<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medsovet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский Совет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-701X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5790</issn><publisher><publisher-name>REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21518/2079-701X-2022-16-20-170-176</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medsovet-7222</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КОМОРБИДНЫЙ ПАЦИЕНТ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>COMORBID PATIENT</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Этиологические факторы стимуляции лицевого нерва у пользователей кохлеарных имплантов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Etiological factors of facial nerve stimulation in cochlear implant users</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2581-4006</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузовков</surname><given-names>В. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuzovkov</surname><given-names>V. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владислав Евгеньевич Кузовков, д. м. н., эксперт, главный научный сотрудник</p><p>190013</p><p>ул. Бронницкая, д. 9</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladislav E. Kuzovkov, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Expert, Chief Researcher</p><p>190013</p><p>9, Bronnitskaya St.</p><p>St Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">v_kuzovkov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-506X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лиленко</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lilenko</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Андрей Сергеевич Лиленко, к. м. н., научный сотрудник</p><p>отдел диагностики и реабилитации нарушений слуха</p><p>190013</p><p>ул. Бронницкая, д. 9</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey S. Lilenko, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Researcher</p><p>Department of Diagnosis and Rehabilitation of Hearing Disorders</p><p>190013</p><p>9, Bronnitskaya St.</p><p>St Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aslilenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0856-8680</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сугарова</surname><given-names>С. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sugarova</surname><given-names>S. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Серафима Борисовна Сугарова, к. м. н., руководитель отдела</p><p>отдел диагностики и реабилитации нарушений слуха</p><p>190013</p><p>ул. Бронницкая, д. 9</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Serafima B. Sugarova, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Head of the Department</p><p>Department of Diagnosis and Rehabilitation of Hearing Disorders</p><p>190013</p><p>9, Bronnitskaya St.</p><p>St Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sima.sugarova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6345-020X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Танасчишина</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tanaschishina</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Виктория Андреевна Танасчишина, аспирант</p><p>отдел диагностики и реабилитации нарушений слуха</p><p>190013</p><p>ул. Бронницкая, д. 9</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Victoria A. Tanaschishina, Postgraduate Student</p><p>Department of Diagnosis and Rehabilitation of Hearing Disorders</p><p>190013</p><p>9, Bronnitskaya St.</p><p>St Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tanasic95@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2768-6036</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каляпин</surname><given-names>Д. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kaliapin</surname><given-names>D. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Денис Дмитриевич Каляпин, к. м. н., сурдолог, младший научный сотрудник</p><p>отдел диагностики и реабилитации нарушений слуха</p><p>190013</p><p>ул. Бронницкая, д. 9</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Denis D. Kaliapin, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Audiologist, Junior Researcher</p><p>Department of Diagnosis and Rehabilitation of Hearing Disorders</p><p>190013</p><p>9, Bronnitskaya St.</p><p>St Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kalyapin92@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3022-1499</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Луппов</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Luppov</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дмитрий Степанович Луппов, аспирант</p><p>отдел диагностики и реабилитации нарушений слуха</p><p>190013</p><p>ул. Бронницкая, д. 9</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry S. Luppov, Postgraduate Student</p><p>Department of Diagnosis and Rehabilitation of Hearing Disorders</p><p>190013</p><p>9, Bronnitskaya St.