medsovetМедицинский СоветMeditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council2079-701X2658-5790REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.10.21518/ms2023-045medsovet-7436Research ArticleХРОНИЧЕСКИЕ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯ ЛЕГКИХCHRONIC PULMONARY DISEASESРоль микроРНК в патогенезе бронхолегочных заболеванийThe role of microRNA in the pathogenesis of bronchoobstructive diseaseshttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8982-5292ДемкоИ. В.DemkoI. V.

Демко Ирина Владимировна - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующая кафедрой госпитальной терапии и иммунологии с курсом последипломного образования, КрасГМУ им. проф. В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого; заведующая легочно-аллергологическим центром, ККБ.

660022, Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, д. 1; 660022, Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, д. 3а

Irina V. Demko - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of Department of Hospital Therapy and Immunology with Postgraduate Education Course, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky; Head of Pulmonary Allergology Сenter, Regional Clinical Hospital.

1, Partizan Zheleznyak St., Krasnoyarsk, 660022; 3а, Partizan Zheleznyak St., Krasnoyarsk, 660022

demko64@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9377-5213СобкоЕ. А.SobkoE. A.

Собко Елена Альбертовна - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, профессор кафедры госпитальной терапии и иммунологии с курсом последипломного образования, КрасГМУ им. проф. В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого; заведующая отделением аллергологии, ККБ.

660022, Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, д. 1; 660022, Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, д. 3а

Elena A. Sobko - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Department of Hospital Therapy and Immunology with Postgraduate Education Course, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky; Head of Allergology Department, Regional Clinical Hospital.

1, Partizan Zheleznyak St., Krasnoyarsk, 660022; 3а, Partizan Zheleznyak St., Krasnoyarsk, 660022

sobko29@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6896-877XКрапошинаА. Ю.KraposhinaA. Yu.

Крапошина Ангелина Юрьевна – кандидат медицинских наук, доцент, доцент кафедры госпитальной терапии и иммунологии с курсом последипломного образования, КрасГМУ им. проф. В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого; врач-пульмонолог отделения пульмонологии, Краевая клиническая больница.

660022, Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, д. 1; 660022, Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, д. 3а

Angelina Yu. Kraposhina - Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Department of hospital therapy and Immunology with Postgraduate Education Course, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky; Pulmonologist, Pulmonology Department, Regional Clinical Hospital.

1, Partizan Zheleznyak St., Krasnoyarsk, 660022; 3а, Partizan Zheleznyak St., Krasnoyarsk, 660022

angelina-maria@inbox.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6649-8900КацерА. Б.KatserA. B.

Кацер Анна Борисовна - ординатор кафедры госпитальной терапии и иммунологии с курсом последипломного образования.

660022, Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, д. 1

Anna B. Katser - Intern, Department of Hospital Therapy and Immunology with Postgraduate Education Course, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky.

1, Partizan Zheleznyak St., Krasnoyarsk, 660022

lesmotsfors@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0668-5218ШадринаК. И.ShadrinaK. I.

Шадрина Ксения Игоревна - аспирант кафедры госпитальной терапии и иммунологии с курсом последипломного образования, КрасГМУ им. проф. В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого; врач-пульмонолог отделения пульмонологии, ККБ.

660022, Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, д. 1; 660022, Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, д. 3а

Ksenya I. Shadrina - Postgraduate student, Department of Hospital Therapy and Immunology with Postgraduate Education Course, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky; Pulmonologist, Pulmonology Department, Regional Clinical Hospital.

1, Partizan Zheleznyak St., Krasnoyarsk, 660022; 3а, Partizan Zheleznyak St., Krasnoyarsk, 660022

ksyusha-shadrina@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7999-4113КазмерчукО. В.KazmerchukO. V.

Казмерчук Ольга Витальевна - ординатор кафедры госпитальной терапии и иммунологии с курсом последипломного образования.

660022, Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, д. 1

Olga V. Kazmerchuk - Intern, Department of Hospital Therapy and Immunology with Postgraduate Education Course, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky.

1, Partizan Zheleznyak St., Krasnoyarsk, 660022

olguna24@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9937-1025АбрамовЮ. И.AbramovYu. I.

Абрамов Юрий Игоревич - научный сотрудник кафедры госпитальной терапии и иммунологии с курсом последипломного образования.

660022, Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, д. 1

Yuriy I. Abramov - Researcher, Department of Hospital Therapy and Immunology with Postgraduate Education Course, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky.

