medsovetМедицинский СоветMeditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council2079-701X2658-5790REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.10.21518/ms2023-306medsovet-7866Research ArticleКОМОРБИДНЫЙ ПАЦИЕНТCOMORBID PATIENTКлинический случай раннего мультифокального атеросклероза, осложненного острым коронарным синдромом, у молодого мужчины с язвенным колитомA clinical case of early multifocal atherosclerosis complicated by acute coronary syndrome in a young man with ulcerative colitishttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1496-0689ТарасоваЛ. В.TarasovaL. V.

Тарасова Лариса Владимировна - доктор медицинских наук, доцент, заведующий кафедрой  факультетской и госпитальной терапии, ЧГУ им. И.Н. Ульянова; заведующая гастроэнтерологическим  отделением, РКБ.

428015, Чебоксары, Московский проспект, д. 15; 428018, Чебоксары, Московский проспект, д. 9

Larisa V. Tarasova - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Faculty and Hospital Therapy, Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanov; Head of  the Gastroenterology Department, Republic Clinical Hospital;

15, Moskovsky Ave., Cheboksary, 428015; 9, Moskovsky Ave., Cheboksary, 428018

tlarisagast18@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9500-3719КучероваН. Ю.KucherovaN. Yu.

Кучерова Надежда Юрьевна - аспирант кафедры факультетской и госпитальной терапии, ЧГУ им. И.Н. Ульянова; врач-кардиолог  консультативной поликлиники, Республиканский кардиологический диспансер.

428015, Чебоксары, Московский проспект, д. 15; 428020, Чебоксары, ул. Гладкова, д. 29А

Nadezhda Yu. Kucherova, Postgraduate Student of the Department of Faculty and Hospital Therapy, Chuvash State University named after  I.N. Ulyanov; Cardiologist at the Advisory Clinic, Republic Cardiology Dispensary.

15, Moskovsky Ave., Cheboksary, 428015; 29А, Gladkov St.,  Cheboksary, 428020

nadezda_kan@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8339-9496ЦыгановаЮ. В.TsyganovaYu. V.

Цыганова Юлия Вадимовна - старший преподаватель кафедры факультетской и госпитальной терапии.

428015, Чебоксары, Московский проспект, д. 15

Yulia V. Tsyganova - Senior Lecturer of the Department of Faculty and Hospital Therapy, Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanov.

15, Moskovsky Ave., Cheboksary, 428015

aj_00001@mail.ruЧувашский государственный университет имени И.Н. Ульянова; Республиканская клиническая больницаРоссияChuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanov; Republic Clinical HospitalRussian FederationЧувашский государственный университет имени И.Н. Ульянова; Республиканский кардиологический диспансерРоссияChuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanov; Republic Cardiology DispensaryRussian FederationЧувашский государственный университет имени И.Н. УльяноваРоссияChuvash State University named after I.N. UlyanovRussian Federation202304112023018151158Copyright © Тарасова Л.В., Кучерова Н.Ю., Цыганова Ю.В., 20232023Тарасова Л.В., Кучерова Н.Ю., Цыганова Ю.В.Tarasova L.V., Kucherova N.Y., Tsyganova Y.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/7866

Воспалительные заболевания кишечника (ВЗК), к которым относится язвенный колит и болезнь Крона, – это хронические рецидивирующие системные и иммуноопосредованные состояния, часто сопровождающиеся внекишечными проявлениями. Последние исследования  показали повышенный риск сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний, которые являются основной причиной смерти в развитых странах, при хронических воспалительных заболеваниях, особенно во время рецидивов ВЗК. Пациенты с ВЗК подвергаются  повышенному риску таких состояний, как ранний  атеросклероз,  ишемическая  болезнь сердца, инфаркт миокарда, инсульт, венозный  тромбоз, сердечная  недостаточность, фибрилляция  предсердий.  Гипотезы о механизме, лежащем в основе связи ВЗК и сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний, включают неблагоприятные последствия как самого ВЗК (хроническое  воспаление, эндотелиальная  дисфункция, дислипидемия, тромбоцитоз, нарушение  микробиома кишечника), так и его лечения. Преимущественная  роль в атерогенезе в настоящее  время  отводится нарушению работы эндотелия, который играет важную роль в физиологической  регуляции сосудистого тонуса, адгезии клеток, миграции и устойчивости к тромбообразованию. Также его дисфункция связана с повышенным риском развития атеросклероза. Ранний  мультифокальный атеросклероз – серьезное осложнение  язвенного  колита, которое  может встречаться  у лиц молодого  возраста,  не  имеющих традиционных  факторов  риска  сердечно-сосудистых  заболеваний.  Несвоевременная диагностика, отсутствие патогенетического лечения, а также коррекции  базисной  противовоспалительной терапии с учетом высокого сердечно-сосудистого  риска могут привести к развитию острого инфаркта миокарда  и инсульта, а при их тяжелом протекании  – к инвалидизации  пациентов  трудоспособного  возраста. Авторы представляют  описание  случая мультифокального атеросклероза, осложненного острым коронарным синдромом, у молодого мужчины с язвенным колитом, потребовавшего  радикального пересмотра  проводимой  терапии.

