medsovetМедицинский СоветMeditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council2079-701X2658-5790REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.10.21518/2079-701X-2022-16-14-185-192medsovet-7037Research ArticleГИНЕКОЛОГИЯGYNECOLOGYМесто вирома в репродуктивном здоровье женщинThe place of virome in women’s reproductive healthhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1040-6736КарахалисЛ. Ю.KarakhalisL. Yu.

Карахалис Людмила Юрьевна, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, профессор кафедры акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии факультета повышения квалификации и профессиональной переподготовки специалистов, Кубанский государственный медицинский университет; врач акушер-гинеколог, Краевой центр охраны здоровья семьи и репродукции

350063, Краснодар, ул. Митрофана Седина, д. 4,

350007, Краснодар, ул. Площадь Победы, д. 1

 

Liudmila Yu. Karakhalis, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Professor of Chair for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Faculty of Continuing Education and Professional Retraining of Specialists, Kuban State Medical University; Obstetrician Gynecologist, Krasnodar Regional Centre of Family Health Protection and Reproduction

4, Mitrofan Sedin St., Krasnodar, 350063,

1, Victory Square St., Krasnodar, 350007

lomela@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2215-2561КононенкоТ. С.KononenkoT. S.

Кононенко Татьяна Сергеевна, аспирант кафедры акушерства, гинекологии и  перинатологии факультета повышения квалификации и профессиональной переподготовки специалистов, Кубанский государственный медицинский университет

350063, Краснодар, ул. Митрофана Седина, д. 4

Tatyana S. Kononenko, Postgraduate Student, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Faculty of Continuing Education and Professional Retraining of Specialists

4, Mitrofan Sedin St., Krasnodar, 350063

kononenkots@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4202-2350ЖигаленкоА. Р.ZhigalenkoA. R.

Жигаленко Анжела Рубеновна, кандидат медицинских наук, ассистент кафедры акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии факультета повышения квалификации и профессиональной переподготовки специалистов, Кубанский государственный медицинский университет; главный врач, Краевой центр охраны здоровья семьи и  репродукции

350063, Краснодар, ул. Митрофана Седина, д. 4,

350007, Краснодар, ул. Площадь Победы, д. 1

Anzhela R. Zhigalenko, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Assistant of the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Faculty of Continuing Education and Professional Retraining of Specialists, Kuban State Medical University; Chief Physician of Krasnodar Regional Centre of Family Health Protection and Reproduction

4, Mitrofan Sedin St., Krasnodar, 350063,

1, Victory Square St., Krasnodar, 350007

kcpsir@mail.ruКубанский государственный медицинский университет; Краевой центр охраны здоровья семьи и репродукцииРоссияKuban State Medical University; Krasnodar Regional Centre of Family Health Protection and ReproductionRussian FederationКубанский государственный медицинский университетРоссияKuban State Medical UniversityRussian Federation202212082022014185192Copyright © Карахалис Л.Ю., Кононенко Т.С., Жигаленко А.Р., 20222022Карахалис Л.Ю., Кононенко Т.С., Жигаленко А.Р.Karakhalis L.Y., Kononenko T.S., Zhigalenko A.R.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/7037Введение

Введение. Экосистема влагалища богата бактериями, грибами, простейшими, а также вирусами, которые сегодня объединены понятием «виром». Отсутствие достаточных знаний о роли вирома, особенно его влиянии на репродуктивное и сексуальное здоровье, ставит задачу, направленную на изучение научной литературы, посвященной этому вопросу.

Цель  – представить современные данные о  влагалищном вироме, его взаимоотношении с  влагалищной микробиотой и связи с неблагоприятными исходами беременности, а также воздействии его на сексуальное и репродуктивное здоровье.

Материалы и методы

Материалы и методы. Нами был проведен анализ литературных данных, посвященных вирому влагалища, опубликованных за последние годы. Были использованы следующие источники: PubMed, E-library, Scopus.

Результаты

Результаты. Анализ научной литературы продемонстрировал важность изучения вирома влагалища, его роль в  развитии гинекологической и акушерской патологии, взаимосвязь влагалищных вирусов с микробиотой влагалища и иммунной системой организма хозяина. Любой дисбаланс этого взаимоотношения может способствовать неблагоприятным репродуктивным исходам, включая бесплодие.

Заключение

Заключение. Растущий интерес к изучению влагалищного вирома требует стандартизации лабораторных протоколов и технологий, включая идентификацию РНК-вирусов. Однако имеются ограничения в изучении влагалищного вирома в методологическом и аналитическом плане. Имеется предположение, что влагалищный виром представляет собой недостающую связь между бактериями женского урогенитального тракта, защитными свойствами слизистой и неблагоприятными исходами репродуктивной системы. В связи с этим весьма перспективными являются будущие исследования, дающие оценку влагалищного вирома в балансе между здоровьем и болезнью.

Introduction

Introduction. The vaginal ecosystem is rich in bacteria, the simplest, fungi as well as viruses that are now introduced by the concept of virome. The lack of knowledge of the role of the virome, especially its impact on reproductive and sexual health, aims to study scientific literature on this issue.

The purpose of this review is to provide up-to-date data on vaginal virome, its relationship with vaginal microbiota and outcomes of pregnancy, and its impact on reproductive and sexual health.

Material and methods

Material and methods. An information search was carried out using Internet resources (PubMed, Web of Science, eLibrary.ru); literature sources for period 2016–2021 were analyzed.

Results

Results. The analysis of the scientific data demonstrated the importance of studying the vaginal virome, its role in the development of gynecological and obstetric pathologies the relationship of vaginal viruses with microbiota and immune system of the host organism. And any imbalance of this relationship can contribute to adverse reproductive outcomes, including the infertility.

Conclusion

Conclusion. The growing interest in the investigation of vaginal virome requires standardization of laboratory protocols and technologies, including the  identification of  RNA viruses. However, there are methodological and analytical restrictions on the vaginal virome research. It is suggested that vaginal virome is the missing link between the bacteria of the female genital tract with protective properties of the mucous membranes and adverse reproductive outcomes. In this regard, future studies that assess vaginal virome in the balance between disease and health are very promising.