1, Partizan Zheleznyak St., Krasnoyarsk, 660022

yuriyab1997@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9492-2668ГейльС. А.GeylS. A.

Гейль Софья Андреевна - научный сотрудник кафедры госпитальной терапии и иммунологии с курсом последипломного образования.

660022, Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, д. 1

Sofia A. Geyl - Researcher, Department of Hospital Therapy and Immunology with Postgraduate Education Course, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky.

1, Partizan Zheleznyak St., Krasnoyarsk, 660022

sofi20939@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6595-3000ХрамоваЮ. А.KhramovaYu. A.

Храмова Юлия Александровна - научный сотрудник кафедры госпитальной терапии и иммунологии с курсом последипломного образования.

660022, Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, д. 1

Yulia A. Khramova - Researcher, Department of Hospital Therapy and Immunology with Postgraduate Education Course, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky.

1, Partizan Zheleznyak St., Krasnoyarsk, 660022

khramova.iu@yandex.ruКрасноярский государственный медицинский университет имени профессора В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого; Краевая клиническая больницаРоссияKrasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky; Regional Clinical HospitalRussian FederationКрасноярский государственный медицинский университет имени профессора В.Ф. Войно-ЯсенецкогоРоссияKrasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Professor V.F. Voino-YasenetskyRussian Federation202313042023042834Copyright © Демко И.В., Собко Е.А., Крапошина А.Ю., Кацер А.Б., Шадрина К.И., Казмерчук О.В., Абрамов Ю.И., Гейль С.А., Храмова Ю.А., 20232023Демко И.В., Собко Е.А., Крапошина А.Ю., Кацер А.Б., Шадрина К.И., Казмерчук О.В., Абрамов Ю.И., Гейль С.А., Храмова Ю.А.Demko I.V., Sobko E.A., Kraposhina A.Y., Katser A.B., Shadrina K.I., Kazmerchuk O.V., Abramov Y.I., Geyl S.A., Khramova Y.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/7436

В обзоре проведен анализ роли микроРНК в патогенезе бронхолегочных заболеваний. Универсальность механизмов, лежащих в основе эпигенетики, обусловливает непрерывно растущий интерес к исследованиям в этой области медицины, которые не только позволяют расширять знания в сфере этиологии и патогенеза, но также помогают объяснить гетерогенность заболевания. В настоящее время биомаркеры, используемые при определении фенотипа бронхиальной астмы или хронической обструктивной болезни легких, не способны отобразить многообразие патологических процессов, вовлеченных в патогенез заболевания на молекулярном уровне. Примечательно, что микроРНК сохраняют свою стабильность в различных средах организма, устойчивы к воздействию высоких температур, колебаниям pH, а также циклам заморозки – разморозки, что значительно упрощает процесс обнаружения данных молекул в биологических жидкостях. Количество обнаруживаемого микроРНК высокоспецифично отображает тот или иной патологический процесс, происходящий внутриклеточно. В настоящее время биомаркеры, используемые при определении фенотипа бронхиальной астмы или хронической обструктивной болезни легких, не способны отобразить многообразие патологических процессов, вовлеченных в патогенез заболевания на молекулярном уровне. Известно, что для обоих заболеваний ключевыми звеньями являются воспаление, ремоделирование дыхательных путей, а также аномальная реакция эпителиальных клеток на внешние стимулы. Таким образом, имеется большой потенциал использования микроРНК в клинической практике в качестве неинвазивных биомаркеров, отражающих ключевые моменты патогенеза, прогностического биомаркера, предсказывающего ответ на терапию, и, возможно, в будущем новых терапевтических мишеней.

The review analyzes the role of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary diseases. The universality of the mechanisms underlying epigenetics causes a continuously growing interest in research in this field in various fields of medicine. Research in the field of epigenetics not only allows us to expand knowledge in the field of etiology and pathogenesis, but also helps to explain the heterogeneity of the disease. Currently, biomarkers used in determining the phenotype of bronchial asthma or COPD are not able to display the variety of pathological processes involved in the pathogenesis of the disease at the molecular level. It is noteworthy that microRNAs retain their stability in various body environments, are resistant to high temperatures, pH fluctuations, and freeze-thaw cycles, which greatly simplifies the process of detecting these molecules in biological fluids. The amount of detected microRNA is highly specific for a particular pathological process occurring intracellularly. Currently, biomarkers used in determining the phenotype of bronchial asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are not able to reflect the variety of pathological processes involved in the pathogenesis of the disease at the molecular level. For both diseases, the key links are known to be inflammation, airway remodeling, and an abnormal response of epithelial cells to external stimuli. Thus, there is a great potential for using microRNAs in clinical practice: as noninvasive biomarkers reflecting key points of pathogenesis, as a prognostic biomarker predicting response to therapy, and possibly in the future as new therapeutic targets.