Inflammatory bowel disease  (IBD) is a chronic, relapsing, systemic and immune-mediated conditiondis  that  frequently  involve extraintestinal manifestations. Latest  studies  showed  increased risk of cardiovascular  complications,  which is the  main cause of death  in developed countries, in chronic inflammatory disorders, especially during IBD relapses. IBD patients are at increased risk of conditions  such as early atherosclerosis, ischaemic heart  disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, venous thrombosis, heart failure, аtrial fibrillation. Hypotheses  for the  mechanism  underlying  the  association of IBD and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases  include adverse  effects of both the IBD itself (chronic inflammation, еndothelium dysfunction, dyslipidemia, thrombocytosis, gut microbiome  dysfunction) and its treatment. The predominant role in atherogenesis is currently assigned  to disruption of the endothelium. Endothelium plays an important role in physiologic regulation of vascular tone, cell adhesion, migration and resistance to thrombosis. Also, its dysfunction  is associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis development. Early multifocal atherosclerosis is a serious complication  of ulcerative  colitis and can occur in young people  without  traditional cardiovascular  risk factors. Untimely diagnosis,  lack of pathogenetic treatment, correction  of basic anti-inflammatory therapy  and comprehensive consideration of a problem  of high cardiovascular  risk can lead to acute  myocardial infarction  and stroke and disability of a patient  of working age. The authors  present a case  report  of multifocal  atherosclerosis complicated by acute coronary syndrome in a young man with ulcerative  colitis, who required  a radical revision of the therapy.

