<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medsovet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский Совет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-701X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5790</issn><publisher><publisher-name>REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21518/ms2023-036</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medsovet-7381</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГАСТРОЭНТЕРОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>GASTROENTEROLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Адаптированные смеси на основе козьего молока в питании детей раннего возраста: когда, кому и как долго</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Adapted goat milk formulas in infant nutrition: when, to whom and for how long</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4200-4598</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Захарова</surname><given-names>И. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakharova</surname><given-names>I. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Захарова Ирина Николаевна - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заслуженный врач Российской Федерации, заведующая кафедрой педиатрии имени академика Г.Н. Сперанского.</p><p>125993, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1, стр. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina N. Zakharova - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Honoured Doctor of the Russian Federation, Head of the Department of Pediatrics named after Academician G.N. Speransky, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education.</p><p> 2/1, Bldg. 1, Barrikadnaya St., Moscow, 125993</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zakharova-rmapo@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2847-6268</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бережная</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Berezhnaya</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бережная Ирина Владимировна - кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры педиатрии имени академика Г.Н. Сперанского.</p><p>125993, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1, стр. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina V. Berezhnaya - Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor of the Department of Pediatrics named after Academician G.N. Speransky, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education.</p><p>2/1, Bldg. 1, Barrikadnaya St., Moscow, 125993</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">berezhnaya-irina26@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1593-0732</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дмитриева</surname><given-names>Д. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dmitrieva</surname><given-names>D. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дмитриева Диана Кирилловна - аспирант кафедры педиатрии имени академика Г.Н. Сперанского.</p><p>125993, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1, стр. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Diana K. Dmitrieva - Postgraduate Student of the Department of Pediatrics named after Academician G.N. Speransky, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education.</p><p>2/1, Bldg. 1, Barrikadnaya St., Moscow, 125993</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dmitrievadi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2121-4010</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Оробинская</surname><given-names>Я. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Orobinskaya</surname><given-names>Ya. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Оробинская Яна Владимировна - клинический ординатор кафедры педиатрии имени академика Г.Н. Сперанского.</p><p>125993, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1, стр. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yana V. Orobinskaya - Clinical Resident of the Department of Pediatrics named after Academician G.N. Speransky, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education.</p><p>2/1, Bldg. 1, Barrikadnaya St., Moscow, 125993</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yanashbook@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>90</fpage><lpage>95</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Захарова И.Н., Бережная И.В., Дмитриева Д.К., Оробинская Я.В., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Захарова И.Н., Бережная И.В., Дмитриева Д.К., Оробинская Я.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zakharova I.N., Berezhnaya I.V., Dmitrieva D.K., Orobinskaya Y.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/7381">https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/7381</self-uri><abstract><p>Грудное молоко является золотым стандартом вскармливания младенца. В случае его отсутствия или недостаточности нередко встает вопрос о доступной и адекватной альтернативе. Наиболее часто используются адаптированные смеси на основе коровьего молока, однако частота аллергии на белок коровьего молока у детей раннего возраста растет во всем мире. Учитывая ранний дебют гастроинтестинальных расстройств у младенцев, нередко минимальные пищеварительные дисфункции трактуются врачами как сенсибилизация к белкам коровьего молока или функциональные нарушения желудочно-кишечного тракта. Однако существуют состояния, связанные не с аллергией, а с непереносимостью коровьего молока. Данные состояния трудны в диагностике, так как механизм развития аллергии на белок коровьего молока до настоящего времени до конца не изучен и чаще не связан с IgE-опосредованным иммунологическим ответом. Пищевая непереносимость связана с незрелостью ферментных систем и недостаточной активностью кишечной микробиоты. В данной статье освещены вопросы пищевой аллергии на белок коровьего молока и пищевой непереносимости. При наличии пищевой сенсибилизации и даже при минимальных клинических проявлениях аллергии на белок коровьего молока выбор смеси всегда должен быть в пользу формул на основе глубокого гидролиза молочного белка. Смеси на основе козьего белка не могут быть использованы при аллергии на белок коровьего молока в связи с эффектом перекрестной сенсибилизации. Целью данной статьи является анализ дифференцированного подхода к выбору питания младенца при отсутствии грудного вскармливания.