бронхиальная астмахроническая обструктивная болезнь легкихвоспалениебиомаркерэпигенетикаbronchial asthmachronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseinflammationbiomarkerepigeneticsReferencesWasti B., Liu S.K., Xiang X.D. Role of Epigenetics in the Pathogenesis, Treatment, Prediction, and Cellular Transformation of Asthma. Mediators Inflamm. 2021:9412929. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9412929.Wasti B., Liu S.K., Xiang X.D. Role of Epigenetics in the Pathogenesis, Treatment, Prediction, and Cellular Transformation of Asthma. Mediators Inflamm. 2021:9412929. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9412929.Yang I.V., Lozupone C.A., Schwartz D.A. The environment, epigenome, and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140(1):14–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.05.011.Yang I.V., Lozupone C.A., Schwartz D.A. The environment, epigenome, and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140(1):14–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.05.011.Ebrahimi A., Sadroddiny E. MicroRNAs in lung diseases: Recent findings and their pathophysiological implications. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2015;34:55–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pupt.2015.08.007.Ebrahimi A., Sadroddiny E. MicroRNAs in lung diseases: Recent findings and their pathophysiological implications. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2015;34:55–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pupt.2015.08.007.Mori M.A., Ludwig R.G., Garcia-Martin R., Brandão B.B., Kahn C.R. Extracellular miRNAs: From Biomarkers to Mediators of Physiology and Disease. Cell Metab. 2019;30(4):656–673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2019.07.011.Mori M.A., Ludwig R.G., Garcia-Martin R., Brandão B.B., Kahn C.R. Extracellular miRNAs: From Biomarkers to Mediators of Physiology and Disease. Cell Metab. 2019;30(4):656–673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2019.07.011.Johar D., Siragam V., Mahood T.H., Keijzer R. New insights into lung development and diseases: the role of microRNAs. Biochem Cell Biol. 2015;93(2):139–148. https://doi.org/10.1139/bcb-2014-0103.Johar D., Siragam V., Mahood T.H., Keijzer R. New insights into lung development and diseases: the role of microRNAs. Biochem Cell Biol. 2015;93(2):139–148. https://doi.org/10.1139/bcb-2014-0103.Chen X., Ba Y., Ma L., Cai X., Yin Y., Wang K. et al. Characterization of microRNAs in serum: a novel class of biomarkers for diagnosis of cancer and other diseases. Cell Res. 2008;18(10):997–1006. https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.2008.282.Chen X., Ba Y., Ma L., Cai X., Yin Y., Wang K. et al. Characterization of microRNAs in serum: a novel class of biomarkers for diagnosis of cancer and other diseases. Cell Res. 2008;18(10):997–1006. https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.2008.282.Rodrigo-Muñoz J.M., Cañas J.A., Sastre B., Rego N., Greif G., Rial M. et al. Asthma diagnosis using integrated analysis of eosinophil microRNAs. Allergy. 2019;74(3):507–517. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13570.Rodrigo-Muñoz J.M., Cañas J.A., Sastre B., Rego N., Greif G., Rial M. et al. Asthma diagnosis using integrated analysis of eosinophil microRNAs. Allergy. 2019;74(3):507–517. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13570.Wang Y., Li Y., Zhang P., Baker S.T., Wolfson M.R., Weiser J.N. et al. Regenerative therapy based on miRNA-302 mimics for enhancing host recovery from pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019;116(17):8493–8498. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1818522116.Wang Y., Li Y., Zhang P., Baker S.T., Wolfson M.R., Weiser J.N. et al. Regenerative therapy based on miRNA-302 mimics for enhancing host recovery from pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019;116(17):8493–8498. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1818522116.Kabesch M., Adcock I.M. Epigenetics in asthma and COPD. Biochimie. 2012;94(11):2231–2241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2012.07.017.Kabesch M., Adcock I.M. Epigenetics in asthma and COPD. Biochimie. 2012;94(11):2231–2241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2012.07.017.