влагалищный вироммикробиотабактериомрепродуктивное здоровьеурогенитальный трактvaginal viromemicrobiotabacteriomereproductive healthurogenital tractReferencesMadere F.S., Monaco C.L. The female reproductive tract virome: understanding the dynamic role of viruses in gynecological health and disease. Curr Opin Virol. 2021;52:15–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2021.10.010.Madere F.S., Monaco C.L. The female reproductive tract virome: understanding the dynamic role of viruses in gynecological health and disease. Curr Opin Virol. 2021;52:15–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2021.10.010.Ceccarani C., Foschi C., Parolin C., D’Antuono A., Gaspari V., Consolandi C. et al. Diversity of vaginal microbiome and metabolome during genital infections. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):14095. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50410-x.Ceccarani C., Foschi C., Parolin C., D’Antuono A., Gaspari V., Consolandi C. et al. Diversity of vaginal microbiome and metabolome during genital infections. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):14095. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50410-x.Greenbaum S., Greenbaum G., Moran-Gilad J., Weinfraub A.Y. Ecological dynamics of the vaginal microbiome in relation to health and disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;220(4):324–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2018.11.1089.Greenbaum S., Greenbaum G., Moran-Gilad J., Weinfraub A.Y. Ecological dynamics of the vaginal microbiome in relation to health and disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;220(4):324–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2018.11.1089.Punzón-Jiménez P., Labarta E. The impact of the female genital tract microbiome in women health and reproduction: a review. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2021;38:2519–2541. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-021-02247-5.Punzón-Jiménez P., Labarta E. The impact of the female genital tract microbiome in women health and reproduction: a review. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2021;38:2519–2541. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-021-02247-5.Brooks J.P., Buck G.A., Chen G., Diao L., Edwards D.J., Fettweis J.M. et al. Changes in vaginal community state types reflect major shifts in the microbiome. Microb Ecol Health Dis. 2017;28(1):1303265. https://doi.org/10.1080/16512235.2017.1303265.Brooks J.P., Buck G.A., Chen G., Diao L., Edwards D.J., Fettweis J.M. et al. Changes in vaginal community state types reflect major shifts in the microbiome. Microb Ecol Health Dis. 2017;28(1):1303265. https://doi.org/10.1080/16512235.2017.1303265.Smith S.B., Ravel J. The vaginal microbiota, host defense and reproductive physiology. J Physiol. 2017;595(2):451-463. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP271694.Smith S.B., Ravel J. The vaginal microbiota, host defense and reproductive physiology. J Physiol. 2017;595(2):451-463. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP271694.Янковский Д.С., Дымент Г.С., Бережной В.В., Китам В.О., Химич Н.В. Виром человека. Современная педиатрия. 2019;1(97):49–74. https://doi.org/10.15574/SP.2019.97.49.Yankowski D.S., Dyment G.S., Berejhnoi V.V., Kitam V.O., Khimich N.V. Human virome. Sovremennaya Pediatriya. 2019;1(97):49–74. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.15574/SP.2019.97.49.Norman J.M., Handley S.A., Baldridge M.T., Droit L., Liu C.Y., Keller B.C. et al. Disease-specific alterations in the enteric virome in inflammatory bowel disease. Cell. 2015;160(3):447–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.01.002.Norman J.M., Handley S.A., Baldridge M.T., Droit L., Liu C.Y., Keller B.C. et al. Disease-specific alterations in the enteric virome in inflammatory bowel disease. Cell. 2015;160(3):447–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.01.002.Monaco C.L., Gootenberg D.B., Zhao G., Handley S.A., Ghebremichael M.S., Lim E.S. et al. Altered virome and bacterial microbiome in human immunodeficiency virus-associated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Cell Host Microbe. 2016;19(3):311–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2016.02.011.Monaco C.L., Gootenberg D.B., Zhao G., Handley S.A., Ghebremichael M.S., Lim E.S. et al. Altered virome and bacterial microbiome in human immunodeficiency virus-associated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Cell Host Microbe. 2016;19(3):311–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2016.02.011.Gogokhia L., Buhrke K., Bell R., Hoffman B., Brown D.G., Hanke-Gogokhia C. et al. Expansion of bacteriophages is linked to aggravated intestinal inflammation and colitis. Cell Host Microbe. 2019;25(2):285–299.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2019.01.008.Gogokhia L., Buhrke K., Bell R., Hoffman B., Brown D.G., Hanke-Gogokhia C. et al. Expansion of bacteriophages is linked to aggravated intestinal inflammation and colitis. Cell Host Microbe. 2019;25(2):285–299.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2019.01.008.Mushegian A.R. Are there 1031 virus particles on Earth, or more, or fewer? J Bacteriol. 2020;202(9):e00052–20. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00052-20.Mushegian A.R. Are there 1031 virus particles on Earth, or more, or fewer? J Bacteriol. 2020;202(9):e00052–20. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00052-20.Siegel R.D. Classification of human viruses. Principles and Practice of Pediatric. Infectious Disease. 2018;2018:1044–1048.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-40181-4.00201-2.Siegel R.D. Classification of human viruses. Principles and Practice of Pediatric. Infectious Disease. 2018;2018:1044–1048.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-40181-4.00201-2.Fluckiger A., Daillère R., Sassi M., Sixt B.S., Liu P., Loos F. et al. Crossreactivity between tumor MHC class I-restricted antigens and an enterococcal bacteriophage. Science. 2020;369(6506):936–942. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax0701.Fluckiger A., Daillère R., Sassi M., Sixt B.S., Liu P., Loos F. et al. Crossreactivity between tumor MHC class I-restricted antigens and an enterococcal bacteriophage. Science. 2020;369(6506):936–942. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax0701.Madere F.S., Sohn M., Winbush A.K., Barr B., Grier A., Palumbo C. et al. Transkingdom analysis of the female reproductive tract reveals bacteriophages from communities. Viruses. 2022;14(2):430. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14020430.Madere F.S., Sohn M., Winbush A.K., Barr B., Grier A., Palumbo C. et al. Transkingdom analysis of the female reproductive tract reveals bacteriophages from communities. Viruses. 2022;14(2):430. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14020430.Ma B., France M.T., Crabtree J., Crabtree J., Holm J.B., Humphrys M.S. et al. A comprehensive non-redundant gene catalog reveals extensive withincommunity intraspecies diversity in the human vagina. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):940. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14677-3.Ma B., France M.T., Crabtree J., Crabtree J., Holm J.B., Humphrys M.S. et al. A comprehensive non-redundant gene catalog reveals extensive withincommunity intraspecies diversity in the human vagina. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):940. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14677-3.Dridi B., Raoult D., Drancourt M. Archaea as emerging organisms in complex human microbiomes. Anaerobe. 2011;17(2):56–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.03.001.Dridi B., Raoult D., Drancourt M. Archaea as emerging organisms in complex human microbiomes. Anaerobe. 