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Breast milk is the gold standard for infant feeding. In case of its lack or insufficiency, this brings up the question about an affordable and adequate alternative. Adapted cow’s milk formulas are most commonly used, but the incidence of cow’s milk protein allergy in young children is increasing worldwide. Given the early onset of gastrointestinal disorders in infants, minimal digestive dysfunctions are often interpreted by doctors as sensitization to cow’s milk proteins or functional gastrointestinal disorders. However, there are conditions associated not with cow’s milk protein allergy, but intolerance. These conditions are difficult to diagnose, as the mechanism of development of cow’s milk protein allergy has not been sufficiently studied and is often not associated with an IgE-mediated immunological response. Food intolerance is associated with the enzymatic immaturity of the gastrointestinal tract and insufficient activity of intestinal microbiota. This article highlights the issues of cow’s milk protein allergy and food intolerance. In case of food sensitization and even minimal clinical manifestations of cow’s milk protein allergy, the choice of formula should always be made in favour of deep-hydrolyzed milk protein formulas. Goat protein formulas cannot be used in cases of cow’s milk protein allergy due to cross-sensitization effects. The aim of the article was to analyze a differentiated approach to the choice of infant nutrition in the absence of breastfeeding.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>козье молоко</kwd><kwd>коровье молоко</kwd><kwd>белок коровьего молока</kwd><kwd>пищевая аллергия</kwd><kwd>пищевая непереносимость</kwd><kwd>Kabrita</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>goat’s milk</kwd><kwd>cow’s milk</kwd><kwd>cow’s milk protein</kwd><kwd>food allergy</kwd><kwd>food intolerance</kwd><kwd>Kabrita</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Danielewicz H. Breastfeeding and Allergy Effect Modified by Genetic, Environmental, Dietary, and Immunological Factors. Nutrients. 2022;14(15):3011. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Danielewicz H. Breastfeeding and Allergy Effect Modified by Genetic, Environmental, Dietary, and Immunological Factors. Nutrients. 2022;14(15):3011. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sakihara T., Otsuji K., Arakaki Y., Hamada K., Sugiura S., Ito K. Randomized trial of early infant formula introduction to prevent cow’s milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021;147(1):224–232.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.08.021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sakihara T., Otsuji K., Arakaki Y., Hamada K., Sugiura S., Ito K. Randomized trial of early infant formula introduction to prevent cow’s milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021;147(1):224–232.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.08.021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Halken S., Muraro A., de Silva D., Khaleva E., Angier E., Arasi S. et al. EAACI guideline: Preventing the development of food allergy in infants and young children (2020 update). Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2021;32(5):843–858. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.13496.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Halken S., Muraro A., de Silva D., Khaleva E., Angier E., Arasi S. et al. EAACI guideline: Preventing the development of food allergy in infants and young children (2020 update). Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2021;32(5):843–858. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.13496.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nanishi K., Hongo H., Tada K. Does giving infant formula to prevent cow’s milk allergy hinder breast-feeding? J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021;147(3):1118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.11.021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nanishi K., Hongo H., Tada K. Does giving infant formula to prevent cow’s milk allergy hinder breast-feeding? J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021;147(3):1118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.11.021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arasi S., Cafarotti A., Fiocchi A. Cow’s milk allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2022;22(3):181–187. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0000000000000823.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arasi S., Cafarotti A., Fiocchi A. Cow’s milk allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2022;22(3):181–187. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0000000000000823.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fiocchi A., Brozek J., Schünemann H., Bahna S.L., von Berg A., Beyer K. et al. World Allergy Organization (WAO) Diagnosis and Rationale for Action against Cow’s Milk Allergy (DRACMA) Guidelines. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2010;21(Suppl. 21):1–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2010.01068.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fiocchi A., Brozek J., Schünemann H., Bahna S.L., von Berg A., Beyer K. et al. World Allergy Organization (WAO) Diagnosis and Rationale for Action against Cow’s Milk Allergy (DRACMA) Guidelines. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2010;21(Suppl. 21):1–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2010.01068.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fiocchi A., Barrio-Torres J., Dupont C., Howells H.E., Shamir R., Venter C., Meyer R. Hydrolyzed rice formula for dietary management of infants with cow’s milk allergy. World Allergy Organ J. 2022;15(12):100717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.waojou.2022.100717.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fiocchi A., Barrio-Torres J., Dupont C., Howells H.E., Shamir R., Venter C., Meyer R. Hydrolyzed rice formula for dietary management of infants with cow’s milk allergy. World Allergy Organ J. 2022;15(12):100717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.waojou.2022.100717.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">D’Auria E., Salvatore S., Acunzo M., Peroni D., Pendezza E., Di Profio E. et al. Hydrolysed Formulas in the Management of Cow’s Milk Allergy: New Insights, Pitfalls and Tips. Nutrients. 2021;13(8):2762. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082762.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">D’Auria E., Salvatore S., Acunzo M., Peroni D., Pendezza E., Di Profio E. et al. Hydrolysed Formulas in the Management of Cow’s Milk Allergy: New Insights, Pitfalls and Tips. Nutrients. 2021;13(8):2762. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082762.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blackham R.J. Goat’s milk for infants. Br Med J. 1906;2(2382):452–453. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2382067/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blackham R.J. Goat’s milk for infants. Br Med J. 1906;2(2382):452–453. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2382067/.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elvehjem C.A. What is new in the nutritive value of milk. J Dairy Sci. 1953;36:1264–1266. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(53)91629-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elvehjem C.A. What is new in the nutritive value of milk. J Dairy Sci. 1953;36:1264–1266. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(53)91629-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Inglingstad R.A., Devold T.G., Eriksen E.K., Holm H., Jacobsen M., Liland K. et al. Comparison of the digestion of caseins and whey proteins in equine, bovine, caprine and human milks by human gastrointestinal enzymes. Dairy Sci Technol. 2010;90:549–563. https://doi.org/10.1051/dst/2010018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Inglingstad R.A., Devold T.G., Eriksen E.K., Holm H., Jacobsen M., Liland K. et al. Comparison of the digestion of caseins and whey proteins in equine, bovine, caprine and human milks by human gastrointestinal enzymes. Dairy Sci Technol. 2010;90:549–563. https://doi.org/10.1051/dst/2010018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dalgleish D.G., Spagnuolo P.A., Goff H.D. A possible structure of the casein micelle based on high-resolution field-emission scanning electron microscopy. Int Dairy J. 2004;14(12):1025–1031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2004.04.008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dalgleish D.G., Spagnuolo P.A., Goff H.D. A possible structure of the casein micelle based on high-resolution field-emission scanning electron microscopy. Int Dairy J. 2004;14(12):1025–1031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2004.04.008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гурова М.М. Смеси на основе козьего молока. Кому, зачем, как. Медицинский совет. 2022;(1):128–133. https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2022-16-1-128-133.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gurova M.M. Goat Milk Formula. To whom, why, how. Meditsinskiy Sovet. 2022;(1):128–133. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2022-16-1-128-133.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jianqin S., Leiming X., Lu X., Yelland G.W., Ni J., Clarke A.J. Effects of milk containing only A2 beta casein versus milk containing both A1 and A2 beta casein proteins on gastrointestinal physiology, symptoms of discomfort, and cognitive behavior of people with self-reported intolerance to traditional cows’ milk. Nutr J. 2016;15:35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-016-0147-z.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jianqin S., Leiming X., Lu X., Yelland G.W., Ni J., Clarke A.J. Effects of milk containing only A2 beta casein versus milk containing both A1 and A2 beta casein proteins on gastrointestinal physiology, symptoms of discomfort, and cognitive behavior of people with self-reported intolerance to traditional cows’ milk. Nutr J. 2016;15:35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-016-0147-z.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Боровик Т.Э., Семенова Н.Н., Лукоянова О.Л., Звонкова Н.Г., Бушуева Т.В., Степанова Т.Н. и др. Эффективность использования адаптированной смеси на основе козьего молока в питании здоровых детей первого полугодия жизни: результаты многоцентрового проспективного сравнительного исследования. Вопросы современной педиатрии. 2017;16(3):226–233. https://doi.org/10.15690/vsp.v16i3.1733.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borovik Т.E., Semenova N.N., Lukoyanova O.L., Zvonkova N.G., Bushueva T.V., Stepanova T.N. et al. Efficiency of using the adapted goat’s milk formula in the diet of healthy young infants: a multicenter prospective comparative study. Current Pediatrics. 2017;16(3):226–233. https://doi.org/10.15690/vsp.v16i3.1733.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang L., Bravo-Ruiseco G., Happe R., He T., van Dijl J.M., Harmsen H.J.M. The effect of calcium palmitate on bacteria associated with infant gut microbiota. Microbiologyopen. 2021;10(3):e1187. https://doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.1187.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang L., Bravo-Ruiseco G., Happe R., He T., van Dijl J.M., Harmsen H.J.M. The effect of calcium palmitate on bacteria associated with infant gut microbiota. Microbiologyopen. 2021;10(3):e1187. https://doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.1187.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Donovan S.M., Comstock S.S. Human Milk Oligosaccharides Influence Neonatal Mucosal and Systemic Immunity. Ann Nutr Metab. 2016;69(Suppl. 2):42–51. https://doi.org/10.1159/000452818.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Donovan S.M., Comstock S.S. Human Milk Oligosaccharides Influence Neonatal Mucosal and Systemic Immunity. Ann Nutr Metab. 2016;69(Suppl. 2):42–51. https://doi.org/10.1159/000452818.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Verduci E., D’Elios S., Cerrato L., Comberiati P., Calvani M., Palazzo S. et al. Cow’s Milk Substitutes for Children: Nutritional Aspects of Milk from Different Mammalian Species, Special Formula and Plant-Based Beverages. Nutrients. 2019;11(8):1739. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081739.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Verduci E., D’Elios S., Cerrato L., Comberiati P., Calvani M., Palazzo S. et al. Cow’s Milk Substitutes for Children: Nutritional Aspects of Milk from Different Mammalian Species, Special Formula and Plant-Based Beverages. Nutrients. 2019;11(8):1739. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081739.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
