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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medsovet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский Совет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-701X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5790</issn><publisher><publisher-name>REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21518/ms2023-099</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medsovet-7491</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НЕВРОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>NEUROLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Патогенетические механизмы когнитивных нарушений при цереброваскулярной патологии и перспективы их коррекции с помощью ноотропных и нейропротекторных средств</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Pathogenetic mechanisms of cognitive impairment in cerebrovascular pathology and prospects for their correction using nootropic and neuroprotective agents</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6914-258X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Смирнова Анастасия Андреевна, врач-невролог </p><p>190121, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Садовая, д. 126</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasia A. Smirnova, Neurologist </p><p>126, Sadovaya St., St Petersburg, 190121 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aaa.smirnova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0363-102X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Живолупов</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhivolupov</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Живолупов Сергей Анатольевич, д.м.н., профессор, профессор кафедры нервных болезней </p><p>194044, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Академика Лебедева, д. 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey A. Zhivolupov, Dr. Sci.  (Med.), Professor, Professor of  the Department of  Nervous Diseases </p><p>6, Akademik Lebedev St., St Petersburg, 194044</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">peroslava@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Медицинский центр «Адмиралтейские верфи»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Medical Center “Admiralteyskie Verfi”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Военно-медицинская академия имени С.М. Кирова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>04</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>85</fpage><lpage>93</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Смирнова А.А., Живолупов С.А., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Смирнова А.А., Живолупов С.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Smirnova A.A., Zhivolupov S.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/7491">https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/7491</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье изложены современные представления о патогенезе когнитивных расстройств при цереброваскулярной патологии на клеточном уровне. Дисфункция нейроваскулярных единиц ассоциирована с нарушением микрогемоциркуляции, гипоксией, дефицитом энергетических ресурсов, развитием нейровоспаления, увеличением синтеза оксида азота и оксидативным стрессом, глутаматной эксайтотоксичностью, внутриклеточным накоплением кальция, эндотелиальной дисфункцией, нарушением ликвороциркуляции, венозного оттока из полости черепа и утилизации продуктов метаболизма головного мозга, в том числе неправильно сконформированных белков. Вышеперечисленное определяет возможность сочетанного развития цереброваскулярных и нейродегенеративных заболеваний, прежде всего болезни Альцгеймера. В настоящее время в качестве основной причины когнитивных расстройств рассматривается смешанное (сосудисто-нейродегенеративное) повреждение головного мозга, что подтверждено данными патологоанатомических исследований. Патогенетическая терапия деменции ингибиторами холинэстеразы и мемантином не позволяет устранить когнитивный дефект, а лишь замедляет сроки его прогрессии. Невозможность восстановления преморбидного уровня повседневной активности пациента при терапии когнитивных нарушений на стадии деменции диктует необходимость применения адъювантных ноотропных и нейропротекторных средств до  срыва функционального резерва, т.  е. на  стадии умеренных когнитивных расстройств. Никотиноил гаммааминомасляная кислота обладает ноотропным, транквилизирующим, психостимулирующим и антиоксидантным свойством. Исследования последнего десятилетия доказали способность никотиноил гамма-аминомасляной кислоты подавлять нейровоспаление и апоптоз клеток центральной нервной системы, повышать экспрессию ангиогенных и цитоскелетных белков, нормализовать проницаемость гематоэнцефалического барьера, что может быть использовано для улучшения функции нейроваскулярных единиц и коррекции сосудисто-нейродегенеративных когнитивных нарушений. Малое количество лекарственных взаимодействий никотиноил гамма-аминомасляной кислоты позволяет включать ее в  комплексную терапию коморбидных пациентов. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article presents modern ideas about the pathogenesis of cognitive disorders in cerebrovascular pathology at the cellular level. Dysfunction of neurovascular units is associated with impaired microcirculation, hypoxia, deficiency of energy resources, development of neuroinflammation, increased nitric oxide synthesis and oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, intracellular calcium accumulation, endothelial dysfunction, impaired circulation of cerebrovascular fluid, venous outflow from the cranial cavity and utilization of brain metabolic products, including misshaped proteins. The above determines the possibility of the combined development of cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, primarily Alzheimer’s disease. Currently, mixed (vascularneurodegenerative) brain damage is considered as the  main cause of  cognitive disorders, which is confirmed by the  data of post-mortem studies. Pathogenetic therapy of dementia with cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine does not eliminate the cognitive defect, but only slows down its progression. The impossibility of restoring the premorbid level of daily activity of the patient in the treatment of cognitive impairment at the stage of dementia dictates the need for the use of adjuvant nootropic and neuroprotective agents until the breakdown of the functional reserve, that is, at the stage of moderate cognitive impairment. Nicotinoyl gamma-aminobutyric acid has nootropic, tranquilizing, psychostimulant and antioxidant properties. Studies of the last decade have proven the ability of nicotinoyl gamma-aminobutyric acid to suppress neuroinflammation and apoptosis of  cells of  the central nervous system, increase the  expression of  angiogenic and cytoskeletal proteins, normalize the  permeability of  the blood-brain barrier, which can be used to improve the  function of  neurovascular units and correct vascular-neurodegenerative cognitive impairment. A small number of drug interactions with nicotinoyl gamma-aminobutyric acid allows it to be included in the complex therapy of comorbid patients.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сосудистые когнитивные нарушения</kwd><kwd>цереброваскулярные заболевания</kwd><kwd>болезнь Альцгеймера</kwd><kwd>терапия когнитивных нарушений</kwd><kwd>никотиноил гамма-аминомасляная кислота</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>vascular cognitive impairment</kwd><kwd>cerebrovascular disease</kwd><kwd>Alzheimer’s disease</kwd><kwd>cognitive impairment therapy</kwd><kwd>nicotinoyl gamma-aminobutyric acid</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patterson C. World Alzheimer Report 2018. The state of the art of dementia research: New frontiers. London: Alzheimer’s Disease International; 2018. 48 p. 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