medsovetМедицинский СоветMeditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council2079-701X2658-5790REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.10.21518/2079-701X-2022-16-18-141-146medsovet-7132Research ArticleCOVID-19Постковидный синдром с позиции кардиоваскулярных нарушенийPostcovid syndrome, cardiovascular disordershttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0466-7059РедькинаИ. Н.RedkinaI. N.

Редькина Ирина Николаевна, эндокринолог, аспирант кафедры терапии института непрерывного профессионального развития с курсом эндокринологии

625023, Тюмень, ул. Одесская, д. 54

Irina N. Redkina, Endocrinologist, Graduate Student of Endocrinology Course of Therapy Postgraduate Education Department

54, Odesskaya St., Tyumen, 625023

irina.redk@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9253-8075СуплотоваЛ. А.SuplotovaL. A.

Суплотова Людмила Александровна, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующая курсом эндокринологии кафедры терапии института непрерывного профессионального развития с курсом эндокринологии

625023, Тюмень, ул. Одесская, д. 54

Lyudmila A. Suplotova, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of Endocrinology Course of Therapy Postgraduate Education Department

54, Odesskaya St., Tyumen, 625023

suplotovala@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2686-3715БессоноваМ. И.BessonovaM. I.

Бессонова Марина Игоревна, заслуженный врач РФ, директор

625026, Тюмень, ул. Мельникайте, д. 111

Marina I. Bessonova, Director of the Tyumen Cardiology Research Center, Honored Doctor of the Russian Federation

111, Melnikaite St., Tyumen, 625026

marina_bessson@mail.ruТюменский государственный медицинский университетРоссияTyumen State Medical UniversityRussian FederationТюменский кардиологический научный центр — филиал Томского национального исследовательского медицинского центра Российской академии наукРоссияTyumen Cardiology Research CenterRussian Federation2022151020221618141146Copyright © Редькина И.Н., Суплотова Л.А., Бессонова М.И., 20222022Редькина И.Н., Суплотова Л.А., Бессонова М.И.Redkina I.N., Suplotova L.A., Bessonova M.I.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/7132

Коронавирусная инфекция стала одной из самых больших потрясений современности. Коронавирусы — это вирусы с положительной цепью РНК, чаще всего поражающие дыхательные пути. Вирус проникает в человеческие альвеолярные клетки типа II с помощью рецепторов к ангиотензинпревращающему ферменту 2 (АПФ2). SARS-CoV использует специфические факторы клеток-хозяев на протяжении всего своего инфекционного цикла. Вирус реплицируется внутри клеток, отвлекая собственные клеточные механизмы организма, и связывает вирион с рецептором АПФ2. Количество переболевших COVID-19 насчитывает более 100 млн человек. Многие выздоровевшие отмечают сохранение симптомов в течение нескольких месяцев после острого заболевания. Чаще всего пациенты жалуются на одышку, усталость, общую слабость, боли за грудиной, учащенное сердцебиение. Современные исследования наглядно продемонстрировали влияние COVID-19 на метаболические нарушения, развитие и прогрессирование сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний и летальность. В настоящее время получены достоверные данные, что при COVID-19 формируется очаг воспаления в стенке миокарда. Его патогенез полностью не выяснен. Согласно двум основным теориям, в повреждении миокарда играет важную роль АПФ2, а также гипериммунный ответ, который самостоятельно может привести к развитию миокардита. Частота и прогностическое влияние миокардита, вызванного COVID-19, неизвестны.  В данной статье был проведен анализ актуальных литературных данных об эпидемиологии, патогенезе и клинических проявлениях постковидного синдрома, в частности подострого COVID-19, в фокусе кардиоваскулярных нарушений. Поиск актуальной литературы осуществлялся на базе Web of  Science, PubMed по ключевым словам: long COVID-19, cardiovascular deseases, postacute COVID-19 syndrome, SARS-CoV-2. В анализ включались систематические обзоры, метаанализы, клинические исследования, обзоры литературы, опубликованные за последние два года.