</p><p>St Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dmitryluppov.ent@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1564-7555</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Скирпичников</surname><given-names>И. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Skirpichnikov</surname><given-names>I. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Илья Николаевич Скирпичников, главный внештатный оториноларинголог, заведующий отделением</p><p>отделение оториноларингологии</p><p>454048</p><p>ул. Воровского, 70</p><p>Челябинск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ilya N. Skirpichnikov, Chief Freelance Otorhinolaryngologist, Head of the Department</p><p>Department of Otorhinolaryngology</p><p>453048</p><p>70, Vorovskу St.</p><p>Chelyabinsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">070173@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский научно-исследовательский институт уха, горла, носа и речи; Международное объединение ведущих медицинских центров слуховой имплантации HEARRING</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint Petersburg Research Institute of Ear, Throat, Nose and Speech; International Association of Leading Medical Centers for Hearing Implantation HEARRING</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский научно-исследовательский институт уха, горла, носа и речи</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint Petersburg Research Institute of Ear, Throat, Nose and Speech</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Челябинская областная клиническая больница; Министерство здравоохранения Челябинской области</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Chelyabinsk Regional Clinical Hospital; Ministry of Health of the Chelyabinsk Region</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>20</issue><fpage>170</fpage><lpage>176</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кузовков В.Е., Лиленко А.С., Сугарова С.Б., Танасчишина В.А., Каляпин Д.Д., Луппов Д.С., Скирпичников И.Н., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кузовков В.Е., Лиленко А.С., Сугарова С.Б., Танасчишина В.А., Каляпин Д.Д., Луппов Д.С., Скирпичников И.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kuzovkov V.E., Lilenko A.S., Sugarova S.B., Tanaschishina V.A., Kaliapin D.D., Luppov D.S., Skirpichnikov I.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/7222">https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/7222</self-uri><abstract><p>   Кохлеарная имплантация представляет собой высокотехнологичный метод реабилитации лиц с полной глухотой. Однако ее проведение может сопровождаться рядом трудностей у пациентов из-за особенностей строения улитки, взаиморасположения относительно нее анатомических структур и характера приобретенной патологии внутреннего уха. Реакция лицевого нерва при стимуляции одного из электродов системы кохлеарного импланта является часто встречаемым осложнением, которое может приводить к ухудшению качества жизни пациента ввиду значительного дискомфорта и ограничений по использованию системы кохлеарного импланта. Дебют подергиваний мимической мускулатуры у пациентов после проведения кохлеарной имплантации может возникнуть на этапах как подключения речевого процессора, так и дальнейшей реабилитации, что, по данным мировой литературы, может достигать промежутка 10 лет с момента операции. Анатомические особенности улитки, ее взаиморасположение с лицевым нервом, изменения в костном лабиринте, дальнейшее прогрессирование ремоделирования или оссификации улитки играют значительную роль в развитии симптомов стимуляции лицевого нерва у пациентов с сенсоневральной тугоухостью IV степени, в том числе на этапе последующих настроек речевого процессора. Частота встречаемости данного осложнения в различных источниках варьирует от 1 до 14,9 %. В работе проводится обзор литературы на тему этиологии стимуляции лицевого нерва у пользователей кохлеарных имплантов, выделение основных теорий происхождения неслуховых ощущений у такой категории пациентов, поскольку данные различных исследований вариабельны, а при определенной этиологии эта патология достигает 38 %.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>   Cochlear implantation is a high-tech method of rehabilitation of persons with complete deafness. However, cochlear implantation in patients may be accompanied by a number of difficulties due to the peculiarities of the structure of the cochlea, the relative position of anatomical structures relative to it and the nature of the acquired pathology of the inner ear. The reaction of the facial nerve during stimulation of one of the electrodes of the cochlear implant system is a common complication that can lead to a deterioration in the patient’s quality of life due to significant discomfort and restrictions on the use of the cochlear implant system. The debut of twitching of facial muscles in patients after cochlear implantation can occur both at the stage of connecting the speech processor and at the stages of further rehabilitation, which according