularity of the arginine catabolic mobile element contributes to the success of USA300 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Cell Host Microbe. 2013;13(1):100–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2012.11.012.Thurlow L.R., Joshi G.S., Clark J.R., Spontak J.S., Neely C.J., Maile R. et al. Functional modularity of the arginine catabolic mobile element contributes to the success of USA300 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Cell Host Microbe. 2013;13(1):100–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2012.11.012.Domingo-Calap P., Delgado-Martínez J. Bacteriophages: Protagonists of a Post-Antibiotic Era. Antibiotics (Basel). 2018;7(3):66. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics7030066.Domingo-Calap P., Delgado-Martínez J. Bacteriophages: Protagonists of a Post-Antibiotic Era. Antibiotics (Basel). 2018;7(3):66. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics7030066.Ильина Т.С., Толордава Э.Р., Романова Ю.М. Взгляд на фаготерапию через 100 лет после открытия бактериофагов. Молекулярная генетика, микробиология и вирусология. 2019;37(3):103–112. https://doi.org/10.17116/molgen201937031103b.Ilyina T.S., Tolordava E.R., Romanova Yu.M. Looking at phage therapy 100 years after the discovery of bacteriophages. Molecular Genetics, Microbiology and Virology. 2019;37(3):103–112. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17116/molgen201937031103.Monteiro R., Pires D.P., Costa A.R., Azeredo J. Phage Therapy: Going Temperate? Trends Microbiol. 2019;27(4):368-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2018.10.008Monteiro R., Pires D.P., Costa A.R., Azeredo J. Phage Therapy: Going Temperate? Trends Microbiol. 2019;27(4):368-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2018.10.008Pirnay J.P., Blasdel B.G., Bretaudeau L., Buckling A., Chanishvili N., Clark J.R. et al. Quality and safety requirements for sustainable phage therapy products. Pharm Res. 2015;32(7):2173–2179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-014-1617-7.Pirnay J.P., Blasdel B.G., Bretaudeau L., Buckling A., Chanishvili N., Clark J.R. et al. Quality and safety requirements for sustainable phage therapy products. Pharm Res. 2015;32(7):2173–2179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-014-1617-7.Wittebole X., De Roock S., Opal S.M. A historical overview of bacteriophage therapy as an alternative to antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial pathogens. Virulence. 2014;5(1):226–235. https://doi.org/10.4161/viru.25991.Wittebole X., De Roock S., Opal S.M. A historical overview of bacteriophage therapy as an alternative to antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial pathogens. Virulence. 2014;5(1):226–235. https://doi.org/10.4161/viru.25991.Chanishvili N. Phage therapy-history from Twort and d’Herelle through Soviet experience to current approaches. Adv Virus Res. 2012;83:3–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394438-2.00001-3.Chanishvili N. Phage therapy-history from Twort and d’Herelle through Soviet experience to current approaches. Adv Virus Res. 2012;83:3–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394438-2.00001-3.Murugaiyan J., Kumar P.A., Rao G.S., Iskandar K., Hawser S., Hays J.P. et al. Progress in Alternative Strategies to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance: Focus on Antibiotics. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022;11(2):200. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11020200.Murugaiyan J., Kumar P.A., Rao G.S., Iskandar K., Hawser S., Hays J.P. et al. Progress in Alternative Strategies to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance: Focus on Antibiotics. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022;11(2):200. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11020200. 20. Ofir G., Sorek R. Contemporary Phage Biology: From Classic Models to New Insights. Cell. 2018;172(6):1260–1270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.10.045.Ofir G., Sorek R. Contemporary Phage Biology: From Classic Models to New Insights. Cell. 2018;172(6):1260–1270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.10.045.Kortright K.E., Chan B.K., Koff J.L., Turner P.E. Phage Therapy: A Renewed Approach to Combat Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria. Cell Host Microbe. 2019;25(2):219–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2019.01.014.Kortright K.E., Chan B.K., Koff J.L., Turner P.E. Phage Therapy: A Renewed Approach to Combat Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria. Cell Host Microbe. 2019;25(2):219–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2019.01.014.Nilsson A.S. Phage therapy – constraints and possibilities. Ups J Med Sci. 2014;119(2):192–198. https://doi.org/10.3109/03009734.2014.902878.Nilsson A.S. Phage therapy – constraints and possibilities. Ups J Med Sci. 2014;119(2):192–198. https://doi.org/10.3109/03009734.2014.902878.Parasion S., Kwiatek M., Gryko R., Mizak L., Malm A. Bacteriophages as an alternative strategy for fighting biofilm development. Polish J Microbiol. 