 

Coronavirus infection has become one of the biggest shocks of our time. Coronaviruses are viruses with a positive RNA chain, most often affecting the respiratory tract. The virus penetrates into human type II alveolar cells using receptors for angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (APF2). SARS-CoV uses specific host cell factors throughout its infection cycle. The virus replicates inside cells, distracting the body’s own cellular mechanisms, and binds the virion to the APF2 receptor. The number of COVID-19 patients is more than 100 million people. Many recovered people note the persistence of symptoms for several months after an acute illness. Most often, patients complain of shortness of breath, fatigue, general weakness, pain behind the sternum, palpitations. Many studies have clearly demonstrated the effect of COVID-19 on metabolic disorders, the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases and mortality. The studies have shown that inflammation is formed in the myocardium. Its pathogenesis is not fully elucidated. According to two main theories, APF2 plays an important role in myocardial damage, as well as a  hyperimmune response, which can independently lead to myocarditis. The frequency and prognostic effect of COVID-19 myocarditis are unknown. This article analyzes the current literature data on the epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of  postcovid syndrome, in  particular subacute COVID-19 in  the focus of  cardiovascular disorders. The search for relevant literature was carried out on the basis of Web of Science, PubMed, by keywords: long COVID-19, cardiovascular diseases, postacute COVID-19 syndrome, SARS-CoV-2. The analysis included systematic reviews, meta-analyses, clinical studies, literature reviews published over the past 2 years.