2011;17(2):56–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.03.001.Koonin E.V., Dolja V.V., Krupovic M. The healthy human virome: from virushost symbiosis to disease. Curr Opin Virol. 2021;47:86–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2021.02.002.Koonin E.V., Dolja V.V., Krupovic M. The healthy human virome: from virushost symbiosis to disease. Curr Opin Virol. 2021;47:86–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2021.02.002.Zárate S., Taboada B., Yocupicio-Monroy M., Arias C.F. Human virome. Arch Med Res. 2017;48(8):701–716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archmed.2018.01.005.Zárate S., Taboada B., Yocupicio-Monroy M., Arias C.F. Human virome. Arch Med Res. 2017;48(8):701–716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archmed.2018.01.005.Wylie K.M., Mihindukulasuriya K.A., Zhou Y., Sodergren E., Storch G.A., Weinstock G.M. Metagenomic analysis of double-stranded DNA viruses in healthy adults. BMC Biol. 2014;12:71. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-014-0071-7.Wylie K.M., Mihindukulasuriya K.A., Zhou Y., Sodergren E., Storch G.A., Weinstock G.M. Metagenomic analysis of double-stranded DNA viruses in healthy adults. BMC Biol. 2014;12:71. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-014-0071-7.Schmitt M., Depuydt C., Benoy I., Bogers J., Antoine J., Arbyn M. et al. Prevalence and viral load of 51 genital human papillomavirus types and three subtypes. Int J Cancer. 2013;132(10):2395–2403. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.27891.Schmitt M., Depuydt C., Benoy I., Bogers J., Antoine J., Arbyn M. et al. Prevalence and viral load of 51 genital human papillomavirus types and three subtypes. Int J Cancer. 2013;132(10):2395–2403. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.27891.Wylie K.M., Wylie T.N., Cahill A.G., Macones G.A., Tuuli M.G., Stout M.J. The vaginal eukaryotic DNA virome and preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;219(2):189.e1–189.e12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2018.04.048.Wylie K.M., Wylie T.N., Cahill A.G., Macones G.A., Tuuli M.G., Stout M.J. The vaginal eukaryotic DNA virome and preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;219(2):189.e1–189.e12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2018.04.048.Joseph T.A., Pe’er I. An introduction to whole-metagenome shortgun sequencing studies. Methods Mol Biol. 2021;2243:107–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1103-6_6.Joseph T.A., Pe’er I. An introduction to whole-metagenome shortgun sequencing studies. Methods Mol Biol. 2021;2243:107–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1103-6_6.Liang G., Bushman F.D. The human virome: assembly, composition and host interactions. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021;19(8):514–527. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-021-00536-5.Liang G., Bushman F.D. The human virome: assembly, composition and host interactions. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021;19(8):514–527. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-021-00536-5.Eskew A.M., Stout M.J., Bedrick B.S., Riley J.K., Omurtag K.R., Jimenez P.T. et al. Association of the eukaryotic vaginal virome with prophylactic antibiotic exposure and reproductive outcomes in a subfertile population undergoing in vitro fertilization: a prospective exploratory study. BJOG. 2020;127(2):208–216. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.15951.Eskew A.M., Stout M.J., Bedrick B.S., Riley J.K., Omurtag K.R., Jimenez P.T. et al. Association of the eukaryotic vaginal virome with prophylactic antibiotic exposure and reproductive outcomes in a subfertile population undergoing in vitro fertilization: a prospective exploratory study. BJOG. 2020;127(2):208–216. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.15951.Siqueira J.D., Curty G., Xutao D., Hofer C.B., Machado E.S., Seuánez H.N. et al. Composite analysis of the virome and bacteriome of HIV/HPV co-infected women reveals proxies for immunodeficiency. Viruses. 2019;11(5):422. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11050422.Siqueira J.D., Curty G., Xutao D., Hofer C.B., Machado E.S., Seuánez H.N. et al. Composite analysis of the virome and bacteriome of HIV/HPV co-infected women reveals proxies for immunodeficiency. Viruses. 2019;11(5):422. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11050422.Łaniewski P., Cui H., Roe D.J., Barnes D., Goulder A., Monk B.J. et al. Features of the cervicovaginal microenvironment drive cancer biomarker signatures in patients across cervical cancirogenesis. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):7333. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43849-5.Łaniewski P., Cui H., Roe D.J., Barnes D., Goulder A., Monk B.J. et al. Features of the cervicovaginal microenvironment drive cancer biomarker signatures in patients across cervical cancirogenesis. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):7333. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43849-5.Kaelin E.A., Skidmore P.T., Łaniewski P., Holland L.A., Chase D.M., HerbstKralovetz M.M. et al. Cervicovaginal DNA Virome alterations are associated with genital inflammation and microbiota composition. mSystems. 2022;7(2):e0006422. https://doi.org/10.1128/msysytems.00064-22.Kaelin E.A., Skidmore P.T., Łaniewski P., Holland L.A., Chase D.M., HerbstKralovetz M.M. et al. Cervicovaginal DNA Virome alterations are associated with genital inflammation and microbiota composition. mSystems. 2022;7(2):e0006422. https://doi.org/10.1128/msysytems.00064-22.Ameur A., Meiring T.L., Bunikis I., Häggqvist S., Lindau C., Lindberg J.H. et al. Comprehensive profiling of the vaginal microbiome in HIV positive women using massive parallel semiconductor sequencing. Sci Rep. 2014;4:4398. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep04398.Ameur A., Meiring T.L., Bunikis I., Häggqvist S., Lindau C., Lindberg J.H. et al. Comprehensive profiling of the vaginal microbiome in HIV positive women using massive parallel semiconductor sequencing. Sci Rep. 2014;4:4398. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep04398.France M., Alizadeh M., Brown S., Ma B., Ravel J. Towards a deeper understanding of the vaginal microbiota. Nat Microbiol. 2022;7(3):367–378. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-022-01083-2.France M., Alizadeh M., Brown S., Ma B., Ravel J. Towards a deeper understanding of the vaginal microbiota. Nat Microbiol. 2022;7(3):367–378. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-022-01083-2.Jakobsen R.R., Haar T., Humaidan P., Jensen J.S., Kot W.P., Castro-Mejia J.L. et al. Characterization of vaginal DNA virome in health and dysbiosis. Viruses. 2020;12(10):1143. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12101143.Jakobsen R.R., Haar T., Humaidan P., Jensen J.S., Kot W.P., Castro-Mejia J.L. et al. Characterization of vaginal DNA virome in health and dysbiosis. Viruses. 2020;12(10):1143. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12101143.Shannon B., Gajer P., Yi T.J., Ma B., Humphrys M.S., Thomas-Pavanel J. et al. Distinct effects of the cervicovaginal microbiota and herpes simplex type 2 infection on female genital tract immunology. J Infect Dis. 2017;215(9):1366–1375. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jix088.Shannon B., Gajer P., Yi T.J., Ma B., Humphrys M.S., Thomas-Pavanel J. et al. Distinct effects of the cervicovaginal microbiota and herpes simplex type 2 infection on female genital tract immunology. J Infect Dis. 2017;215(9):1366–1375. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jix088.Labrie S.J., Samsone J.E., Moineau S. Bacteriophage resistance mechanisms. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010;8(5):317–327. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2315.Labrie S.J., Samsone J.E., Moineau S. Bacteriophage resistance mechanisms. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010;8(5):317–327. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2315.Parmar K.M., Gaikwad S.L., Dhakephalkar P.K., Kothari R., Singh R.P. Intriguing interaction of bacteriophage-host association: an understanding in the era of omics. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:559. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmcb.2017.00559.Parmar K.M., Gaikwad S.L., Dhakephalkar P.K., Kothari R., Singh R.P. Intriguing interaction of bacteriophage-host association: an understanding in the era of omics. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:559. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmcb.2017.00559.Manrique P., Bolduc B., Walk S.T., van der Oost J., de Vos W.M., Young M.J. Healthy human gut phageome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016;113(37):10400–10405. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1601060113.Manrique P., Bolduc B., Walk S.T., van der Oost J., de Vos W.M., Young M.J. Healthy human gut phageome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016;113(37):10400–10405. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1601060113.Pride D.T., Salzman J., Haynes M., Rohwer F., Davis-Long C., White R.A. 3rd. et al. Evidence of a robust resident bacteriophage population revealed through analysis of the human salivary virome. ISME J. 2012;6(5):915–926. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2011.169.Pride D.T., Salzman J., Haynes M., Rohwer F., Davis-Long C., White R.A. 3rd. et al. Evidence of a robust resident bacteriophage population revealed through analysis of the human salivary virome. ISME J. 2012;6(5):915–926. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2011.169.Карахалис Л.Ю., Иванцив Н.С., Ли Н.В. Болезни периодонта в патогенезе неблагоприятных исходов беременности. Доктор.Ру. 2021;20(1):21–25. https://doi.org/10.31550/1727-2378-2021-20-1-21-25.Karakhalis L.Yu., Ivantsiv N.S., Li N.V. Periodontal diseases and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Doctor.Ru. 2021;20(1):21–25. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.31550/1727-2378-2021-20-1-21-25.Liu J., Yan R., Zhong Q., Ngo S., Bangayan N.J., Nguyen L. et al. The diversity and host interactions of Propionibacterium acnes bacteriophages on human skin. ISME J. 2015;9(9):2078–2093. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2015.47.Liu J., Yan R., Zhong Q., Ngo S., Bangayan N.J., Nguyen L. et al. The diversity and host interactions of Propionibacterium acnes bacteriophages on human skin. ISME J. 2015;9(9):2078–2093. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2015.47.Segura-Wang M., Gorzer I., Jaksch P., Puchhammer-Stöckl E. Temporal dynamics of the lung and plasma viromes in lung transplant recipients. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(7):e0200428. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.Pone.0200428.Segura-Wang M., Gorzer I., Jaksch P., Puchhammer-Stöckl E. Temporal dynamics of the lung and plasma viromes in lung transplant recipients. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(7):e0200428. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.Pone.0200428.Hobbs Z., Abedon S.T. Diversity of phage infection types and associated terminology: the problem with “Lytic or lysogenic”. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2016;363(7):fnw047. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsle/fnw047.Hobbs Z., Abedon S.T. Diversity of phage infection types and associated terminology: the problem with “Lytic or lysogenic”. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2016;363(7):fnw047. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsle/fnw047.Damelin L.H., Paximadis M., Mavri-Damelin D., Birkhead M., Lewis D.A., Tiemessen C.T. Identification of predominant culturable vaginal Lactobacillus species and associated bacteriophages from women with and without vaginal discharge syndrome in South Africa. J Med Microbiol. 2011;60(Pt. 2):180–183. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.024463-0.Damelin L.H., Paximadis M., Mavri-Damelin D., Birkhead M., Lewis D.A., Tiemessen C.T. Identification of predominant culturable vaginal Lactobacillus species and associated bacteriophages from women with and without vaginal discharge syndrome in South Africa. J Med Microbiol. 2011;60(Pt. 2):180–183. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.024463-0.Malki K., Shapiro J.W., Price T.K., Hilt E.E., Thomas-White K., Sircar T. et al. Genomes of Gardnerella strains reveal an abundance of prophages within the bladder microbiome. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0166757. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0166757.Malki K., Shapiro J.W., Price T.K., Hilt E.E., Thomas-White K., Sircar T. et al. Genomes of Gardnerella strains reveal an abundance of prophages within the bladder microbiome. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0166757. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0166757.Kilic A.O., Pavlova S.I., Aplay S., Kiliç S.S., Tao L. Comparative study of vaginal Lactobacillus phages isolated from women in the United State and Turkey: prevalence, morphology, host range, and DNA homology. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2001;8(1):31–39. https://doi.org/10.1128/CDLI.8.1.31-39.2001.Kilic A.O., Pavlova S.I., Aplay S., Kiliç S.S., Tao L. Comparative study of vaginal Lactobacillus phages isolated from women in the United State and Turkey: prevalence, morphology, host range, and DNA homology. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2001;8(1):31–39. https://doi.org/10.1128/CDLI.8.1.31-39.2001.Martín R., Soberón N., Escobedo S., Suárez J.E. Bacteriophage induction versus vaginal homeostasis: Role of H2 O2 in the selection of Lactobacillus defective prophages. Int Microbiol. 2009;12(2):131–136. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19784933.Martín R., Soberón N., Escobedo S., Suárez J.E. Bacteriophage induction versus vaginal homeostasis: Role of H2 O2 in the selection of Lactobacillus defective prophages. Int Microbiol. 2009;12(2):131–136. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19784933.van der Mee-Marquet N., Diene S.M., Barbera L., Courtier-Martinez L., Lafont L., Ouachée A. et al. Analysis of prophages carried by human infecting isolates provides new insight into the evolution of Group B Streptococcus species. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018;24:514–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2017.08.024.van der Mee-Marquet N., Diene S.M., Barbera L., Courtier-Martinez L., Lafont L., Ouachée A. et al. Analysis of prophages carried by human infecting isolates provides new insight into the evolution of Group B Streptococcus species. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018;24:514–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2017.08.024.Miller-Ensminger T., Garretto A., Brenner J., Thomas-White K., Zambom A., Wolfe A.J. et al. Bacteriophages of the Urinary microbiome. J Bacteriol. 2018;200(7):e00738–17. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00738-17.Miller-Ensminger T., Garretto A., Brenner J., Thomas-White K., Zambom A., Wolfe A.J. et al. Bacteriophages of the Urinary microbiome. J Bacteriol. 2018;200(7):e00738–17. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00738-17.Torcia M.G. Interplay among vaginal microbiome, immune response and sexually transmitted viral infections. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(2):266. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20020266.Torcia M.G. Interplay among vaginal microbiome, immune response and sexually transmitted viral infections. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(2):266. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20020266.Gosmann C., Anahtar M.N., Handley S.A., Farcasanu M., Abu-Ali G., Bowman B.A. et al. Lactobacillus-deficient cervicovaginal bacterial communities are associated with increased HIV acquisition in young South African women. Immunity. 2017;46(1):29–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2016.12.013.Gosmann C., Anahtar M.N., Handley S.A., Farcasanu M., Abu-Ali G., Bowman B.A. et al. Lactobacillus-deficient cervicovaginal bacterial communities are associated with increased HIV acquisition in young South African women. Immunity. 2017;46(1):29–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2016.12.013.Brotman R. The vaginal microenvironment prior to incident STI. Sex Transm Infect. 2019;95:A19. https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2019-sti.55.Brotman R. The vaginal microenvironment prior to incident STI. Sex Transm Infect. 2019;95:A19. https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2019-sti.55.Карахалис Л.Ю., Пономарева Ю.С., Петренко В.С., Петренко С.И., Багдасарян Л.Ю. Коррекция микробиоты влагалища при сочетанной патологии. Акушерство и гинекология. 2020;(12):177–186. https://doi.org/10.18565/aig.2020.12.177-184.Karakhalis L.Yu., Ponomareva Yu.S., Petrenko V.S., Petrenko S.I., Bagdasaryan L.Yu. Correction if vaginal microbiota in associated pathology. Akusherstvo i Ginekologiya (Russian Federation). 2020;(12):177–186. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18565/aig.2020.12.177-184.Jang S.J., Lee K., Kwon B., You H.J., Ko G. Vaginal lactobacilli inhibit growth and hyphae formation of Candida albicans. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):8121. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44579-4.Jang S.J., Lee K., Kwon B., You H.J., Ko G. Vaginal lactobacilli inhibit growth and hyphae formation of Candida albicans. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):8121. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44579-4.Tortelli B.A., Lewis W.G., Allsworth J.E., Member-Meneh N., Foster L.R., Reno H.E. et al. Associations between the vaginal microbiome and Candida colonization in women of reproductive age. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;(2225):471.e1–471.e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2019.10.008.Tortelli B.A., Lewis W.G., Allsworth J.E., Member-Meneh N., Foster L.R., Reno H.E. et al. Associations between the vaginal microbiome and Candida colonization in women of reproductive age. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;(2225):471.e1–471.e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2019.10.008.Hester R.A., Kennedy S.B. Candida infection as a risk factor for HIV transmission. J Women Health (Larchmt). 2003;12:487–494. https://doi.org/10.1089/154099903766651612.Hester R.A., Kennedy S.B. Candida infection as a risk factor for HIV transmission. J Women Health (Larchmt). 2003;12:487–494. https://doi.org/10.1089/154099903766651612.van de Wijgert J.H.H.M., Morrison C.S., Cornelisse P.G.A., Munjoma M., Moncada J., Awlo P. et al. Bacterial vaginosis and vaginal yeast, but not vaginal cleansing, increase HIV-1 acquisition in African women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;48(2):203–210. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181743936.van de Wijgert J.H.H.M., Morrison C.S., Cornelisse P.G.A., Munjoma M., Moncada J., Awlo P. et al. Bacterial vaginosis and vaginal yeast, but not vaginal cleansing, increase HIV-1 acquisition in African women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;48(2):203–210. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181743936.Apalata T., Carr W.H., Sturm W.A., Longo-Mbenza B., Moodley P. Determinants of symptomatic vulvovaginal candidiasis among human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infected women in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2014;2014:387070. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/387070.Apalata T., Carr W.H., Sturm W.A., Longo-Mbenza B., Moodley P. Determinants of symptomatic vulvovaginal candidiasis among human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infected women in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2014;2014:387070. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/387070.Plotkin B.J., Sigar I.M., Tiwari V., Halkyard S. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) modulation of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans initiation of HeLa299 cell-associated biofilm. Curr Microbiol. 2016;72(5):529–537. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-015-0975-7.Plotkin B.J., Sigar I.M., Tiwari V., Halkyard S. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) modulation of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans initiation of HeLa299 cell-associated biofilm. Curr Microbiol. 2016;72(5):529–537. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-015-0975-7.Mazaheritehrani E., Sala A., Orsi C.F., Neglia R.G., Morace G., Blasi E. et al. Human pathogenic virus are retained in and released by Candida albicans biofilm in vitro. Virus Res. 2014;179:153–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2013.10.018.Mazaheritehrani E., Sala A., Orsi C.F., Neglia R.G., Morace G., Blasi E. et al. Human pathogenic virus are retained in and released by Candida albicans biofilm in vitro. Virus Res. 2014;179:153–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2013.10.018.Nazik H., Joubert L.-M., Secor P.R., Sweere J.M., Bollyky P.L., Sass G. et al. Pseudomonas phage inhibition of Candida albicans. Microbiology (Reading). 2017;163(11):1568–1577. https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.000539.Nazik H., Joubert L.-M., Secor P.R., Sweere J.M., Bollyky P.L., Sass G. et al. Pseudomonas phage inhibition of Candida albicans. Microbiology (Reading). 2017;163(11):1568–1577. https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.000539.Li F., Chen C., Wei W., Wang Z., Dai J., Hao L. et al. The metagenome of the female upper reproductive tract. Gigascience. 2018;7(10):giy107. https://doi.org/10.1093/gigascience/giy107.Li F., Chen C., Wei W., Wang Z., Dai J., Hao L. et al. The metagenome of the female upper reproductive tract. Gigascience. 2018;7(10):giy107. https://doi.org/10.1093/gigascience/giy107.Cermelli C., Orsi C.F., Ardizzoni A., Lugli E., Cenacchi V., Cossarizza A. et al. Herpes simplex virus type 1 dysregulates anti-fungal defenses preventing monocyte activation and downregulating toll-like receptor-2. Microbiol Immunol. 2008;52(12):575–584. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00074.x.Cermelli C., Orsi C.F., Ardizzoni A., Lugli E., Cenacchi V., Cossarizza A. et al. Herpes simplex virus type 1 dysregulates anti-fungal defenses preventing monocyte activation and downregulating toll-like receptor-2. Microbiol Immunol. 2008;52(12):575–584. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00074.x.Murphy K., Mitchell C.M. The interplay of host immunity and environment on risk of bacterial vaginosis and associated reproductive health outcomes. J Infect Dis. 2016;214(Suppl. 1):29–35. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiw140.Murphy K., Mitchell C.M. The interplay of host immunity and environment on risk of bacterial vaginosis and associated reproductive health outcomes. J Infect Dis. 2016;214(Suppl. 1):29–35. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiw140.Muzny C.A., Laniewski P., Schwebke J.R., Herbst-Kralovetz M.M. Hostvaginal microbiota interactions in the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis. Curr Opin Infect. 