воспалительные заболевания кишечникавнекишечные проявлениясердечно-сосудистые осложненияишемическая болезнь сердцаболезнь Кронасистемное воспалениеэндотелиальная дисфункцияатерогенезinflammatory bowel diseaseextraintestinal manifestationscardiovascular complicationsischaemic heart diseaseCrohn’s diseaseеndothelium dysfunctionatherogenesisReferencesNguyen NH, Ohno-Machado L, Sandborn WJ, Singh S. Infections and Cardiovascular Complications are Common Causes for Hospitalization in Older Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2018;24(4):916–923. https://doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izx089.Nguyen NH, Ohno-Machado L, Sandborn WJ, Singh S. Infections and Cardiovascular Complications are Common Causes for Hospitalization in Older Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2018;24(4):916–923. https://doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izx089.Lazou A, Ikonomidis I, Bartekova M, Benedek T, Makavos G, Palioura D et al. Chronic inflammatory diseases, myocardial function and cardioprotection. Br J Pharmacol. 2020;177(23):5357–5374. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.14975.Lazou A, Ikonomidis I, Bartekova M, Benedek T, Makavos G, Palioura D et al. Chronic inflammatory diseases, myocardial function and cardioprotection. Br J Pharmacol. 2020;177(23):5357–5374. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.14975.Zanoli L, Inserra G, Castellino P. Increased cardiovascular risk in subjects with a low prevalence of classic cardiovascular risk factors: The inflammatory bowel disease paradox. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2015;25(8):705–706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcm.2015.04.001.Zanoli L, Inserra G, Castellino P. Increased cardiovascular risk in subjects with a low prevalence of classic cardiovascular risk factors: The inflammatory bowel disease paradox. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2015;25(8):705–706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcm.2015.04.001.Verdugo-Meza A, Ye J, Dadlani H, Ghosh S, Gibson DL. Connecting the Dots Between Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Metabolic Syndrome: A Focus on Gut-Derived Metabolites. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1434. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051434.Verdugo-Meza A, Ye J, Dadlani H, Ghosh S, Gibson DL. Connecting the Dots Between Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Metabolic Syndrome: A Focus on Gut-Derived Metabolites. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1434. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051434.Лищинская АА, Князев ОВ, Каграманова АВ, Дудина ГА, Сабельникова ЕА, Ли ИА и др. Частота и факторы риска тромбоэмболических осложнений у пациентов с воспалительными заболеваниями кишечника. Терапевтический архив. 2022;94(2):172–179. https://doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2022.02.201367.Lishchinskaya AA, Knyazev OV, Kagramanova AV, Dudina GA, Sabelnikova EA, Li IA et al. Frequency and risk factors for thromboembolic complications in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv. 2022;94(2):172–179. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2022.02.201367.Gala D, Newsome T, Roberson N, Lee SM, Thekkanal M, Shah M et al. Thromboembolic Events in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Comprehensive Overview. Diseases. 2022;10(4):73. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases10040073.Gala D, Newsome T, Roberson N, Lee SM, Thekkanal M, Shah M et al. Thromboembolic Events in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Comprehensive Overview. Diseases. 2022;10(4):73. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases10040073.Faye AS, Lee KE, Dodson J, Chodosh J, Hudesman D, Remzi F et al. Increasing rates of venous thromboembolism among hospitalised patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a nationwide analysis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2022;56(7):1157–1167. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17162.Faye AS, Lee KE, Dodson J, Chodosh J, Hudesman D, Remzi F et al. Increasing rates of venous thromboembolism among hospitalised patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a nationwide analysis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2022;56(7):1157–1167. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17162.Qu C, Cao J, Liu K, Tan B, Zhu C, Li K, Qu L. Crohn’s Disease Complicated With Extensive Thrombosis of Limbs and Mesenteric Arteries: A Case Report and Literature Review. Ann Vasc Surg. 2019;58:382.e15–382.e19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2018.12.079.Qu C, Cao J, Liu K, Tan B, Zhu C, Li K, Qu L. Crohn’s Disease Complicated With Extensive Thrombosis of Limbs and Mesenteric Arteries: A Case Report and Literature Review. Ann Vasc Surg. 2019;58:382.e15–382.e19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2018.12.079.Kristensen SL, Ahlehoff O, Lindhardsen J, Erichsen R, Jensen GV, Torp-Pedersen C et al. Disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease is associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction, stroke and cardiovascular death – a Danish nationwide cohort study. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(2):e56944. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056944.Kristensen SL, Ahlehoff O, Lindhardsen J, Erichsen R, Jensen GV, Torp-Pedersen C et al. Disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease is associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction, stroke and cardiovascular death – a Danish nationwide cohort study. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(2):e56944. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056944.Aniwan S, Pardi DS, Tremaine WJ, Loftus EV Jr. Increased Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction and Heart Failure in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16(10):1607–1615.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2018.04.031.Aniwan S, Pardi DS, Tremaine WJ, Loftus EV Jr. Increased Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction and Heart Failure in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16(10):1607–1615.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2018.04.031.Pepe M, Cecere A, D’Alessandro P, Fumarola F, Ciccone MM, Marchese A et al. Massive stent thrombosis during active ulcerative colitis: the tricky balance between manifest hemorrhagic and concealed thrombotic risk. Clin Exp Med. 2018;18(4):481–485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10238-018-0522-5.Pepe M, Cecere A, D’Alessandro P, Fumarola F, Ciccone MM, Marchese A et al. Massive stent thrombosis during active ulcerative colitis: the tricky balance between manifest hemorrhagic and concealed thrombotic risk. Clin Exp Med. 2018;18(4):481–485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10238-018-0522-5.Panico C, Condorelli G. Unmet Needs in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Cardiovascular Comorbidities in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2018;55(3):254–270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-017-8624-5.Panico C, Condorelli G. Unmet Needs in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Cardiovascular Comorbidities in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2018;55(3):254–270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-017-8624-5.Choi YJ, Choi EK, Han KD, Park J, Moon I, Lee E et al. Increased risk of atrial fibrillation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A nationwide population-based study. World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25(22):2788–2798. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v25.i22.2788.Choi YJ, Choi EK, Han KD, Park J, Moon I, Lee E et al. Increased risk of atrial fibrillation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A nationwide population-based study. World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25(22):2788–2798. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v25.i22.2788.Zuin M, Zuliani G, Rigatelli G, Favero GD, Roncon L. Atrial fibrillation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Intern Med. 2020;76:120–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2020.02.029.Zuin M, Zuliani G, Rigatelli G, Favero GD, Roncon L. Atrial fibrillation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Intern Med. 2020;76:120–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2020.02.029.Cheng K, Faye AS. Venous thromboembolism in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2020;26(12):1231–1241. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v26.i12.1231.Cheng K, Faye AS. Venous thromboembolism in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2020;26(12):1231–1241. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v26.i12.1231.Bigeh A, Sanchez A, Maestas C, Gulati M. Inflammatory bowel disease and the risk for cardiovascular disease: Does all inflammation lead to heart disease? Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2020;30(8):463–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcm.2019.10.001.Bigeh A, Sanchez A, Maestas C, Gulati M. Inflammatory bowel disease and the risk for cardiovascular disease: Does all inflammation lead to heart disease? Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2020;30(8):463–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcm.2019.10.001.Gravina AG, Dallio M, Masarone M, Rosato V, Aglitti A, Persico M et al. Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological Targets. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018:2568569. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2568569.Gravina AG, Dallio M, Masarone M, Rosato V, Aglitti A, Persico M et al. Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological Targets. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018:2568569. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2568569.Dowsett L, Higgins E, Alanazi S, Alshuwayer NA, Leiper FC, Leiper J. ADMA: A Key Player in the Relationship between Vascular Dysfunction and Inflammation in Atherosclerosis. J Clin Med. 2020;9(9):3026. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9093026.Dowsett L, Higgins E, Alanazi S, Alshuwayer NA, Leiper FC, Leiper J. ADMA: A Key Player in the Relationship between Vascular Dysfunction and Inflammation in Atherosclerosis. J Clin Med. 2020;9(9):3026. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9093026.Бабаева ГК, Бабаев ЗО. Частота выявления некоторых маркеров эндотелиальной дисфункции у больных с воспалительными заболеваниями кишечника. Терапевтический архив. 2018;90(4):12–16. Режим доступа: https://ter-arkhiv.ru/0040-3660/article/view/32439.Babaeva GK, Babaev ZM. Frequency of detection of some markers of endothelial dysfunction in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv. 2018;90(4):12–16. (In Russ.) Available at: https://ter-arkhiv.ru/0040-3660/article/view/32439.Магрук МА, Мосикян АА, Бабенко АЮ. Биомаркеры, ассоциированные с атерогенезом: актуальный статус и перспективные направления. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2019;(12):148–152. https://doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2019-12-148-152.Magruk MA, Mosikyan AA, Babenko AYu. Biomarkers associated with atherogenesis: current status and promising areas. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2019;(12):148–152. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2019-12-148-152.Миронова ОЮ, Исайкина МА, Хасиева СА. Атеросклероз и сердечно-сосудистый риск у пациентов с воспалительными заболеваниями кишечника. Терапевтический архив. 2021;93(12):1533–1538. https://doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2021.12.201225.Mironova OI, Isaikina MA, Khasieva SA. Atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv. 2021;93(12):1533–1538. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2021.12.201225.Гриневич ВБ, Радченко ВГ. Микробиота кишечника и метаболический синдром. Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2020;183(11):11–19. https://doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-183-11-11-19.Grinevich VB, Radchenko VG. Gut microbiota and metabolic syndrome. Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology. 2020;183(11):11–19. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-183-11-11-19.Bilski J, Mazur-Bialy A, Wojcik D, Surmiak M, Magierowski M, Sliwowski Z et al. Role of Obesity, Mesenteric Adipose Tissue, and Adipokines in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Biomolecules. 2019;9(12):780. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9120780.Bilski J, Mazur-Bialy A, Wojcik D, Surmiak M, Magierowski M, Sliwowski Z et al. Role of Obesity, Mesenteric Adipose Tissue, and Adipokines in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Biomolecules. 2019;9(12):780. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9120780.Mitchell NE, Harrison N, Junga Z, Singla M. Heart Under Attack: Cardiac Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2018;24(11):2322–2326. https://doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izy157.Mitchell NE, Harrison N, Junga Z, Singla M. Heart Under Attack: Cardiac Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2018;24(11):2322–2326. https://doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izy157.Grillo TG, Silveira CFDSMP, Quaglio AEV, Dutra RM, Baima JP, Bazan SGZ, Sassaki LY. Acute heart failure as an adverse event of tumor necrosis factor inhibitor therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: A review of the literature. World J Cardiol. 2023;15(5):217–228. https://doi.org/10.4330/wjc.v15.i5.217.Grillo TG, Silveira CFDSMP, Quaglio AEV, Dutra RM, Baima JP, Bazan SGZ, Sassaki LY. Acute heart failure as an adverse event of tumor necrosis factor inhibitor therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: A review of the literature. World J Cardiol. 2023;15(5):217–228. https://doi.org/10.4330/wjc.v15.i5.217.Konstantinou CS, Korantzopoulos P, Fousekis FS, Katsanos KH. Inflammatory bowel disease and atrial fibrillation: a contemporary overview. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;35(7):695–701. https://doi.org/10.1097/MEG.0000000000002562.Konstantinou CS, Korantzopoulos P, Fousekis FS, Katsanos KH. Inflammatory bowel disease and atrial fibrillation: a contemporary overview. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;35(7):695–701. https://doi.org/10.1097/MEG.0000000000002562.Gawałko M, Balsam P, Lodziński P, Grabowski M, Krzowski B, Opolski G, Kosiuk J. Cardiac Arrhythmias in Autoimmune Diseases. Circ J. 2020;84(5):685–694. https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-19-0705.Gawałko M, Balsam P, Lodziński P, Grabowski M, Krzowski B, Opolski G, Kosiuk J. Cardiac Arrhythmias in Autoimmune Diseases. Circ J. 2020;84(5):685–694. https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-19-0705.Mubasher M, Syed T, Hanafi A, Yu Z, Yusuf I, Abdullah AS et al. An Investigation into the Association Between Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Cardiac Arrhythmias: An Examination of the United States National Inpatient Sample Database. Clin Med Insights Cardiol. 2020;14:1179546820955179. https://doi.org/10.1177/1179546820955179.Mubasher M, Syed T, Hanafi A, Yu Z, Yusuf I, Abdullah AS et al. An Investigation into the Association Between Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Cardiac Arrhythmias: An Examination of the United States National Inpatient Sample Database. Clin Med Insights Cardiol. 2020;14:1179546820955179. https://doi.org/10.1177/1179546820955179.Cheng CY, Baritussio A, Giordani AS, Iliceto S, Marcolongo R, Caforio ALP. Myocarditis in systemic immune-mediated diseases: Prevalence, characteristics and prognosis. A systematic review. Autoimmun Rev. 2022;21(4):103037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103037.Cheng CY, Baritussio A, Giordani AS, Iliceto S, Marcolongo R, Caforio ALP. Myocarditis in systemic immune-mediated diseases: Prevalence, characteristics and prognosis. A systematic review. Autoimmun Rev. 2022;21(4):103037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103037.Giordani AS, Candelora A, Fiacca M, Cheng C, Barberio B, Baritussio A et al. Myocarditis and inflammatory bowel diseases: A single-center experience and a systematic literature review. Int J Cardiol. 2023;376:165–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.01.071.Giordani AS, Candelora A, Fiacca M, Cheng C, Barberio B, Baritussio A et al. Myocarditis and inflammatory bowel diseases: A single-center experience and a systematic literature review. Int J Cardiol. 2023;376:165–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.01.071.Patel RS, Rohit Reddy S, Llukmani A, Hashim A, Haddad DR, Patel DS et al. Cardiovascular Manifestations in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review of the Pathogenesis and Management of Pericarditis. Cureus. 