коронавирусная инфекциямиокардитSARS-CoV-2постковидный синдромкардиоваскулярные заболеваниявоспалениеCOVID-19myocarditisSARS-CoV-2long COVID-19cardiovascular diseasesinflammationReferencesFogarty H., Townsend L., Morrin H., Ahmad A., Comerford C., Karampini E. et al. Persistent endotheliopathy in the pathogenesis of long COVID syndrome. J Thromb Haemost. 2021;19(10):2546–2553. https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.15490.Fogarty H., Townsend L., Morrin H., Ahmad A., Comerford C., Karampini E. et al. Persistent endotheliopathy in the pathogenesis of long COVID syndrome. J Thromb Haemost. 2021;19(10):2546–2553. https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.15490.Амиров Н.Б., Давлетшина Э.И., Васильева А.Г., Фатыхов Р.Г. Постковидный синдром: мультисистемные «дефициты». Вестник современной клинической медицины. 2021;14(6):94–104. https://doi.org/10.20969/VSKM.Amirov N.B., Davletshina E.I., Vasilieva A.G., Fatykhov R.G. Postcovid syndrome: multisystem deficits. Vestnik Sovremennoi Klinicheskoi Mediciny. 2021;14(6):94–104. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.20969/VSKM.Nalbandian A., Sehgal K., Gupta A., Madhavan M.V., McGroder C., Stevens J.S. et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med. 2021;27:601–615. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01283-z.Nalbandian A., Sehgal K., Gupta A., Madhavan M.V., McGroder C., Stevens J.S. et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med. 2021;27:601–615. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01283-z.Augustin M., Schommers P., Stecher M., Dewald F., Gieselmann L., Gruell H. et al. Post-COVID syndrome in non-hospitalised patients with COVID-19: a longitudinal prospective cohort study. Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2021;6:100122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100122.Augustin M., Schommers P., Stecher M., Dewald F., Gieselmann L., Gruell H. et al. Post-COVID syndrome in non-hospitalised patients with COVID-19: a longitudinal prospective cohort study. Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2021;6:100122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100122.Hirschtick J.L., Titus A.R., Slocum E., Power L.E., Hirschtick R.E., Elliott M.R. et al. Population-based estimates of post-acute sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (PASC) prevalence and characteristics. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73:2055–2064. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc8240848.Hirschtick J.L., Titus A.R., Slocum E., Power L.E., Hirschtick R.E., Elliott M.R. et al. Population-based estimates of post-acute sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (PASC) prevalence and characteristics. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73:2055–2064. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc8240848.Logue J.K., Franko N.M., McCulloch D.J., McDonald D., Magedson A., Wolf C.R. et al. Sequelae in adults at 6 months after COVID-19 infection. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4:e210830. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.0830.Logue J.K., Franko N.M., McCulloch D.J., McDonald D., Magedson A., Wolf C.R. et al. Sequelae in adults at 6 months after COVID-19 infection. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4:e210830. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.0830.Whitaker M., Elliott J., Chadeau-Hyam M., Riley S., Darzi A, Cooke G, et al. Persistent symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection in a random community sample of 508,707 people. medRxiv. 2021.06.28.21259452. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.28.21259452Whitaker M., Elliott J., Chadeau-Hyam M., Riley S., Darzi A, Cooke G, et al. Persistent symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection in a random community sample of 508,707 people. medRxiv. 2021.06.28.21259452. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.28.21259452Sudre C.H., Murray B., Varsavsky T., Graham M.S., Penfold R.S., Bowyer R.C. et al. Attributes and predictors of long COVID. Nat Med. 2021;27:626–631. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01292-y.Sudre C.H., Murray B., Varsavsky T., Graham M.S., Penfold R.S., Bowyer R.C. et al. Attributes and predictors of long COVID. Nat Med. 2021;27:626–631. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01292-y.Huang C., Huang L., Wang Y., Li X., Ren L., Gu X. et al. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Lancet. 2021;397:220–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32656-8.Huang C., Huang L., Wang Y., Li X., Ren L., Gu X. et al. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Lancet. 2021;397:220–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32656-8.Huang L., Yao Q., Gu X., Wang Q., Ren L., Wang Y. et al. 1-year outcomes in hospital survivors with COVID-19: a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet. 2021;398:747–758. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01755-4.Huang L., Yao Q., Gu X., Wang Q., Ren L., Wang Y. et al. 1-year outcomes in hospital survivors with COVID-19: a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet. 2021;398:747–758. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01755-4.Seeßle J., Waterboer T., Hippchen T., Simon J., Kirchner M., Lim A. et al. Persistent symptoms in adult patients one year after COVID-19: a prospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;74(7):1191–1198. https://doi.org/-10.1093/cid/ciab611.Seeßle J., Waterboer T., Hippchen T., Simon J., Kirchner M., Lim A. et al. Persistent symptoms in adult patients one year after COVID-19: a prospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;74(7):1191–1198. https://doi.org/-10.1093/cid/ciab611.Mahmud R., Rahman M.M., Rassel M.A., Monayem F.B., Sayeed S.J.B., Islam M.S. et al. Post-COVID-19 syndrome among symptomatic COVID-19 patients: a prospective cohort study in a tertiary care center of Bangladesh. PLoS ONE. 2021;16:e0249644. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249644.Mahmud R., Rahman M.M., Rassel M.A., Monayem F.B., Sayeed S.J.B., Islam M.S. et al. Post-COVID-19 syndrome among symptomatic COVID-19 patients: a prospective cohort study in a tertiary care center of Bangladesh. PLoS ONE. 2021;16:e0249644. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249644.Thompson E.J., Williams D.M., Walker A.J., Mitchell R.E., Niedzwiedz C.L., Yang T.C. et al. Risk factors for long COVID: analyses of 10 longitudinal studies and electronic health records in the UK. medRxiv. 2021.06.24.21259277. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.24.21259277Thompson E.J., Williams D.M., Walker A.J., Mitchell R.E., Niedzwiedz C.L., Yang T.C. et al. Risk factors for long COVID: analyses of 10 longitudinal studies and electronic health records in the UK. medRxiv. 2021.06.24.21259277. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.24.21259277Evans R.A., McAuley H., Harrison E.M., Shikotra A., Singapuri A., Sereno M. et al. Physical, cognitive, and mental health impacts of COVID-19 after hospitalisation (PHOSP-COVID): a UK multicentre prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2021;9:1275–1287. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-Post_COVID-19_conditionClinical_case_definition-2021.1.Evans R.A., McAuley H., Harrison E.M., Shikotra A., Singapuri A., Sereno M. et al. Physical, cognitive, and mental health impacts of COVID-19 after hospitalisation (PHOSP-COVID): a UK multicentre prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2021;9:1275–1287. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-Post_COVID-19_conditionClinical_case_definition-2021.1.Wu X., Liu X., Zhou Y., Yu H., Li R., Zhan Q. et al. 3-month, 6-month, 9-month, and 12-month respiratory outcomes in patients following COVID-19-related hospitalisation: a prospective study. Lancet Resp Med. 2021;9:747–754. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(21)00174-0.Wu X., Liu X., Zhou Y., Yu H., Li R., Zhan Q. et al. 3-month, 6-month, 9-month, and 12-month respiratory outcomes in patients following COVID-19-related hospitalisation: a prospective study. Lancet Resp Med. 2021;9:747–754. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(21)00174-0.Lyons D., Frampton M., Naqvi S., Donohoe D., Adams G., Glynn K. Fallout from the COVID-19 pandemic — should we prepare for a tsunami of post viral depression? Ir J Psychol Med. 2020;37:295–300. https://doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2020.40.Lyons D., Frampton M., Naqvi S., Donohoe D., Adams G., Glynn K. Fallout from the COVID-19 pandemic — should we prepare for a tsunami of post viral depression? Ir J Psychol Med. 2020;37:295–300. https://doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2020.40.Islam M.F., Cotler J., Jason L.A. Post-viral fatigue and COVID-19: lessons from past epidemics. Fatigue Biomed Health Behav. 2020;8:61–69. Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?-doi=10.1080/21641846.2020.1778227.Islam M.F., Cotler J., Jason L.A. Post-viral fatigue and COVID-19: lessons from past epidemics. Fatigue Biomed Health Behav. 2020;8:61–69. Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?-doi=10.1080/21641846.2020.1778227.Hotchin N., Read R., Smith D., Crawford D. Active Epstein-Barr virus infection in post-viral fatigue syndrome. J Infect. 1989;18:143–150. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-Post_COVID-19_condition-Clinical_case_definition-2021.1.Hotchin N., Read R., Smith D., Crawford D. Active Epstein-Barr virus infection in post-viral fatigue syndrome. J Infect. 1989;18:143–150. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-Post_COVID-19_condition-Clinical_case_definition-2021.1.Bond P. A role for herpes simplex virus in the aetiology of chronic fatigue syndrome and related disorders. Med Hypotheses. 1993;40:301–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-9877(93)90010-n.Bond P. A role for herpes simplex virus in the aetiology of chronic fatigue syndrome and related disorders. Med Hypotheses. 1993;40:301–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-9877(93)90010-n.Carod-Artal F.J. Post-Ebolavirus disease syndrome: what do we know? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2015;13:1185–1187. https://doi.org/10.1586/14787210.2015.1079128.Carod-Artal F.J. Post-Ebolavirus disease syndrome: what do we know? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2015;13:1185–1187. https://doi.org/10.1586/14787210.2015.1079128.Libby P., Lüscher T. COVID-19 is, in the end, an endothelial disease. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(32):3038–3044. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa623.Libby P., Lüscher T. COVID-19 is, in the end, an endothelial disease. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(32):3038–3044. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa623.Long COVID: let patients help define long-lasting COVID symptoms. Nature. 2020;586:170. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-02796-2.Long COVID: let patients help define long-lasting COVID symptoms. Nature. 2020;586:170. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-02796-2.Horton R. Offline: COVID-19 is not a pandemic. Lancet. 2020;396(10255):874. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32000-6.Horton R. Offline: COVID-19 is not a pandemic. Lancet. 2020;396(10255):874. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32000-6.Бутрова С.А. От эпидeмии ожирения к эпидемии сахарного диабета. Международный эндокринологический журнал. 2013;(2):19–24. Режим доступа: http://www.mif-ua.com/archive/article/35699.Butrova S.A. From the obesity epidemic to the diabetes epidemic. International Journal of Endocrinology. 2013;(2):19–24. (In Russ.) Available at: http://www.mif-ua.com/archive/article/35699.Лескова И.В., Ершова Е.В. Ожирение в России: современный взгляд под углом социальных проблем. Ожирение и метаболизм. 2019;16(1):20–26. https://doi.org/10.14341/omet9988.Leskova I.V., Ershova E.V. Obesity in Russia: modern view in the light of a social problems. Obesity and Metabolism. 