Дьяченко Н.А., Улитина А.С., Лукина О.В., Пчелина С.Н., Трофимов В.И., Миронова Ж.А. Экспрессия микроРНК miR-21 и miR-146а у пациентов мужского пола с перекрестным фенотипом бронхиальной астмы и хронической обструктивной болезни легких. Пульмонология. 2020;30(3):263–269. https://doi.org/10.18093/0869-0189-2020-30-3-263-269.Dyachenko N.A., Ulitina A.S., Lukina O.V., Pchelina S.N., Trofimov V.I., Mironova Z.A. MicroRNA miR-21 and miR-146a expression in male with a combination of bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pulmonologiya. 2020;30(3):263–269. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18093/0869-0189-2020-30-3-263-269.Weidner J., Bartel S., Kılıç A., Zissler U.M., Renz H., Schwarze J. et al. Spotlight on microRNAs in allergy and asthma. Allergy. 2021;76(6):1661–1678. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14646.Weidner J., Bartel S., Kılıç A., Zissler U.M., Renz H., Schwarze J. et al. Spotlight on microRNAs in allergy and asthma. Allergy. 2021;76(6):1661–1678. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14646.Schembri F., Sridhar S., Perdomo C., Gustafson A.M., Zhang X., Ergun A. et al. MicroRNAs as modulators of smoking-induced gene expression changes in human airway epithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(7):2319–2324. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0806383106.Schembri F., Sridhar S., Perdomo C., Gustafson A.M., Zhang X., Ergun A. et al. MicroRNAs as modulators of smoking-induced gene expression changes in human airway epithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(7):2319–2324. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0806383106.Ong J., van den Berg A., Faiz A., Boudewijn I.M., Timens W., Vermeulen C.J. et al. Current Smoking is Associated with Decreased Expression of miR-335-5p in Parenchymal Lung Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(20):5176. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205176.Ong J., van den Berg A., Faiz A., Boudewijn I.M., Timens W., Vermeulen C.J. et al. Current Smoking is Associated with Decreased Expression of miR-335-5p in Parenchymal Lung Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(20):5176. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205176.Cay P., Singer C.A., Ba M.A. Gene network analysis for identification of microRNA biomarkers for asthma. Respir Res. 2022;23(1):378. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-022-02304-2.Cay P., Singer C.A., Ba M.A. Gene network analysis for identification of microRNA biomarkers for asthma. Respir Res. 2022;23(1):378. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-022-02304-2.Овсянников Н.В., Билевич О.А., Зинченко Л.М., Козлова Е.А. Новые возможности достижения контроля над течением тяжелой бронхиальной астмы. Вестник современной клинической медицины. 2019;12(4):63–68. https://doi.org/10.20969/VSKM.2019.12(4).63-68.Ovsyannikov N.V., Bilevich O.A., Zinchenko L.M., Kozlova E.A. New opportunities in achievement control over the course of severe bronchial asthma. Vestnik Sovremennoi Klinicheskoi Mediciny. 2019;12(4):63–68. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.20969/VSKM.2019.12(4).63-68.Демко И.В., Собко Е.А., Чубарова С.В., Соловьева И.А., Крапошина А.Ю., Медведева Н.Н. и др. Особенности системного воспаления, функции внешнего дыхания и морфологической структуры слизистой оболочки бронхов при тяжелой бронхиальной астме. Сибирское медицинское обозрение. 2014;(5):47–52. Режим доступа: https://smr.krasgmu.ru/journal/1262_47-52.pdf.Demko I.V., Sobko E.A., Chubarova S.V., Solovieva I.A., Kraposhina A.Yu., Medvedeva N.N. Features of systemic inflammation, respiratory function and morphological structure of the bronchial mucosa in severe bronchial asthma. Siberian Medical Review. 2014;(5):47–52. (In Russ.) Available at: https://smr.krasgmu.ru/journal/1262_47-52.pdf.Ненашева Н.М., Курбачева О.М., Авдеев С.Н., Федосенко С.В., Емельянов А.В., Белевский А.С. и др. Практические рекомендации по выбору иммунобиологического препарата для лечения тяжелой бронхиальной астмы Т2-эндотипа. Пульмонология. 2020;30(2):227–244. https://doi.org/10.18093/0869-0189-2020-30-2-227-244.Nenasheva N.M., Kurbacheva O.M., Avdeev S.N., Fedosenko S.V., Emelyanov A.V., Belevskiy A.S. et al. Practical recommendations for choosing an immunobiological preparation for the treatment of severe bronchial asthma of T2-endotype. Pulmonologiya. 