2014;63(2):137–145.Parasion S., Kwiatek M., Gryko R., Mizak L., Malm A. Bacteriophages as an alternative strategy for fighting biofilm development. Polish J Microbiol. 2014;63(2):137–145.Kebriaei R., Lev K.L., Shah R.M., Stamper K.C., Holger D.J., Morrisette T. et al. Eradication of Biofilm-Mediated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections In Vitro: Bacteriophage-Antibiotic Combination. Microbiol Spectr. 2022;10(2):e0041122. https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.00411-22.Kebriaei R., Lev K.L., Shah R.M., Stamper K.C., Holger D.J., Morrisette T. et al. Eradication of Biofilm-Mediated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections In Vitro: Bacteriophage-Antibiotic Combination. Microbiol Spectr. 2022;10(2):e0041122. https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.00411-22.Hanlon G.W. Bacteriophages: an appraisal of their role in the treatment of bacterial infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2007;30(2):118–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.04.006.Hanlon G.W. Bacteriophages: an appraisal of their role in the treatment of bacterial infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2007;30(2):118–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.04.006.Lenneman B.R., Fernbach J., Loessner M.J., Lu T.K., Kilcher S. Enhancing phage therapy through synthetic biology and genome engineering. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2021;68:151–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2020.11.003.Lenneman B.R., Fernbach J., Loessner M.J., Lu T.K., Kilcher S. Enhancing phage therapy through synthetic biology and genome engineering. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2021;68:151–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2020.11.003.Oechslin F. Resistance Development to Bacteriophages Occurring during Bacteriophage Therapy. Viruses. 2018;10(7):351. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10070351.Oechslin F. Resistance Development to Bacteriophages Occurring during Bacteriophage Therapy. Viruses. 2018;10(7):351. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10070351.Jariah R.O.A., Hakim M.S. Interaction of phages, bacteria, and the human immune system: Evolutionary changes in phage therapy. Rev Med Virol. 2019;29(5):e2055. https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.2055.Jariah R.O.A., Hakim M.S. Interaction of phages, bacteria, and the human immune system: Evolutionary changes in phage therapy. Rev Med Virol. 2019;29(5):e2055. https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.2055.Leung C.Y., Weitz J.S. Modeling the synergistic elimination of bacteria by phage and the innate immune system. J Theor Biol. 2017;429:241–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.06.037.Leung C.Y., Weitz J.S. Modeling the synergistic elimination of bacteria by phage and the innate immune system. J Theor Biol. 2017;429:241–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.06.037.Kruglova L.S. Polyvalent bacteriophages: prospects of application in dermatology. Klinicheskaya Dermatologiya i Venerologiya. 2015;14(1):79–84. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17116/klinderma2015179-84.Круглова Л.С. Поливалентные бактериофаги: перспективы применения в дерматологии. Клиническая дерматология и венерология. 2015;14(1):79–84. https://doi.org/10.17116/klinderma2015179-84.George S., Muhaj F.F., Nguyen C.D., Tyring S.K. Part I Antimicrobial resistance: Bacterial pathogens of dermatologic significance and implications of rising resistance. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2022;86(6):1189–1204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2021.11.066.George S., Muhaj F.F., Nguyen C.D., Tyring S.K. Part I Antimicrobial resistance: Bacterial pathogens of dermatologic significance and implications of rising resistance. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2022;86(6):1189–1204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2021.11.066.Raz A., Serrano A., Hernandez A., Euler C.W., Fischetti A. Isolation of phage lysins that effectively kill Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mouse models of lung and skin infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019;63(7):e00024-19. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00024-19.Raz A., Serrano A., Hernandez A., Euler C.W., Fischetti A. Isolation of phage lysins that effectively kill Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mouse models of lung and skin infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019;63(7):e00024-19. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00024-19.Trigo G., Martins T.G., Fraga A.G., Longatto-Filho A., Castro A.G., Azeredo J., Pedrosa J. Phage therapy is effective against infection by Mycobacterium ulcerans in a murine footpad model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7(4):e2183. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002183.Trigo G., Martins T.G., Fraga A.G., Longatto-Filho A., Castro A.G., Azeredo J., Pedrosa J. Phage therapy is effective against infection by Mycobacterium ulcerans in a murine footpad model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7(4):e2183. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002183.Brown T.L., Petrovski S., Dyson Z.A., Seviour R., Tucci J. The Formulation of Bacteriophage in a Semi Solid Preparation for Control of Propionibacterium acnes Growth. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(3):e0151184. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151184.Brown T.L., Petrovski S., Dyson Z.A., Seviour R., Tucci J. The Formulation of Bacteriophage in a Semi Solid Preparation for Control of Propionibacterium acnes Growth. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(3):e0151184. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151184.Shimamori Y., Pramono A.K., Kitao T., Suzuki T., Aizawa S.I., Kubori T. et al. Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Phage SaGU1 that Infects Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates from Patients with Atopic Dermatitis. Curr Microbiol. 2021;78(4):1267–1276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-021-02395-y.Shimamori Y., Pramono A.K., Kitao T., Suzuki T., Aizawa S.I., Kubori T. et al. Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Phage SaGU1 that Infects Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates from Patients with Atopic Dermatitis. Curr Microbiol. 2021;78(4):1267–1276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-021-02395-y.Shimamori Y., Mitsunaka S., Yamashita H., Suzuki T., Kitao T., Kubori T. et al. Staphylococcal Phage in Combination with Staphylococcus Epidermidis as a Potential Treatment for Staphylococcus Aureus-Associated Atopic Dermatitis and Suppressor of Phage-Resistant Mutants. Viruses. 2020;13(1):7. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13010007.Shimamori Y., Mitsunaka S., Yamashita H., Suzuki T., Kitao T., Kubori T. et al. Staphylococcal Phage in Combination with Staphylococcus Epidermidis as a Potential Treatment for Staphylococcus Aureus-Associated Atopic Dermatitis and Suppressor of Phage-Resistant Mutants. Viruses. 2020;13(1):7. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13010007.Zurabov F., Zhilenkov E. Characterization of four virulent Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteriophages, and evaluation of their potential use in complex phage preparation. Virol J. 2021;18(1):9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-020-01485-wZurabov F., Zhilenkov E. Characterization of four virulent Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteriophages, and evaluation of their potential use in complex phage preparation. Virol J. 2021;18(1):9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-020-01485-wPriputnevich T.V., Lyubasovskaya L.A., Ignatyeva A.A., Karapetyan T.E., Chubarov V.V., Zurabov A.Yu. et al. Evaluation of the efficiency and safety of topical application of the bacteriophage-containing gels “Fagogin” and “Fagoderm” for the prevention of wound complications in puerperas. Akusherstvo i Ginekologiya. 2019;(6):126–131. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18565/aig.2019.6.126-131.Припутневич Т.В., Любасовская Л.А., Игнатьева А.А., Карапетян Т.Э., Чубаров В.В., Зурабов А.Ю. и др. Оценка эффективности и безопасности гелей для местного применения «Фагогин» и «Фагодерм», содержащих бактериофаги для профилактики раневых осложнений у родильниц. Акушерство и гинекология. 2019;(6):126–131. https://doi.org/10.18565/aig.2019.6.126-131.Zurabov A.Yu., Zhilenkov E.L., Popov D.V., Popova V.M., Panova O.S., Gurochkina L.P. Phagoderm phage preparation and its application perspectives in dermatology and cosmetology. Vestnik Esteticheskoi Meditsiny. 2012;11(3):56–63. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=18079355.Зурабов А.Ю., Жиленков Е.Л., Попов Д.В., Попова В.М., Панова О.С., Гурочкина Л.П. Фаговый препарат «Фагодерм» и перспективы его использования в дерматологии и косметологии. Вестник эстетической медицины. 2012;11(3):56–63. Режим доступа: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=18079355.Зурабов А.Ю., Жиленков Е.Л., Попов Д.В., Попова В.М., Панова О.С., Гурочкина Л.П. Фаговый препарат «Фагодерм» и перспективы его использования в дерматологии и косметологии. Вестник эстетической медицины. 2012;11(3):56–63. Режим доступа: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=18079355.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.