2019;16(1):20–26. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14341/omet9988.Grosso G. Obesity during COVID-19: an underrated pandemic? EClinicalMedicine. 2021;39:101062. Available at: https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/eclinm/PIIS2589-5370(21)00342-4.pdf.Grosso G. Obesity during COVID-19: an underrated pandemic? EClinicalMedicine. 2021;39:101062. Available at: https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/eclinm/PIIS2589-5370(21)00342-4.pdf.Ritchie S., Connell J. The link between abdominal obesity, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2007;17:319–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2006.07.005.Ritchie S., Connell J. The link between abdominal obesity, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2007;17:319–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2006.07.005.Petrey A.C., Qeadan F., Middleton E.A., Pinchuk I.V., Campbell R.A., Beswick E.J. Cytokine release syndrome in COVID-19: Innate immune, vascular, and platelet pathogenic factors differ in severity of disease and sex. J Leukoc Biol. 2021;109(1):55–66. https://doi.org/10.1002/jlb.3cova0820-410rrr.Petrey A.C., Qeadan F., Middleton E.A., Pinchuk I.V., Campbell R.A., Beswick E.J. Cytokine release syndrome in COVID-19: Innate immune, vascular, and platelet pathogenic factors differ in severity of disease and sex. J Leukoc Biol. 2021;109(1):55–66. https://doi.org/10.1002/jlb.3cova0820-410rrr.Helms J., Tacquard C., Severac F., Leonard-Lorant I., Ohana M., Delabranche X. et al. High risk of thrombosis in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multicenter prospective cohort study. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(6):1089–1098. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06062-x.Helms J., Tacquard C., Severac F., Leonard-Lorant I., Ohana M., Delabranche X. et al. High risk of thrombosis in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multicenter prospective cohort study. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(6):1089–1098. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06062-x.Dong E., Du H., Gardner L. An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20:533–534. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-Post_COVID-19_condition-Clinical_case_definition-2021.1.Dong E., Du H., Gardner L. An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20:533–534. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-Post_COVID-19_condition-Clinical_case_definition-2021.1.Drake T.M., Riad A.M., Fairfield C.J., Egan C., Knight S.R., Pius R. et al. Characterisation of in-hospital complications associated with COVID-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol UK: a prospective, multicentre cohort study. Lancet. 2021;398:223–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00799-6.Drake T.M., Riad A.M., Fairfield C.J., Egan C., Knight S.R., Pius R. et al. Characterisation of in-hospital complications associated with COVID-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol UK: a prospective, multicentre cohort study. Lancet. 2021;398:223–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00799-6.Huang C., Wang Y., Li X., Ren L., Zhao J., Hu Y. et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30183-5.Huang C., Wang Y., Li X., Ren L., Zhao J., Hu Y. et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30183-5.Raman B., Bluemke D.A., Lüscher T.F., Neubauer S. Long COVID: post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 with a cardiovascular focus. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(11):1157–1172. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac031.Raman B., Bluemke D.A., Lüscher T.F., Neubauer S. Long COVID: post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 with a cardiovascular focus. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(11):1157–1172. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac031.Inciardi R.M., Adamo M., Lupi L., Cani D.S., Di Pasquale M., Tomasoni D. et al. Characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 and cardiac disease in Northern Italy. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(19):1821–1829. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa388.Inciardi R.M., Adamo M., Lupi L., Cani D.S., Di Pasquale M., Tomasoni D. et al. Characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 and cardiac disease in Northern Italy. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(19):1821–1829. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa388.Hu Z., Li S., Song X. Cytokine storm with rapidly elevated interleukin-6 indicates sudden death in patients with critical COVID-19. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2021;58:30–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.08.001.Hu Z., Li S., Song X. Cytokine storm with rapidly elevated interleukin-6 indicates sudden death in patients with critical COVID-19. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2021;58:30–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.08.001.Chatrath N., Kaza N., Pabari P.A., Fox K., Mayet J., Barton C. et al. The effect of concomitant COVID-19 infection on outcomes in patients hospitalized with heart failure. ESC Heart Fail. 2020;7:4443–4447. https://doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.13059.Chatrath N., Kaza N., Pabari P.A., Fox K., Mayet J., Barton C. et al. The effect of concomitant COVID-19 infection on outcomes in patients hospitalized with heart failure. ESC Heart Fail. 2020;7:4443–4447. https://doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.13059.Alvarez-Garcia J., Lee S., Gupta A., Cagliostro M., Joshi A.A., Rivas-Lasarte M. et al. Prognostic impact of prior heart failure in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76:2334–2348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.09.549.Alvarez-Garcia J., Lee S., Gupta A., Cagliostro M., Joshi A.A., Rivas-Lasarte M. et al. Prognostic impact of prior heart failure in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76:2334–2348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.09.549.Ayoubkhani D., Khunti K., Nafilyan V., Maddox T., Humberstone B., Diamond I., Banerjee A. Post-covid syndrome in individuals admitted to hospital with covid-19: retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2021;372:n693. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n693.Ayoubkhani D., Khunti K., Nafilyan V., Maddox T., Humberstone B., Diamond I., Banerjee A. Post-covid syndrome in individuals admitted to hospital with covid-19: retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2021;372:n693. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n693.Puntmann V.O., Carerj M.L., Wieters I., Fahim M., Arendt C., Hoffmann J. et al. Outcomes of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients Recently Recovered from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(11):1265–1273. http://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.3557.Puntmann V.O., Carerj M.L., Wieters I., Fahim M., Arendt C., Hoffmann J. et al. Outcomes of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients Recently Recovered from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(11):1265–1273. http://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.3557.Kopanczyk R., Kumar N., Papadimos T. Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome for Anesthesiologists: A Narrative Review and a Pragmatic Approach to Clinical Care. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2021;36(8):2727–2737. http://doi.org/10.1053/j.jvca.2021.09.051.Kopanczyk R., Kumar N., Papadimos T. Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome for Anesthesiologists: A Narrative Review and a Pragmatic Approach to Clinical Care. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2021;36(8):2727–2737. http://doi.org/10.1053/j.jvca.2021.09.051.Fox S.E., Vander Heide R.S. COVID-19: the heart of the matter—pathological changes and a proposed mechanism. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2021;26:217–224. https://doi.org/10.1177/1074248421995356.Fox S.E., Vander Heide R.S. COVID-19: the heart of the matter—pathological changes and a proposed mechanism. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2021;26:217–224. https://doi.org/10.1177/1074248421995356.Lindner D., Fitzek A., Brauninger H., Aleshcheva G., Edler C., Meissner K. et al. Association of Cardiac Infection with SARS-CoV-2 in Confirmed COVID-19 Autopsy Cases. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;(5):1281–1285. Available at: https://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13054-020-03183-z.Lindner D., Fitzek A., Brauninger H., Aleshcheva G., Edler C., Meissner K. et al. Association of Cardiac Infection with SARS-CoV-2 in Confirmed COVID-19 Autopsy Cases. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;(5):1281–1285. Available at: https://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13054-020-03183-z.Lindner D., Fitzek A., Bräuninger H., Aleshcheva G., Edler C., Meissner K. et al. Association of cardiac infection with SARS-CoV-2 in confirmed COVID-19 autopsy cases. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(11):1281–1285. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.3551.Lindner D., Fitzek A., Bräuninger H., Aleshcheva G., Edler C., Meissner K. et al. Association of cardiac infection with SARS-CoV-2 in confirmed COVID-19 autopsy cases. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(11):1281–1285. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.3551.Basso C., Leone O., Rizzo S., De Gaspari M., van der Wal A.C., Aubry M.C. et al. Pathological features of COVID-19-associated myocardial injury: a multicentre cardiovascular pathology study. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(39):3827–3835. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa664.Basso C., Leone O., Rizzo S., De Gaspari M., van der Wal A.C., Aubry M.C. et al. Pathological features of COVID-19-associated myocardial injury: a multicentre cardiovascular pathology study. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(39):3827–3835. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa664.Halushka M.K., Vander Heide R.S. Myocarditis is rare in COVID-19 autopsies: cardiovascular findings across 277 postmortem examinations. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2021;50:107300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carpath.2020.107300.Halushka M.K., Vander Heide R.S. Myocarditis is rare in COVID-19 autopsies: cardiovascular findings across 277 postmortem examinations. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2021;50:107300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carpath.2020.107300.Siripanthong B., Nazarian S., Muser D., Deo R., Santangeli P., Khanji M.Y. et al. Recognizing COVID-19-related myocarditis: The possible pathophysiology and proposed guideline for diagnosis and management. Heart Rhythm. 2020;17:1463–1471. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.05.001.Siripanthong B., Nazarian S., Muser D., Deo R., Santangeli P., Khanji M.Y. et al. Recognizing COVID-19-related myocarditis: The possible pathophysiology and proposed guideline for diagnosis and management. Heart Rhythm. 2020;17:1463–1471. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.05.001.Wu Q., Zhou L., Sun X., Yan Z., Hu C., Wu J. et al. Altered Lipid Metabolism in Recovered SARS Patients Twelve Years after Infection. Sci Rep. 2017;7:9110. http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-09536-z.Wu Q., Zhou L., Sun X., Yan Z., Hu C., Wu J. et al. Altered Lipid Metabolism in Recovered SARS Patients Twelve Years after Infection. Sci Rep. 2017;7:9110. http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-09536-z.Fried J.A., Ramasubbu K., Bhatt R., Topkara V.K., Clerkin K.J., Horn E. et al. The Variety of Cardiovascular Presentations of COVID-19. Circulation. 