2020;30(2):227–244. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18093/0869-0189-2020-30-2-227-244.Kyyaly M.A., Sanchez-Elsner T., He P., Sones C.L., Arshad S.H., Kurukulaaratchy R.J. Circulating miRNAs-A potential tool to identify severe asthma risk? Clin Transl Allergy. 2021;11(4):e12040. https://doi.org/10.1002/clt2.12040.Kyyaly M.A., Sanchez-Elsner T., He P., Sones C.L., Arshad S.H., Kurukulaaratchy R.J. Circulating miRNAs-A potential tool to identify severe asthma risk? Clin Transl Allergy. 2021;11(4):e12040. https://doi.org/10.1002/clt2.12040.Atashbasteh M., Mortaz E., Mahdaviani S.A., Jamaati H., Allameh A. Expression levels of plasma exosomal miR-124, miR-125b, miR-133b, miR-130a and miR-125b-1-3p in severe asthma patients and normal individuals with emphasis on inflammatory factors. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2021;17(1):51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13223-021-00556-z.Atashbasteh M., Mortaz E., Mahdaviani S.A., Jamaati H., Allameh A. Expression levels of plasma exosomal miR-124, miR-125b, miR-133b, miR-130a and miR-125b-1-3p in severe asthma patients and normal individuals with emphasis on inflammatory factors. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2021;17(1):51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13223-021-00556-z.Rodrigo-Muñoz J.M., Gil-Martínez M., Lorente-Sorolla C., García-Latorre R., Valverde-Monge M., Quirce S. et al. miR-144-3p Is a Biomarker Related to Severe Corticosteroid-Dependent Asthma. Front Immunol. 2022;13:858722. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.858722.Rodrigo-Muñoz J.M., Gil-Martínez M., Lorente-Sorolla C., García-Latorre R., Valverde-Monge M., Quirce S. et al. miR-144-3p Is a Biomarker Related to Severe Corticosteroid-Dependent Asthma. Front Immunol. 2022;13:858722. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.858722.Cañas J.A., Valverde-Monge M., Rodrigo-Muñoz J.M., Sastre B., Gil-Martínez M., García-Latorre R. et al. Serum microRNAs as Tool to Predict Early Response to Benralizumab in Severe Eosinophilic Asthma. J Pers Med. 2021;11(2):76. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm11020076.Cañas J.A., Valverde-Monge M., Rodrigo-Muñoz J.M., Sastre B., Gil-Martínez M., García-Latorre R. et al. Serum microRNAs as Tool to Predict Early Response to Benralizumab in Severe Eosinophilic Asthma. J Pers Med. 2021;11(2):76. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm11020076.Gil-Martínez M., Lorente-Sorolla C., Rodrigo-Muñoz J.M., Lendínez M.Á., Núñez-Moreno G., de la Fuente L. et al. Analysis of Differentially Expressed MicroRNAs in Serum and Lung Tissues from Individuals with Severe Asthma Treated with Oral Glucocorticoids. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(2):1611. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021611.Gil-Martínez M., Lorente-Sorolla C., Rodrigo-Muñoz J.M., Lendínez M.Á., Núñez-Moreno G., de la Fuente L. et al. Analysis of Differentially Expressed MicroRNAs in Serum and Lung Tissues from Individuals with Severe Asthma Treated with Oral Glucocorticoids. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(2):1611. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021611.Kho A.T., McGeachie M.J., Moore K.G., Sylvia J.M., Weiss S.T., Tantisira K.G. Circulating microRNAs and prediction of asthma exacerbation in childhood asthma. Respir Res. 2018;19(1):128. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-018-0828-6.Kho A.T., McGeachie M.J., Moore K.G., Sylvia J.M., Weiss S.T., Tantisira K.G. Circulating microRNAs and prediction of asthma exacerbation in childhood asthma. Respir Res. 2018;19(1):128. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-018-0828-6.Hough K.P., Curtiss M.L., Blain T.J., Liu R.M., Trevor J., Deshane J.S., Thannickal V.J. Airway Remodeling in Asthma. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;7:191. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.00191.Hough K.P., Curtiss M.L., Blain T.J., Liu R.M., Trevor J., Deshane J.S., Thannickal V.J. Airway Remodeling in Asthma. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;7:191. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.00191.Habib N., Pasha M.A., Tang D.D. Current Understanding of Asthma Pathogenesis and Biomarkers. Cells. 2022;11(17):2764. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11172764.Habib N., Pasha M.A., Tang D.D. Current Understanding of Asthma Pathogenesis and Biomarkers. Cells. 2022;11(17):2764. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11172764.Sharma R., Tiwari A., McGeachie M.J. Recent miRNA Research in Asthma. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2022;22(12):231–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-022-01050-1.Sharma R., Tiwari A., McGeachie M.J. Recent miRNA Research in Asthma. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2022;22(12):231–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-022-01050-1.Chung S., Lee Y.G., Karpurapu M., Englert J.A., Ballinger M.N., Davis I.C. et al. Depletion of microRNA-451 in response to allergen exposure accentuates asthmatic inflammation by regulating Sirtuin2. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2020;318(5):L921–L930. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00457.2019.Chung S., Lee Y.G., Karpurapu M., Englert J.A., Ballinger M.N., Davis I.C. et al. Depletion of microRNA-451 in response to allergen exposure accentuates asthmatic inflammation by regulating Sirtuin2. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2020;318(5):L921–L930. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00457.2019.Zhao M., Li Y.P., Geng X.R., Zhao M., Ma S.B., Yang Y.H. et al. Expression Level of MiRNA-126 in Serum Exosomes of Allergic Asthma Patients and Lung Tissues of Asthmatic Mice. Curr Drug Metab. 2019;20(10):799–803. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389200220666191011114452.Zhao M., Li Y.P., Geng X.R., Zhao M., Ma S.B., Yang Y.H. et al. Expression Level of MiRNA-126 in Serum Exosomes of Allergic Asthma Patients and Lung Tissues of Asthmatic Mice. Curr Drug Metab. 2019;20(10):799–803. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389200220666191011114452.ElKashef S.M.M.A.E., Ahmad S.E., Soliman Y.M.A., Mostafa M.S. Role of microRNA-21 and microRNA-155 as biomarkers for bronchial asthma. Innate Immun. 2021;27(1):61–69. https://doi.org/10.1177/1753425920901563.ElKashef S.M.M.A.E., Ahmad S.E., Soliman Y.M.A., Mostafa M.S. Role of microRNA-21 and microRNA-155 as biomarkers for bronchial asthma. Innate Immun. 2021;27(1):61–69. https://doi.org/10.1177/1753425920901563.Aripova A., Akparova A., Bersimbaev R. The Potential Role of miRNA-19b-3p and miRNA-320c in Patients with Moderate Bronchial Asthma. Microrna. 2020;9(5):373–377. https://doi.org/10.2174/2211536609666201221122715.Aripova A., Akparova A., Bersimbaev R. The Potential Role of miRNA-19b-3p and miRNA-320c in Patients with Moderate Bronchial Asthma. Microrna. 2020;9(5):373–377. https://doi.org/10.2174/2211536609666201221122715.Siddiqui S., Johansson K., Joo A., Bonser L.R., Koh K.D., Le Tonqueze O. et al. Epithelial miR-141 regulates IL-13-induced airway mucus production. JCI Insight. 2021;6(5):e139019. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.139019.Siddiqui S., Johansson K., Joo A., Bonser L.R., Koh K.D., Le Tonqueze O. et al. Epithelial miR-141 regulates IL-13-induced airway mucus production. JCI Insight. 2021;6(5):e139019. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.139019.Liu J.H., Li C., Zhang C.H., Zhang Z.H. LncRNA-CASC7 enhances corticosteroid sensitivity via inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway by targeting miR-21 in severe asthma. Pulmonology. 2020;26(1):18–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pulmoe.2019.07.001.Liu J.H., Li C., Zhang C.H., Zhang Z.H. LncRNA-CASC7 enhances corticosteroid sensitivity via inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway by targeting miR-21 in severe asthma. Pulmonology. 2020;26(1):18–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pulmoe.2019.07.001.Laanesoo A., Urgard E., Periyasamy K., Laan M., Bochkov Y.A., Aab A. et al. Dual role of the miR-146 family in rhinovirus-induced airway inflammation and allergic asthma exacerbation. Clin Transl Med. 2021;11(6):e427. https://doi.org/10.1002/ctm2.427.Laanesoo A., Urgard E., Periyasamy K., Laan M., Bochkov Y.A., Aab A. et al. Dual role of the miR-146 family in rhinovirus-induced airway inflammation and allergic asthma exacerbation. Clin Transl Med. 2021;11(6):e427. https://doi.org/10.1002/ctm2.427.Zhang T., Huang P., Qiu C. Progresses in epigenetic studies of asthma from the perspective of high-throughput analysis technologies: a narrative review. Ann Transl Med. 2022;10(8):493. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm-22-929.Zhang T., Huang P., Qiu C. Progresses in epigenetic studies of asthma from the perspective of high-throughput analysis technologies: a narrative review. Ann Transl Med. 2022;10(8):493. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm-22-929.Stolzenburg L.R., Harris A. The role of microRNAs in chronic respiratory disease: recent insights. Biol Chem. 2018;399(3):219–234. https://doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2017-0249.Stolzenburg L.R., Harris A. The role of microRNAs in chronic respiratory disease: recent insights. Biol Chem. 2018;399(3):219–234. https://doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2017-0249.Ortiz-Quintero B., Martínez-Espinosa I., Pérez-Padilla R. Mechanisms of Lung Damage and Development of COPD Due to Household Biomass-Smoke Exposure: Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, MicroRNAs, and Gene Polymorphisms. Cells. 2022;12(1):67. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12010067.Ortiz-Quintero B., Martínez-Espinosa I., Pérez-Padilla R. Mechanisms of Lung Damage and Development of COPD Due to Household Biomass-Smoke Exposure: Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, MicroRNAs, and Gene Polymorphisms. Cells. 2022;12(1):67. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12010067.Angulo M., Lecuona E., Sznajder J.I. Role of MicroRNAs in lung disease. Arch Bronconeumol. 2012;48(9):325–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arbres.2012.04.011.Angulo M., Lecuona E., Sznajder J.I. Role of MicroRNAs in lung disease. Arch Bronconeumol. 2012;48(9):325–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arbres.2012.04.011.Van Nijnatten J., Brandsma C.A., Steiling K., Hiemstra P.S., Timens W., van den Berge M., Faiz A. High miR203a-3p and miR-375 expression in the airways of smokers with and without COPD. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):5610. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-09093-0.Van Nijnatten J., Brandsma C.A., Steiling K., Hiemstra P.S., Timens W., van den Berge M., Faiz A. High miR203a-3p and miR-375 expression in the airways of smokers with and without COPD. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):5610. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-09093-0.Bersimbaev R., Aripova A., Bulgakova O., Kussainova А., Akparova A,. Izzotti A. The Plasma Levels of hsa-miR-19b-3p, hsa-miR-125b-5p, and hsamiR-320c in Patients with Asthma, COPD and Asthma-COPD Overlap Syndrome (ACOS). Microrna. 2021;10(2):130–138. https://doi.org/10.2174/2211536610666210609142859.Bersimbaev R., Aripova A., Bulgakova O., Kussainova А., Akparova A,. Izzotti A. The Plasma Levels of hsa-miR-19b-3p, hsa-miR-125b-5p, and hsamiR-320c in Patients with Asthma, COPD and Asthma-COPD Overlap Syndrome (ACOS). Microrna. 2021;10(2):130–138. https://doi.org/10.2174/2211536610666210609142859.Qian Y., Mao Z.D., Shi Y.J., Liu Z.G., Cao Q., Zhang Q. Comprehensive Analysis of miRNA-mRNA-lncRNA Networks in Non-Smoking and Smoking Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2018;50(3):1140–1153. https://doi.org/10.1159/000494541.Qian Y., Mao Z.D., Shi Y.J., Liu Z.G., Cao Q., Zhang Q. Comprehensive Analysis of miRNA-mRNA-lncRNA Networks in Non-Smoking and Smoking Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2018;50(3):1140–1153. https://doi.org/10.1159/000494541.Hirai K., Shirai T., Shimoshikiryo T., Ueda M., Gon Y., Maruoka S., Itoh K. Circulating microRNA-15b-5p as a biomarker for asthma-COPD overlap. Allergy. 2021;76(3):766–774. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14520.Hirai K., Shirai T., Shimoshikiryo T., Ueda M., Gon Y., Maruoka S., Itoh K. Circulating microRNA-15b-5p as a biomarker for asthma-COPD overlap. Allergy. 2021;76(3):766–774. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14520.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.