2020;33(1):59–65. https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0000000000000620.Muzny C.A., Laniewski P., Schwebke J.R., Herbst-Kralovetz M.M. Hostvaginal microbiota interactions in the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis. Curr Opin Infect. 2020;33(1):59–65. https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0000000000000620.Amjadi F., Salehi E., Mehdizadeh M., Aflatoonian R. Role of the innate immunity in female reproductive tract. Adv Biomed Res. 2014;3:1. https://doi.org/10.4103/2277-9175.124626.Amjadi F., Salehi E., Mehdizadeh M., Aflatoonian R. Role of the innate immunity in female reproductive tract. Adv Biomed Res. 2014;3:1. https://doi.org/10.4103/2277-9175.124626.Rodriguez-Garcia M., Patel M.V., Shen Z., Wira C.R. The impact of aging on innate and adaptive immunity in the human female genital tract. Aging Cell. 2021;20(5):e13361. https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.13361.Rodriguez-Garcia M., Patel M.V., Shen Z., Wira C.R. The impact of aging on innate and adaptive immunity in the human female genital tract. Aging Cell. 2021;20(5):e13361. https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.13361.Nguyen P.V., Kafka J.K., Ferreira V.H., Roth K., Kaushic C. Innate and adaptive immune responses in male and female reproductive tracts in homeostasis and following HIV infection. Cell Mol Immunol. 2014;11(5):410–427. https://doi.org/10.1038/cmi.2014.41.Nguyen P.V., Kafka J.K., Ferreira V.H., Roth K., Kaushic C. Innate and adaptive immune responses in male and female reproductive tracts in homeostasis and following HIV infection. Cell Mol Immunol. 2014;11(5):410–427. https://doi.org/10.1038/cmi.2014.41.Mtshali A., San J.E., Osman F., Garrett N., Balle C., Giandhari J. Temporal Changes in vaginal microbiota and genital tract cytokines among South African women treated for bacterial vaginosis. Front Immunol. 2021;12:730986. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.730986.Mtshali A., San J.E., Osman F., Garrett N., Balle C., Giandhari J. Temporal Changes in vaginal microbiota and genital tract cytokines among South African women treated for bacterial vaginosis. Front Immunol. 2021;12:730986. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.730986.Campos A.C.C., Murta E.F.C., Michelin M.A., Reis C. Evaluation of cytokines in endocervical secretion and vaginal pH from women with bacterial vaginosis or human papillomavirus. ISRN Obst Gynecol. 2012;2012:3420745. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/342075.Campos A.C.C., Murta E.F.C., Michelin M.A., Reis C. Evaluation of cytokines in endocervical secretion and vaginal pH from women with bacterial vaginosis or human papillomavirus. ISRN Obst Gynecol. 2012;2012:3420745. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/342075.Liebenberg L.J.P., McKinnon L.R., Yende-Zuma N., Garrett N., Baxter C., Kharsany A.B.M. et al. HPV infection and the genital cytokine milieu in women at high risk of HIV acquisition. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):5227. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13089-2.Liebenberg L.J.P., McKinnon L.R., Yende-Zuma N., Garrett N., Baxter C., Kharsany A.B.M. et al. HPV infection and the genital cytokine milieu in women at high risk of HIV acquisition. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):5227. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13089-2.Lee L.-Y., Garland S.M. Human papillomavirus vaccination: The population impact. F1000Research. 2017;6:866. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.10691.1.Lee L.-Y., Garland S.M. Human papillomavirus vaccination: The population impact. F1000Research. 2017;6:866. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.10691.1.Spicknall I.H., Looker K.J., Gottlieb S.L., Chesson H.W., Schiffer J.T., Elmes J. et al. Review of mathematical models of HSV-2 vaccination: implications for vaccine development. Vaccine. 2019;37(50):7396–7407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.067.Spicknall I.H., Looker K.J., Gottlieb S.L., Chesson H.W., Schiffer J.T., Elmes J. et al. Review of mathematical models of HSV-2 vaccination: implications for vaccine development. Vaccine. 2019;37(50):7396–7407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.067.Looker K.J., Elmes J.A.R., Gottlieb S.L., Schiffer J.T., Vickerman, Turner K.M.E. et al. Effect of HSV-2 infection on subsequent HIV acquisition: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17(2):1303–1316. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30405-X.Looker K.J., Elmes J.A.R., Gottlieb S.L., Schiffer J.T., Vickerman, Turner K.M.E. et al. Effect of HSV-2 infection on subsequent HIV acquisition: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17(2):1303–1316. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30405-X.Si J., Yu C., Guo Y., Bian Z., Meng R., Yang L. et al. Chronic hepatitis B virus infection and total and cause-specific mortality: a prospective cohort study of 0.5 million people. BMJ Open. 2019;9(4):e027696. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027696.Si J., Yu C., Guo Y., Bian Z., Meng R., Yang L. et al. Chronic hepatitis B virus infection and total and cause-specific mortality: a prospective cohort study of 0.5 million people. BMJ Open. 2019;9(4):e027696. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027696.Lanzieri T.M., Dollard S.C., Bialek S.R. Systematic review of the birth prevalence of congenital cytomegalovirus infection in developing countries. Int J Infect Dis. 2014;22:44–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2013.12.010.Lanzieri T.M., Dollard S.C., Bialek S.R. Systematic review of the birth prevalence of congenital cytomegalovirus infection in developing countries. Int J Infect Dis. 2014;22:44–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2013.12.010.Nelson D.B., Hanlon A., Nachamkin I., Haggerty C., Mastrogiannis D.S., Liu C. et al. Early pregnancy changes in bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria and preterm delivery. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2014;28(2):88–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppe.12106.Nelson D.B., Hanlon A., Nachamkin I., Haggerty C., Mastrogiannis D.S., Liu C. et al. Early pregnancy changes in bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria and preterm delivery. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2014;28(2):88–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppe.12106.Anahtar M.N., Byrne E.H., Doherty K.E., Bowman B.A., Yamamoto H., Soumillon M. et al. Cervicovaginal bacteria are a major modulator of host inflammatory responses in the female genital tract. Immunity. 2015;42(5):965–976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2015.04.019.Anahtar M.N., Byrne E.H., Doherty K.E., Bowman B.A., Yamamoto H., Soumillon M. et al. Cervicovaginal bacteria are a major modulator of host inflammatory responses in the female genital tract. Immunity. 2015;42(5):965–976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2015.04.019.Pavlova S.I., Tao L. Induction of vaginal Lactobacillus phages by the cigarette smoke chemical benzo[a]pyrenediol epoxide. Mutat Res. 2000;466(1):57–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1383-5718(00)00003-6.Pavlova S.I., Tao L. Induction of vaginal Lactobacillus phages by the cigarette smoke chemical benzo[a]pyrenediol epoxide. Mutat Res. 2000;466(1):57–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1383-5718(00)00003-6.Vander Borght M., Wyns C. Fertility and infertility: definition and epidemiology. Clin Biochem. 2018;62:2–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.03.012.Vander Borght M., Wyns C. Fertility and infertility: definition and epidemiology. Clin Biochem. 