medsovetМедицинский СоветMeditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council2079-701X2658-5790REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.10.21518/ms2023-175medsovet-7709Research ArticleНЕВРОЛОГИЯNEUROLOGYМРТ-признаки психических заболеванийMRI signs of mental disordershttps://orcid.org/0009-0003-9563-6756АгееваС. Ф.AgeevaS. F.

Агеева София Фаильевна - студент факультета фундаментальной медицины.

119192, Москва, Ломоносовский проспект, д. 27, корп. 1

Sofiia F. Ageeva - Student of the Faculty of Fundamental Medicine.

27, Bldg. 1, Lomonosovsky Ave., 119192, Moscow

son.ageeva13@gmail.comМосковский государственный университет имени М.В. ЛомоносоваРоссияLomonosov Moscow State UniversityRussian Federation2023180820230133842Copyright © Агеева С.Ф., 20232023Агеева С.Ф.Ageeva S.F.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/7709

Долгое время использование методов лучевой диагностики в психиатрии виделось малоэффективным, поскольку считалось, что с их помощью можно оценить только структурные изменения головного мозга. Однако последующее развитие и появление новых радиологических техник привело к появлению ранее недоступных возможностей. В современной психиатрической практике наибольший интерес представляет магнитно-резонансная томография (МРТ) и ее производные – функциональная МРТ (фМРТ) с выполнением заданий и в состоянии покоя. Данные техники дают возможность оценить как структурные, так и функциональные изменения головного мозга. С помощью МРТ с высоким пространственным разрешением стало возможно оценить изменения серого вещества головного мозга, в том числе его региональный объем, толщину коры, форму извилин и подкорковые структуры. Благодаря фМРТ появилась возможность оценить нейронную активность и нейронные схемы головного мозга. Функциональная МРТ с выполнением заданий основана на увеличении кровоснабжения и, соответственно, оксигенации тех участков мозга, которые активируются при работе над определенными заданиями, в то время как при МРТ в состоянии покоя оцениваются спонтанные колебания активности зон головного мозга. Хотя диагноз психических заболеваний не ставится исключительно по результатам МРТ, визуализация способна облегчить данную задачу. При исследовании могут наблюдаться такие признаки, как гипо- или гиперактивация участков, увеличение или уменьшение объемов зон головного мозга. В работе описаны примеры МР-признаков, характерных для синдрома дефицита внимания и гиперактивности, биполярного расстройства, большого депрессивного расстройства, шизофрении, а также возможные визуализационные признаки когнитивных нарушений, встречающихся при рассеянном склерозе.

Radiology methods were believed to be used to assess only structural changes in the brain. Therefore, for a long time, their use in psychiatry was seen ineffective. However, the subsequent development and emergence of new visualization techniques led to the appearance of previously inaccessible opportunities. In modern psychiatric practice magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), taskbased functional MRI (fMRI) and resting state fMRI are methods of the greatest interest. Both structural and functional changes of brain can be assessed with these techniques. Using MRI with high spatial resolution, it’s possible to assess changes in the gray matter of the brain, including its regional volume, cortical thickness, shape of the convolutions and subcortical structures. With the use of fMRI it became possible to evaluate neural activity and neural circuits of the brain. In task-based fMRI patient complete certain tasks, which leads to an increase in blood supply and oxygenation of activated parts of the brain. Resting MRI, on the other hand, evaluates spontaneous fluctuations in the brain activity. Although the diagnosis of mental illness is not based on MRI alone, imaging techniques can facilitate the process. MR-signs such as hypo- or hyperactivation of brain areas, an increase or decrease in the volume of brain zones can be observed. The text describes examples of MR-characteristics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, and MR-features of cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.