to world literature can reach an interval of 10 years from the moment of surgery. Anatomical features of the cochlea, its interposition with the facial nerve, changes in the bone labyrinth, further progression of remodeling or ossification of the cochlea play a significant role in the development of symptoms of facial nerve stimulation in patients with sensorineural hearing loss of the IV degree, including at the stage of subsequent settings of the speech processor. The frequency of occurrence of this complication in various literature sources varies from 1 to 14.9 %. The purpose of this work is to review the world literature on the etiology of facial nerve stimulation in users of cochlear implants, highlighting the main theories of the origin of non-auditory sensations in this category of patients, since the data conducted in various studies are variable, and with a certain etiology reaches 38 %.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>кохлеарная имплантация</kwd><kwd>стимуляция лицевого нерва</kwd><kwd>ремоделирование улитки</kwd><kwd>оссификация улитки</kwd><kwd>аномалия улитки</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cochlear implantation</kwd><kwd>facial nerve stimulation</kwd><kwd>remodeling of the cochlear</kwd><kwd>ossification of the cochlear</kwd><kwd>cochlear malformation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berrettini S., Vito de A., Bruschini L., Passetti S., Forli F. Facial nerve stimulation after cochlear implantation: our experience. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2011; 31 (1): 11–16. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3146332.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berrettini S., Vito de A., Bruschini L., Passetti S., Forli F. Facial nerve stimulation after cochlear implantation: our experience. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2011; 31 (1): 11-16. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3146332.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bigelow D. C., Kay D. J., Rafter K. O., Montes M., Knox G. W., Yousem D. M. Facial nerve stimulation from cochlear implants. Am J Otol. 1998; 19 (2): 163–169. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9520052/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bigelow D. C., Kay D. J., Rafter K. O., Montes M., Knox G. W., Yousem D. M. Facial nerve stimulation from cochlear implants. Am J Otol. 1998; 19 (2): 163-169. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9520052.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rayner M. G., King T., Djalilian H. R., Smith S., Levine S. C. Resolution of facial stimulation in otosclerotic cochlear implants. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003; 129 (5): 475–480. doi: 10.1016/s0194-59980301444-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rayner M. G., King T., Djalilian H. R., Smith S., Levine S. C. Resolution of facial stimulation in otosclerotic cochlear implants. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003; 129 (5): 475-480. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0194-59980301444-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rotteveel L. J., Proops D. W., Ramsden R. T., Saeed S. R., van Olphen A. F., Mylanus E. A. Cochlear implantation in 53 patients with otosclerosis: demographics, computed tomographic scanning, surgery, and complications. Otol Neurotol. 2004; 25 (6): 943–952. doi: 10.1097/00129492-200411000-00014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rotteveel L. J., Proops D. W., Ramsden R. T., Saeed S. R., van Olphen A. F., Mylanus E. A. Cochlear implantation in 53 patients with otosclerosis: demographics, computed tomographic scanning, surgery, and complications. Otol Neurotol. 2004; 25 (6): 943-952. https://doi.org/10.1097/00129492-200411000-00014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tavakoli M., Jalilevand N., Kamali M., Modarresi Y., Zarandy M. M. Language sampling for children with and without cochlear implant: MLU, NDW, and NTW. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2015; 79 (12): 2191–2195. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2015.10.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tavakoli M., Jalilevand N., Kamali M., Modarresi Y., Zarandy M. M. Language sampling for children with and without cochlear implant: MLU, NDW, and NTW. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2015; 79 (12): 2191-2195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2015.10.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kelsall D. C., Shallop J. K., Brammeier T. G., Prenger E. C. Facial nerve stimulation after Nucleus 22-channel cochlear implantation. Am J Otol. 1997; 18 (3): 336–341. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9149828.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kelsall D. C., Shallop J. K., Brammeier T. G., Prenger E. C. Facial nerve stimulation after Nucleus 22-channel cochlear implantation. Am J Otol. 1997; 18 (3): 336-341. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9149828.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Niparko J. K., Oviatt D. L., Coker N. J., Sutton L., Waltzman S. B., Cohen N. L. Facial nerve stimulation with cochlear implantation. VA Cooperative Study Group on Cochlear Implantation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1991; 104 (6): 826–830. doi: 10.1177/019459989110400610.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Niparko J. K., Oviatt D. L., Coker N. J., Sutton L., Waltzman S. B., Cohen N. L. Facial nerve stimulation with cochlear implantation. VA Cooperative Study Group on Cochlear Implantation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1991; 104 (6): 826-830. https://doi.org/10.1177/019459989110400610.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weber B. P., Lenarz T., Battmer R. D., Hartrampf R., Dahm M. C., Dietrich B. Otosclerosis and facial nerve stimulation. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl. 1995; 166: 445–447. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7668746.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weber B. P., Lenarz T., Battmer R. D., Hartrampf R., Dahm M. C., Dietrich B. Otosclerosis and facial nerve stimulation. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl. 1995; 166: 445-447. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7668746.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Muckle R. P., Levine S. C. Facial nerve stimulation produced by cochlear implants in patients with cochlear otosclerosis. Am J Otol. 1994; 15 (3): 394–398. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8579147/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muckle R. P., Levine S. C. Facial nerve stimulation produced by cochlear implants in patients with cochlear otosclerosis. Am J Otol. 1994; 15 (3): 394-398. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8579147.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rah Y. C., Yoon Y. S., Chang M. Y., Lee J. Y., Suh M. W., Lee J. H. et al. Facial nerve stimulation in the narrow bony cochlear nerve canal after cochlear implantation. Laryngoscope. 2016; 126 (6): 1433–1439. doi: 10.1002/lary.25655.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rah Y. C., Yoon Y. S., Chang M. Y., Lee J. Y., Suh M. W., Lee J. H. et al. Facial nerve stimulation in the narrow bony cochlear nerve canal after cochlear implantation. Laryngoscope. 2016; 126 (6): 1433-1439. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.25655.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aljazeeri I. A., Khurayzi T., Al- Amro M., Alzhrani F., Alsanosi A. Evaluation of computed tomography parameters in patients with facial nerve stimulation post-cochlear implantation. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2021; 278 (10): 3789–3794. doi: 10.1007/s00405-020-06486-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aljazeeri I. A., Khurayzi T., Al- Amro M., Alzhrani F., Alsanosi A. Evaluation of computed tomography parameters in patients with facial nerve stimulation post-cochlear implantation. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2021; 278 (10): 3789-3794. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-020-06486-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cushing S. L., Papsin B. C., Gordon K. A. Incidence and characteristics of facial nerve stimulation in children with cochlear implants. Laryngoscope. 2006; 116 (10): 1787–1791. doi: 10.1097/01.mlg.0000231303.85828.20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cushing S. L., Papsin B. C., Gordon K. A. Incidence and characteristics of facial nerve stimulation in children with cochlear implants. Laryngoscope. 2006; 116 (10): 1787-1791. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mlg.0000231303.85828.20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Papsin B. C. Cochlear implantation in children with anomalous cochleoves-tibular anatomy. Laryngoscope. 2005; 115 (Suppl. 106): 1–26. doi: 10.1097/00005537-200501001-00001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Papsin B. C. Cochlear implantation in children with anomalous cochleoves-tibular anatomy. Laryngoscope. 2005; 115 (Suppl. 106): 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005537-200501001-00001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Horner K. C. The effect of sex hormones on bone metabolism of the otic capsule – an overview. Hear Res. 2009; 252 (1-2): 56–60. doi: 10.1016/j.heares.2008.12.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Horner K. C. The effect of sex hormones on bone metabolism of the otic capsule - an overview. Hear Res. 2009; 252 (1-2): 56-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2008.12.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kempf H. G., Johann K., Lenarz T. Complications in pediatric cochlear implant surgery. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1999; 256 (3): 128–132. doi: 10.1007/s004050050124.