2020;141:1930–1936. http://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047164.Fried J.A., Ramasubbu K., Bhatt R., Topkara V.K., Clerkin K.J., Horn E. et al. The Variety of Cardiovascular Presentations of COVID-19. Circulation. 2020;141:1930–1936. http://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047164.Ziegler C.G.K., Allon S.J., Nyquist S.K., Mbano I.M., Miao V.N., Tzouanas C.N. et al. SARS-CoV-2 Receptor ACE2 Is an Interferon-Stimulated Gene in Human Airway Epithelial Cells and Is Detected in Specific Cell Subsets across Tissues. Cell. 2020;181:1016–1035.e19. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.035.Ziegler C.G.K., Allon S.J., Nyquist S.K., Mbano I.M., Miao V.N., Tzouanas C.N. et al. SARS-CoV-2 Receptor ACE2 Is an Interferon-Stimulated Gene in Human Airway Epithelial Cells and Is Detected in Specific Cell Subsets across Tissues. Cell. 2020;181:1016–1035.e19. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.035.Reynolds H.R., Adhikari S., Pulgarin C., Troxel A.B., Iturrate E., Johnson S.B. et al. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitors and Risk of COVID-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:2441–2448. http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2008975.Reynolds H.R., Adhikari S., Pulgarin C., Troxel A.B., Iturrate E., Johnson S.B. et al. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitors and Risk of COVID-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:2441–2448. http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2008975.Liu P.P., Blet A., Smyth D., Li H. The Science Underlying COVID-19: Implications for the Cardiovascular System. Circulation. 2020;142:68–78. http://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047549.Liu P.P., Blet A., Smyth D., Li H. The Science Underlying COVID-19: Implications for the Cardiovascular System. Circulation. 2020;142:68–78. http://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047549.Radin J.M., Quer G., Ramos E., Baca-Motes K., Gadaleta M., Topol E.J., Steinhubl S.R. Assessment of Prolonged Physiological and Behavioral Changes Associated With COVID-19 Infection. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(7):e2115959. http://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.15959.Radin J.M., Quer G., Ramos E., Baca-Motes K., Gadaleta M., Topol E.J., Steinhubl S.R. Assessment of Prolonged Physiological and Behavioral Changes Associated With COVID-19 Infection. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(7):e2115959. http://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.15959.Wong S., Fan B., Huang W., Chia Y. ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in post-COVID-19 patients: A case series. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2021;50(5):425–430. http://doi.org/10.1097/CRD.0000000000000368.Wong S., Fan B., Huang W., Chia Y. ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in post-COVID-19 patients: A case series. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2021;50(5):425–430. http://doi.org/10.1097/CRD.0000000000000368.Giustino G., Croft L.B., Stefanini G.G., Bragato R., Silbiger J.J., Vicenzi M. et al. Characterization of myocardial injury in patients with COVID-19. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76:2043–2055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.069.Giustino G., Croft L.B., Stefanini G.G., Bragato R., Silbiger J.J., Vicenzi M. et al. Characterization of myocardial injury in patients with COVID-19. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76:2043–2055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.069.Bois M.C., Boire N.A., Layman A.J., Aubry M.C., Alexander M.P., Roden A.C. et al. COVID-19-associated nonocclusive fibrin microthrombi in the heart. Circulation. 2021;143:230–243. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.120.050754.Bois M.C., Boire N.A., Layman A.J., Aubry M.C., Alexander M.P., Roden A.C. et al. COVID-19-associated nonocclusive fibrin microthrombi in the heart. Circulation. 2021;143:230–243. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.120.050754.Nabors C., Sridhar A., Hooda U., Lobo S.A., Levine A., Frishman W.H., Dhand A. Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients 80 Years and Older Hospitalized With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Cardiol Rev. 2021;29(1):39–42. http://doi.org/10.1097/CRD.0000000000000368.Nabors C., Sridhar A., Hooda U., Lobo S.A., Levine A., Frishman W.H., Dhand A. Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients 80 Years and Older Hospitalized With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Cardiol Rev. 2021;29(1):39–42. http://doi.org/10.1097/CRD.0000000000000368.Li X., Pan X., Li Y., An N., Xing Y., Yang F. et al. Cardiac injury associated with severe disease or ICU admission and death in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Crit Care. 2020;24:468. http://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03183-z.Li X., Pan X., Li Y., An N., Xing Y., Yang F. et al. Cardiac injury associated with severe disease or ICU admission and death in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Crit Care. 2020;24:468. http://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03183-z.Shi S., Qin M., Shen B., Cai Y., Liu T., Yang F. et al. Association of Cardiac Injury With Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5:802–810. http://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0950.Shi S., Qin M., Shen B., Cai Y., Liu T., Yang F. et al. Association of Cardiac Injury With Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5:802–810. http://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0950.Sims J.T., Krishnan V., Chang C.Y., Engle S.M., Casalini G., Rodgers G.H. et al. Characterization of the cytokine storm reflects hyperinflammatory endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021;147(1):107–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.08.031.Sims J.T., Krishnan V., Chang C.Y., Engle S.M., Casalini G., Rodgers G.H. et al. Characterization of the cytokine storm reflects hyperinflammatory endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021;147(1):107–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.08.031.Nagashima S., Mendes M.C., Camargo Martins A.P., Borges N.H., Godoy T.M., Miggiolaro A.F.R.D.S. et al. Endothelial dysfunction and thrombosis in patients with COVID-19 brief report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2020;40(10):2404–2407. https://doi.org/10.1161/atvbaha.120.314860.Nagashima S., Mendes M.C., Camargo Martins A.P., Borges N.H., Godoy T.M., Miggiolaro A.F.R.D.S. et al. Endothelial dysfunction and thrombosis in patients with COVID-19 brief report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2020;40(10):2404–2407. https://doi.org/10.1161/atvbaha.120.314860.Pollack A., Kontorovich A.R., Fuster V., Dec G.W. Viral myocarditis — diagnosis, treatment options, and current controversies. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2015;12:670–680. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2015.108.Pollack A., Kontorovich A.R., Fuster V., Dec G.W. Viral myocarditis — diagnosis, treatment options, and current controversies. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2015;12:670–680. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2015.108.Kim H.W., de Chantemèle E.J.B., Weintraub N.L. Perivascular adipocytes in vascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2019;39:2220–222. https://doi.org/10.1161/atvbaha.119.312304.Kim H.W., de Chantemèle E.J.B., Weintraub N.L. Perivascular adipocytes in vascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2019;39:2220–222. https://doi.org/10.1161/atvbaha.119.312304.Blagova O., Varionchik N., Zaidenov V., Savina P., Sarkisova N. Anti-heart antibodies levels and their correlation with clinical symptoms and outcomes in patients with confirmed or suspected diagnosis COVID-19. Eur J Immunol. 2021;51:893–902. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.202048930.Blagova O., Varionchik N., Zaidenov V., Savina P., Sarkisova N. Anti-heart antibodies levels and their correlation with clinical symptoms and outcomes in patients with confirmed or suspected diagnosis COVID-19. Eur J Immunol. 2021;51:893–902. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.202048930.Richter A.G., Shields A.M., Karim A., Birch D., Faustini S.E., Steadman L. et al. Establishing the prevalence of common tissue-specific autoantibodies following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Clin Exp Immunol. 2021;205:99–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/cei.13623.Richter A.G., Shields A.M., Karim A., Birch D., Faustini S.E., Steadman L. et al. Establishing the prevalence of common tissue-specific autoantibodies following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Clin Exp Immunol. 2021;205:99–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/cei.13623.Franke C., Ferse C., Kreye J., Reincke S.M., Sanchez-Sendin E., Rocco A. et al. High frequency of cerebrospinal fluid autoantibodies in COVID-19 patients with neurological symptoms. Brain Behav Immun. 2021;93:415–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.12.022.Franke C., Ferse C., Kreye J., Reincke S.M., Sanchez-Sendin E., Rocco A. et al. High frequency of cerebrospinal fluid autoantibodies in COVID-19 patients with neurological symptoms. Brain Behav Immun. 2021;93:415–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.12.022.Talla A., Vasaikar S.V., Lemos M.P., Moodie Z., Pebworth M.-P.L., Henderson K.E. et al. Longitudinal immune dynamics of mild COVID-19 define signatures of recovery and persistence. bioRxiv [Preprint]. 2021.05.26.442666. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.26.442666.Talla A., Vasaikar S.V., Lemos M.P., Moodie Z., Pebworth M.-P.L., Henderson K.E. et al. Longitudinal immune dynamics of mild COVID-19 define signatures of recovery and persistence. bioRxiv [Preprint]. 2021.05.26.442666. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.26.442666.von Meijenfeldt F.A., Havervall S., Adelmeijer J., Lundström A., Magnusson M., Mackman N. et al. Sustained prothrombotic changes in COVID-19 patients 4 months after hospital discharge. Blood Adv. 2021;5(3):756–759. https://doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003968.von Meijenfeldt F.A., Havervall S., Adelmeijer J., Lundström A., Magnusson M., Mackman N. et al. Sustained prothrombotic changes in COVID-19 patients 4 months after hospital discharge. Blood Adv. 2021;5(3):756–759. https://doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003968.Мартынов М.Ю., Боголепова А.Н. Эндотелиальная дисфункция при COVID-19 и когнитивные нарушения. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2021;121(6):93–99. https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro202112106193.Martynov M.Yu., Bogolepova A.N. Endothelial dysfunction in COVID- 19 and cognitive impairment. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2021;121(6):93–99. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro202112106193.Suzuki Y.J., Nikolaienko S.I., Shults N.V., Gychka S.G. COVID-19 patients may become predisposed to pulmonary arterial hypertension. Med Hypotheses. 2021;147:110483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110483.Suzuki Y.J., Nikolaienko S.I., Shults N.V., Gychka S.G. COVID-19 patients may become predisposed to pulmonary arterial hypertension. Med Hypotheses. 2021;147:110483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110483.Vechi H.T., Maia L.R., Alves M.D.M. Late acute pulmonary embolism after mild Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): a case series. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2020;62:e63. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1678-9946202062063.Vechi H.T., Maia L.R., Alves M.D.M. Late acute pulmonary embolism after mild Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): a case series. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2020;62:e63. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1678-9946202062063.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.