2021;13(3):e14010. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.14010.Patel RS, Rohit Reddy S, Llukmani A, Hashim A, Haddad DR, Patel DS et al. Cardiovascular Manifestations in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review of the Pathogenesis and Management of Pericarditis. Cureus. 2021;13(3):e14010. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.14010.Taha ME, Abdalla A, Al-Khafaji J, Malik S. Mesalamine-Induced Myopericarditis: A Case Report and Literature Review. Cardiol Res. 2019;10(1):59–62. https://doi.org/10.14740/cr820.Taha ME, Abdalla A, Al-Khafaji J, Malik S. Mesalamine-Induced Myopericarditis: A Case Report and Literature Review. Cardiol Res. 2019;10(1):59–62. https://doi.org/10.14740/cr820.Shah-Khan SM, Shah-Khan SM, Alqahtani F, Kupec JT. Increasing Rates of Infective Endocarditis in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Cureus. 2020;12(2):e6919. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.6919.Shah-Khan SM, Shah-Khan SM, Alqahtani F, Kupec JT. Increasing Rates of Infective Endocarditis in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Cureus. 2020;12(2):e6919. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.6919.Garcia-Pena A, Ibarrola J, Navarro A, Sadaba A, Tiraplegui C, Garaikoetxea M et al. Activation of the Interleukin-33/ST2 Pathway Exerts Deleterious Effects in Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(5):2310. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052310.Garcia-Pena A, Ibarrola J, Navarro A, Sadaba A, Tiraplegui C, Garaikoetxea M et al. Activation of the Interleukin-33/ST2 Pathway Exerts Deleterious Effects in Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(5):2310. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052310.De Almeida Martins C, Caon AER, Facanali CBG, Sobrado CW, Nahas SC, Pereira RMR et al. Coexistence of Takayasu’s Arteritis in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2021:8831867. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8831867.De Almeida Martins C, Caon AER, Facanali CBG, Sobrado CW, Nahas SC, Pereira RMR et al. Coexistence of Takayasu’s Arteritis in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2021:8831867. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8831867.Weissman S, Sinh P, Mehta TI, Thaker RK, Derman A, Heiberger C et al. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in inflammatory bowel disease: The role of chronic inflammation. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2020;11(5):104–113. https://doi.org/10.4291/wjgp.v11.i5.104.Weissman S, Sinh P, Mehta TI, Thaker RK, Derman A, Heiberger C et al. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in inflammatory bowel disease: The role of chronic inflammation. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2020;11(5):104–113. https://doi.org/10.4291/wjgp.v11.i5.104.Sleutjes JAM, Roeters van Lennep JE, van der Woude CJ, de Vries AC. Lipid Changes After Induction Therapy in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Effect of Different Drug Classes and Inflammation. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2023;29(4):531–538. https://doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izac100.Sleutjes JAM, Roeters van Lennep JE, van der Woude CJ, de Vries AC. Lipid Changes After Induction Therapy in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Effect of Different Drug Classes and Inflammation. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2023;29(4):531–538. https://doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izac100.Colombel JF, Sands BE, Gasink C, Yeager B, Adedokun OJ, Izanec J et al. Evolution of Symptoms After Ustekinumab Induction Therapy in Patients With Crohn’s Disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023:S1542-3565(23)00499-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2023.06.014.Colombel JF, Sands BE, Gasink C, Yeager B, Adedokun OJ, Izanec J et al. Evolution of Symptoms After Ustekinumab Induction Therapy in Patients With Crohn’s Disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023:S1542-3565(23)00499-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2023.06.014.Ridker PM, Rifai N, Rose L, Buring JE, Cook NR. Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(20):1557–1565. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa021993.Ridker PM, Rifai N, Rose L, Buring JE, Cook NR. Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(20):1557–1565. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa021993.Casas-Deza D, Lamuela-Calvo LJ, Gomollón F, Arbonés-Mainar JM, Caballol B, Gisbert JP et al. Effectiveness and Safety of Ustekinumab in Elderly Patients with Crohn’s Disease: Real World Evidence From the ENEIDA Registry. J Crohns Colitis. 2023;17(1):83–91. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac108.Casas-Deza D, Lamuela-Calvo LJ, Gomollón F, Arbonés-Mainar JM, Caballol B, Gisbert JP et al. Effectiveness and Safety of Ustekinumab in Elderly Patients with Crohn’s Disease: Real World Evidence From the ENEIDA Registry. J Crohns Colitis. 2023;17(1):83–91. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac108.Lambin T, Faye AS, Colombel JF. Inflammatory Bowel Disease Therapy and Venous Thromboembolism. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2020;18(3):462–475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11938-020-00304-z.Lambin T, Faye AS, Colombel JF. Inflammatory Bowel Disease Therapy and Venous Thromboembolism. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2020;18(3):462–475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11938-020-00304-z.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.