2018;62:2–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.03.012.van Oostrum N., De Sutter P., Meys J., Verstraelen H. Risks associated with bacterial vaginosis in infertility patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod. 2013;28(7):1809–1815. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/det096.van Oostrum N., De Sutter P., Meys J., Verstraelen H. Risks associated with bacterial vaginosis in infertility patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod. 2013;28(7):1809–1815. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/det096.Salah R.M., Allam A.M., Magdy A.M., Mohamed A.S. Bacterial vaginosis and infertility: cause or association? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2013;167(1):59–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.10.031.Salah R.M., Allam A.M., Magdy A.M., Mohamed A.S. Bacterial vaginosis and infertility: cause or association? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2013;167(1):59–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.10.031.Ruggeri M., Cannas S., Cubeddu M., Molicotti P., Piras G.L., Dessole S. et al. Bacterial agents as a cause of infertility in humans. New Microbiol. 2016;39(3):206–209. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27704144.Ruggeri M., Cannas S., Cubeddu M., Molicotti P., Piras G.L., Dessole S. et al. Bacterial agents as a cause of infertility in humans. New Microbiol. 2016;39(3):206–209. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27704144.Cattani P., Cerimele F., Porta D., Graffeo R., Ranno S., Marchetti S. et al. Age-specific seroprevalence of human herpesvirus 8 in Mediterranean regions. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2003;9(4):274–279. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-0691.2003.00490.x.Cattani P., Cerimele F., Porta D., Graffeo R., Ranno S., Marchetti S. et al. Age-specific seroprevalence of human herpesvirus 8 in Mediterranean regions. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2003;9(4):274–279. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-0691.2003.00490.x.Marci R., Gentili V., Bortolotti D., Monte G.L., Caselli E., Bolzani S. et al. Presence of HHV-6A in endometrial epithelial cells from women with primary unexplained infertility. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(7):e0158304. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158304.Marci R., Gentili V., Bortolotti D., Monte G.L., Caselli E., Bolzani S. et al. Presence of HHV-6A in endometrial epithelial cells from women with primary unexplained infertility. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(7):e0158304. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158304.Caselli E., Bortolotti D., Marci R., Rotola A., Gentilli V., Soffritti I. et al. HHV-6A infection of endometrial epithelial cells induces increased endometrial NK cell-mediated cytotoxity. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:2525. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.02525.Caselli E., Bortolotti D., Marci R., Rotola A., Gentilli V., Soffritti I. et al. HHV-6A infection of endometrial epithelial cells induces increased endometrial NK cell-mediated cytotoxity. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:2525. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.02525.Komaroff A.L., Rizzo R., Ecker J.L. Human Herpesvruses 6A and 6B in Reproductive Diseases. Front. Immunol. 2021;12:648945. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.648945.Komaroff A.L., Rizzo R., Ecker J.L. Human Herpesvruses 6A and 6B in Reproductive Diseases. Front. Immunol. 2021;12:648945. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.648945.Teixeira F.M.E., Pietrobon A.J., de Oliveira L.M., da Silva Oliveira L.M., Sato M.N. Maternal-fetal interplay in Zika virus infection and adverse perinatal outcomes. Front Immunol. 2020;11:175. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00175.Teixeira F.M.E., Pietrobon A.J., de Oliveira L.M., da Silva Oliveira L.M., Sato M.N. Maternal-fetal interplay in Zika virus infection and adverse perinatal outcomes. Front Immunol. 2020;11:175. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00175.Dagnew M., Belachew A., Tiruneh M., Moges F. Hepatitis E virus infection among pregnant women in Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):519. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4125-x.Dagnew M., Belachew A., Tiruneh M., Moges F. Hepatitis E virus infection among pregnant women in Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):519. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4125-x.Endalamaw A., Demsie A., Eshetie S., Habtewold T.D. A systematic review and meta-analysis of vertical transmission route of HIV in Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):283. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3189-3.Endalamaw A., Demsie A., Eshetie S., Habtewold T.D. A systematic review and meta-analysis of vertical transmission route of HIV in Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):283. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3189-3.Bhatta A.K., Keyal U., Liu Y., Gellen E. Vertical transmission of herpes simplex virus: an update. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2018;16(6):685–692. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddg.13529.Bhatta A.K., Keyal U., Liu Y., Gellen E. Vertical transmission of herpes simplex virus: an update. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2018;16(6):685–692. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddg.13529.Kagan K.O., Hamprecht K. Cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2017;296:15–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-017-4380-2.Kagan K.O., Hamprecht K. Cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2017;296:15–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-017-4380-2.Bascietto F., Liberati M., Murgano D., Buca D., Iacovelli A., Flacco M.E. et al. Outcome of fetuses with congenital parvovirus B19 infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2018;52(5):569–576. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.19092.Bascietto F., Liberati M., Murgano D., Buca D., Iacovelli A., Flacco M.E. et al. Outcome of fetuses with congenital parvovirus B19 infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2018;52(5):569–576. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.19092.Fettweis J.M., Serrano M.G., Brooks J.P., Edwards D.J., Girerd P.H., Parikh H.I. et al. The vaginal microbiome and preterm birth. Nat Med. 2019;25(6):1012–1021. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-019-0450-2.Fettweis J.M., Serrano M.G., Brooks J.P., Edwards D.J., Girerd P.H., Parikh H.I. et al. The vaginal microbiome and preterm birth. Nat Med. 2019;25(6):1012–1021. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-019-0450-2.Hočevar K., Maver A., Vidmar Šimic M., Hodžić A., Haslberger A., Seršen T.P. et al. Vaginal microbiome signature is associated with spontaneous preterm delivery. Front Med. 2019;6:201. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2019.00201.Hočevar K., Maver A., Vidmar Šimic M., Hodžić A., Haslberger A., Seršen T.P. et al. Vaginal microbiome signature is associated with spontaneous preterm delivery. Front Med. 2019;6:201. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2019.00201.Brown R.G., Al-Memar M., Marchesi J.R., Lee Y.S., Smith A., Chan D. et al. Establishment of vaginal microbiota composition in early pregnancy and its association with subsequent preterm prelabor rupture of the fetal membranes. Transl Res. 2019;207:30–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trsl.2018.12.005.Brown R.G., Al-Memar M., Marchesi J.R., Lee Y.S., Smith A., Chan D. et al. Establishment of vaginal microbiota composition in early pregnancy and its association with subsequent preterm prelabor rupture of the fetal membranes. Transl Res. 2019;207:30–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trsl.2018.12.005.Amabebe E., Chapman D.R., Stern V.L., Stafford G., Anumba D.O.C. Midgestational changes in cervicovaginal fluid cytokine levels in asymptomatic pregnant women are predictive markers of inflammation-associated spontaneous preterm birth. J Reprod Immunol. 