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kempf H. G., Johann K., Lenarz T. Complications in pediatric cochlear implant surgery. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1999; 256 (3): 128-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004050050124.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ahn J. H., Oh S. H., Chung J. W., Lee K. S. Facial nerve stimulation after cochlear implantation according to types of Nucleus 24-channel electrode arrays. Acta Otolaryngol. 2009; 129 (6): 588–591. doi: 10.1080/00016480802325965.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahn J. H., Oh S. H., Chung J. W., Lee K. S. Facial nerve stimulation after cochlear implantation according to types of Nucleus 24-channel electrode arrays. Acta Otolaryngol. 2009; 129 (6): 588-591. https://doi.org/10.1080/00016480802325965.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Battmer R., Pesch J., Stöver T., Lesinski- Schiedat A., Lenarz M., Lenarz T. Elimination of facial nerve stimulation by reimplantation in cochlear implant subjects. Otol Neurotol. 2006; 27 (7): 918–922. doi: 10.1097/01.mao.0000235374.85739.c6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Battmer R., Pesch J., Stöver T., Lesinski- Schiedat A., Lenarz M., Lenarz T. Elimination of facial nerve stimulation by reimplantation in cochlear implant subjects. Otol Neurotol. 2006; 27 (7): 918-922. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mao.0000235374.85739.c6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Broomfield S., Mawman D., Woolford T. J., O’driscoll M., Luff D., Ramsden R. T. Non-auditory stimulation in adult cochlear implant users. Cochlear Implants Int. 2000; 1 (1): 55–66. doi: 10.1179/cim.2000.1.1.55.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Broomfield S., Mawman D., Woolford T. J., O’driscoll M., Luff D., Ramsden R. T. Non-auditory stimulation in adult cochlear implant users. Cochlear Implants Int. 2000; 1 (1): 55-66. https://doi.org/10.1179/cim.2000.1.1.55.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frijns J. H., Kalkman R. K., Briaire J. J. Stimulation of the facial nerve by intracochlear electrodes in otosclerosis: a computer modeling study. Otol Neurotol. 2009; 30 (8): 1168–1174. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0b013e3181b12115.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frijns J. H., Kalkman R. K., Briaire J. J. Stimulation of the facial nerve by intracochlear electrodes in otosclerosis: a computer modeling study. Otol Neurotol. 2009; 30 (8): 1168-1174. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e3181b12115.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kruschinski C., Weber B. P., Pabst R. Clinical relevance of the distance between the cochlea and the facial nerve in cochlear implantation. Otol Neurotol. 2003; 24 (5): 823–827. doi: 10.1097/00129492-200309000-00022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kruschinski C., Weber B. P., Pabst R. Clinical relevance of the distance between the cochlea and the facial nerve in cochlear implantation. Otol Neurotol. 2003; 24 (5): 823-827. https://doi.org/10.1097/00129492-200309000-00022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Makizumi Y., Kashio A., Sakamoto T., Karino S., Kakigi A., Iwasaki S., Yamasoba T. Cochlear implantation in a patient with osteogenesis imperfecta. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2013; 40 (5): 510–513. doi: 10.1016/j.anl.2012.10.006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makizumi Y., Kashio A., Sakamoto T., Karino S., Kakigi A., Iwasaki S., Yamasoba T. Cochlear implantation in a patient with osteogenesis imperfecta. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2013; 40 (5): 510-513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anl.2012.10.006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Camilleri A. E., Toner J. G., Howarth K. L., Hampton S., Ramsden R. T. Cochlear implantation following temporal bone fracture. J Laryngol Otol. 1999; 113 (5): 454–457. doi: 10.1017/s0022215100144202.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Camilleri A. E., Toner J. G., Howarth K. L., Hampton S., Ramsden R. T. Cochlear implantation following temporal bone fracture. J Laryngol Otol. 1999; 113 (5): 454-457. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100144202.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maas S., Bance M., O’Driscoll M., Mawman D., Ramsden R. T. Explantation of a nucleus multichannel cochlear implant and re-implantation into the contralateral ear. A case report of a new strategy. J Laryngol Otol. 1996; 110 (9): 881–883. doi: 10.1017/s0022215100135236.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maas S., Bance M., O’Driscoll M., Mawman D., Ramsden R. T. Explantation of a nucleus multichannel cochlear implant and re-implantation into the contralateral ear. A case report of a new strategy. J Laryngol Otol. 1996; 110 (9): 881-883. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100135236.