2018;126:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jri.2018.01.001.Amabebe E., Chapman D.R., Stern V.L., Stafford G., Anumba D.O.C. Midgestational changes in cervicovaginal fluid cytokine levels in asymptomatic pregnant women are predictive markers of inflammation-associated spontaneous preterm birth. J Reprod Immunol. 2018;126:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jri.2018.01.001.Ford J.H., Li M., Scheil W., Roder D. Human papillomavirus infection and intrauterine growth restriction: a data-linkage study. J Matern Neonatal Med. 2019;32(2):279–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2017.1378330.Ford J.H., Li M., Scheil W., Roder D. Human papillomavirus infection and intrauterine growth restriction: a data-linkage study. J Matern Neonatal Med. 2019;32(2):279–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2017.1378330.van den Veyver I.B., Ni J., Bowles N., Carpenter R.J.Jr., Weiner C.P., Yankowitz J. et al. Detection of intrauterine viral infection using the polymerase chain reaction. Mol Genet Metab. 1998;63(2):85–95. https://doi.org/10.1006/mgme.1997.2651.van den Veyver I.B., Ni J., Bowles N., Carpenter R.J.Jr., Weiner C.P., Yankowitz J. et al. Detection of intrauterine viral infection using the polymerase chain reaction. Mol Genet Metab. 1998;63(2):85–95. https://doi.org/10.1006/mgme.1997.2651.DiGiulio D.B., Romero R., Kusanovic J.P., Gómez R., Kim C.J., Seok K.S. et al. Prevalence and diversity of microbes in the amniotic fluid, the fetal inflammatory response, and pregnancy outcome in women with preterm pre-labor rupture of membranes. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2010;64(1):38–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00830.x.DiGiulio D.B., Romero R., Kusanovic J.P., Gómez R., Kim C.J., Seok K.S. et al. Prevalence and diversity of microbes in the amniotic fluid, the fetal inflammatory response, and pregnancy outcome in women with preterm pre-labor rupture of membranes. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2010;64(1):38–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00830.x.DiGiulio D.B., Gervasi M.T., Romero R., Vaisbuch E., Mazaki-Tovi S., Kusanovic J.P. et al. Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity in pregnancies with small-for-gestational-age-fetuses. J Perinat Med. 2010;38(5):495–502. https://doi.org/10.1515/jpm.2010.076.DiGiulio D.B., Gervasi M.T., Romero R., Vaisbuch E., MazakiTovi S., Kusanovic J.P. et al. Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity in pregnancies with small-for-gestational-age-fetuses. J Perinat Med. 2010;38(5):495–502. https://doi.org/10.1515/jpm.2010.076.Collado M.C., Rautava S., Aakko J., Isolauri E., Salminen S. Human gut colonization may be initiated in utero by distinct microbial communities in the placenta and amniotic fluid. Sci Rep. 2016;6:23129. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep23129.Collado M.C., Rautava S., Aakko J., Isolauri E., Salminen S. Human gut colonization may be initiated in utero by distinct microbial communities in the placenta and amniotic fluid. Sci Rep. 2016;6:23129. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep23129.Lim E.S., Rodrigues C., Holtz L.R. Amniotic fluid from healthy term pregnancies does not harbor a detectable microbial community. Microbiome. 2018;6(1):87. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-018-0475-7.Lim E.S., Rodrigues C., Holtz L.R. Amniotic fluid from healthy term pregnancies does not harbor a detectable microbial community. Microbiome. 2018;6(1):87. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-018-0475-7.Payne M.S., Keelan J.A., Stinson L.F. Re: “Amniotic fluid from healthy term pregnancies does not harbor a detectable microbial community”. Microbiome. 2019;7(1):20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-019-0642-5.Payne M.S., Keelan J.A., Stinson L.F. Re: “Amniotic fluid from healthy term pregnancies does not harbor a detectable microbial community”. Microbiome. 2019;7(1):20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-019-0642-5.Lim E.S., Rodriguez C., Holtz L.R. Reply Re: “Amniotic fluid from healthy term pregnancies does not harbor a detectable microbial community”. Microbiome. 2019;7(1):21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-019-0640-7.Lim E.S., Rodriguez C., Holtz L.R. Reply Re: “Amniotic fluid from healthy term pregnancies does not harbor a detectable microbial community”. Microbiome. 2019;7(1):21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-019-0640-7.Baghbani T., Nikzad H., Azadbakht J., Izadpanah F., Kashani H.H. Dual and mutual interaction between microbiota and viral infections: a possible treat for COVID-19. Microb Cell Fact. 2020;19(1):217. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-020-01483-1.Baghbani T., Nikzad H., Azadbakht J., Izadpanah F., Kashani H.H. Dual and mutual interaction between microbiota and viral infections: a possible treat for COVID-19. Microb Cell Fact. 2020;19(1):217. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-020-01483-1.Di Mascio D., Khalil A., Saccone G., Rizzo G., Buca D., Liberati M. et al. Outcome of coronavirus spectrum infections (SARS, MERS, COVID 1-19) during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2020;2(2):100107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100107.Di Mascio D., Khalil A., Saccone G., Rizzo G., Buca D., Liberati M. et al. Outcome of coronavirus spectrum infections (SARS, MERS, COVID 1-19) during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2020;2(2):100107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100107.Qiu L., Liu X., Xiao M., Xie J., Cao W., Liu Z. et al. SARS-CoV-2 is not detectable in the vaginal fluid of women with severe COVID-19 infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):813–817. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa375.Qiu L., Liu X., Xiao M., Xie J., Cao W., Liu Z. et al. SARS-CoV-2 is not detectable in the vaginal fluid of women with severe COVID-19 infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):813–817. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa375.Chen H., Guo J., Wang C., Luo F., Yu X., Zhang W. et al. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. Lancet. 2020;395:809–815. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30360-3.Chen H., Guo J., Wang C., Luo F., Yu X., Zhang W. et al. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. Lancet. 2020;395:809–815. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30360-3.Vivanti A.J., Vauloup-Fellous C., Prevot S., Zupan V., Suffee C., Cao J.D. et al. Transplacental transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):3572. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17436-6.Vivanti A.J., Vauloup-Fellous C., Prevot S., Zupan V., Suffee C., Cao J.D. et al. Transplacental transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):3572. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17436-6.Groß R., Conzelmann C., Müller J.A., Stenger S., Steinhart K., Kirchhoff F. et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in human breastmilk. Lancet. 2020;395:1757–1758. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31181-8.Groß R., Conzelmann C., Müller J.A., Stenger S., Steinhart K., Kirchhoff F. et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in human breastmilk. Lancet. 2020;395:1757–1758. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31181-8.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.