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marshall A. H., Fanning N., Symons S., Shipp D., Chen J. M., Nedzelski J. M. Cochlear implantation in cochlear otosclerosis. Laryngoscope. 2005; 115 (10): 1728–1733. doi: 10.1097/01.mlg.0000171052.34196.ef.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marshall A. H., Fanning N., Symons S., Shipp D., Chen J. M., Nedzelski J. M. Cochlear implantation in cochlear otosclerosis. Laryngoscope. 2005; 115 (10): 1728-1733. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mlg.0000171052.34196.ef.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seyyedi M., Herrmann B. S., Eddington D. K., Nadol J. B. Jr. The pathologic basis of facial nerve stimulation in otosclerosis and multi-channel cochlear implantation. Otol Neurotol. 2013; 34 (9): 1603–1609. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0b013e3182979398.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seyyedi M., Herrmann B. S., Eddington D. K., Nadol J. B. Jr. The pathologic basis of facial nerve stimulation in otosclerosis and multi-channel cochlear implantation. Otol Neurotol. 2013; 34 (9): 1603-1609. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e3182979398.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Астащенко С. В. Кохлеарная форма отосклероза: диагностика и тактика хирургического лечения / С. В. Астащенко [и др.] // РМЖ. Медицинское обозрение. – 2019. – 3 (9-2): 52–55. Режим доступа: http://www.rmj.ru/articles/otorinolaringologiya/Kohlearnaya_forma_otoskleroza_diagnostika_i_taktika_hirurgicheskogo_lecheniya.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Astashchenko S. V., Kuzovkov V. E., Ilyin S. N., Sapogovskaya A. S., Pavlova S. S. Cochlear otosclerosis: diagnostics and surgical tactics. RMJ. Medical Review. 2019; 3 (9-2): 52-55. (In Russ.) Available at: http://www.rmj.ru/articles/otorinolaringologiya/Kohlearnaya_forma_otoskleroza_diagnostika_i_taktika_hirurgicheskogo_lecheniya.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кузовков В. Е. Приобретенная патология внутреннего уха как фактор, осложняющий хирургический этап кохлеарной имплантации / В. Е. Кузовков [и др.] // Consilium Medicum. 2018/ – 20 (3): 80–84. Режим доступа: https://consilium.orscience.ru/2075-1753/article/view/95065.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuzovkov V. E., Lilenko A. S., Sugarova S. B., Kostevich I. V. Acquired pathology of the inner ear, as a factor complicating the surgical stage of cochlear implantation. Consilium Medicum. 2018; 20 (3): 80-84. (In Russ.) Available at: https://consilium.orscience.ru/2075-1753/article/view/95065.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кузовков В. Е. Способ хирургического лечения пациентов с оссификацией улитки / В. Е. Кузовков [и др.] // Таврический медико­-биологический вестник. – 2017. – 20 (3-3): 117–123. Режим доступа: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=30014981.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuzovkov V. E., Kostevish I. V., Lilenko A. S., Sugarova S. B., Nesipbaeva A. A. Surgical tactic of cochlear implantation in patients with cochlear obliteration. Tavricheskiy Mediko¬ Biologicheskiy Vestnik. 2017; 20 (3-3): 117-123. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=30014981.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кузовков В. Е. Кохлеарная имплантация при кохлеарной форме отосклероза / В. Е. Кузовков [и др.] // Российская оториноларингология. – 2021. – 20 (6): 84–92. doi: 10.18692/1810-4800-2021-6-84-92.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuzovkov V. E., Lilenko A. S., Sugarova S. B., Lilenko S. V., Chernushevich I. I., Klyachko D. S. et al. Cochlear implantation in cochlear otosclerosis patients. Rossiiskaya Otorinolaringologiya. 2021; 20 (6): 84-92. https://doi.org/10.18692/1810-4800-2021-6-84-92.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yoo T. J., Tomoda K., Stuart J. M., Kang A. H., Townes A. S. Type II collagen-induced autoimmune otospongiosis. A preliminary report. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1983; 92 (2-1): 103–108. doi: 10.1177/000348948309200201.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yoo T. J., Tomoda K., Stuart J. M., Kang A. H., Townes A. S. Type II collagen-induced autoimmune otospongiosis. A preliminary report. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1983; 92 (2-1): 103-108. https://doi.org/10.1177/000348948309200201.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang C. C., Yi Z. X., Abramson M. Type II collagen- induced otospongiosis-like lesions in rats. Am J Otolaryngol. 1986; 7 (4): 258–266. doi: 10.1016/s0196-0709(86)80048-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang C. C., Yi Z. X., Abramson M. Type II collagen- induced otospongiosis-like lesions in rats. Am J Otolaryngol. 1986; 7 (4): 258-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0709(86)80048-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kameda T., Mano H., Yuasa T., Mori Y., Miyazawa K., Shiokawa M. et al. Estrogen inhibits bone resorption by directly inducing apoptosis of the bone-resorbing osteoclasts. J Exp Med. 1997; 186 (4): 489–495. doi: 10.1084/jem.186.4.489.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kameda T., Mano H., Yuasa T., Mori Y., Miyazawa K., Shiokawa M. et al. Estrogen inhibits bone resorption by directly inducing apoptosis of the bone-resorbing osteoclasts. J Exp Med. 1997; 186 (4): 489-495. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.186.4.489.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pacifici R. Estrogen, cytokines, and pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 1996; 11 (8): 1043–1051. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.5650110802.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pacifici R. Estrogen, cytokines, and pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 1996; 11 (8): 1043-1051. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.5650110802.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hofbauer L. C., Khosla S., Dunstan C. R., Lacey D. L., Spelsberg T. C., Riggs B. L. Estrogen stimulates gene expression and protein production of osteoprotegerin in human osteoblastic cells. Endocrinology. 1999; 140 (9): 4367–4370. doi: 10.1210/endo.140.9.7131.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hofbauer L. C., Khosla S., Dunstan C. R., Lacey D. L., Spelsberg T. C., Riggs B. L. Estrogen stimulates gene expression and protein production of osteoprotegerin in human osteoblastic cells. Endocrinology. 1999; 140 (9): 4367-4370. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.140.9.7131.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Srivastava S., Toraldo G., Weitzmann M. N., Cenci S., Ross F. P., Pacifici R. Estrogen decreases osteoclast formation by down-regulating receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand (RANKL)-induced JNK activation. J Biol Chem. 2001 Mar 23; 276 (12): 8836–8840. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M010764200.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Srivastava S., Toraldo G., Weitzmann M. N., Cenci S., Ross F. P., Pacifici R. Estrogen decreases osteoclast formation by down-regulating receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand (RANKL)-induced JNK activation. J Biol Chem. 2001 Mar 23; 276 (12): 8836-8840. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M010764200.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raymond V., Beaulieu M., Labrie F., Boissier J. Potent antidopaminergic activity of estradiol at the pituitary level on prolactin release. Science. 1978; 200 (4346): 1173–1175. doi: 10.1126/science.418505.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raymond V., Beaulieu M., Labrie F., Boissier J. Potent antidopaminergic activity of estradiol at the pituitary level on prolactin release. Science. 1978; 200 (4346): 1173-1175. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.418505.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Charoenphandhu N., Krishnamra N. Prolactin is an important regulator of intestinal calcium transport. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2007; 85 (6): 569–581. doi: 10.1139/y07-041.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Charoenphandhu N., Krishnamra N. Prolactin is an important regulator of intestinal calcium transport. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2007; 85 (6): 569-581. https://doi.org/10.1139/y07-041.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Charoenphandhu N., Teerapornpuntakit J., Methawasin M., Wongdee K., Thongchote K., Krishnamra N. Prolactin decreases expression of Runx2, osteoprotegerin, and RANKL in primary osteoblasts derived from tibiae of adult female rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2008; 86 (5): 240–248. doi: 10.1139/y08-037.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Charoenphandhu N., Teerapornpuntakit J., Methawasin M., Wongdee K., Thongchote K., Krishnamra N. Prolactin decreases expression of Runx2, osteoprotegerin, and RANKL in primary osteoblasts derived from tibiae of adult female rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2008; 86 (5): 240-248. https://doi.org/10.1139/y08-037.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seriwatanachai D., Thongchote K., Charoenphandhu N., Pandaranandaka J., Tudpor K., Teerapornpuntakit J. et al. Prolactin directly enhances bone turnover by raising osteoblast- expressed receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand/osteoprotegerin ratio. Bone. 2008; 42 (3): 535–546. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2007.11.008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seriwatanachai D., Thongchote K., Charoenphandhu N., Pandaranandaka J., Tudpor K., Teerapornpuntakit J. et al. Prolactin directly enhances bone turnover by raising osteoblast- expressed receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand/osteoprotegerin ratio. Bone. 2008; 42 (3): 535-546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2007.11.008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
