<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medsovet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский Совет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-701X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5790</issn><publisher><publisher-name>REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21518/ms2023-401</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medsovet-7924</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЦЕРЕБРОВАСКУЛЯРНЫЕ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Двуединство астении и когнитивных расстройств при церебральных заболеваниях</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The duality of asthenia and cognitive impairments in cerebral diseases</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9467-6244</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Локшина</surname><given-names>А. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lokshina</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Локшина Анастасия Борисовна - ассистент кафедры  нервных  болезней   и  нейрохирургии  Института клинической  медицины  имени Н.В. Склифосовского.</p><p>119991, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasia B. Lokshina - Teaching Assistant of Department of Nervous System Diseases and Neurosurgery, Institute  of Clinical Medicine named after  N.V. Sklifosovsky, Sechenov  First Moscow State  Medical University (Sechenov  University).</p><p>8, Bldg. 2, Trubetskaya  St., Moscow, 119991</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aloksh@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8447-3264</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Захаров</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakharov</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Захаров Владимир Владимирович - профессор  кафедры  нервных болезней  и нейрохирургии  Института клинической медицины имени Н.В. Склифосовского.</p><p>119991, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir V. Zakharov - Professor  of Department of Nervous  System  Diseases  and  Neurosurgery,  Institute  of Clinical Medicine  named  after N.V. Sklifosovsky, Sechenov  First Moscow State  Medical University (Sechenov University).</p><p>8, Bldg. 2, Trubetskaya  St., Moscow, 119991</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zakharovenator@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>21</issue><fpage>20</fpage><lpage>27</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Локшина А.Б., Захаров В.В., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Локшина А.Б., Захаров В.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lokshina A.B., Zakharov V.V.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/7924">https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/7924</self-uri><abstract><p>Астения – патологическое  состояние, характеризующееся аномальной, спонтанной слабостью (вялостью), возникающей без  нагрузки, длительно продолжающейся  и не проходящей  после отдыха. При астении снижается работоспособность, возникают  трудности поддержания  длительного  умственного  и  физического  напряжения.  Наличие  этих расстройств, несомненно, ассоциировано со снижением качества жизни, ростом заболеваемости и смертности в целом. Можно сказать, что жалобы на слабость, усталость и утомляемость являются наиболее  частыми на приеме у врача первичного звена. В статье  приведены  разнообразные  клинические  проявления   астении,  классификация  и  особенности  данных  расстройств. В клинической практике важно различать идиопатическую хроническую утомляемость (первичная, или функциональная, астения) и синдром хронической  усталости (СХУ). В публикации представлены  современные диагностические критерии данного синдрома. Показано, что следует отличать СХУ от неспецифической  хронической  утомляемости, которая может наблюдаться при различных патологических состояниях. В статье рассматривается  классификация, а также особенности и критерии диагностики астенических расстройств (АР). Отражена тесная взаимосвязь  и общие патогенетические  механизмы  развития  астении  и когнитивных расстройств  (КР) при церебральных заболеваниях.  Обсуждаются вопросы  ведения  пациентов  с астенией  и сопутствующими КР, которое  должно быть комплексным и включать в себя немедикаментозные и медикаментозные методы лечения. На первый план в терапии различных проявлений АР выходят нелекарственные методы, в т. ч. методики  когнитивной стимуляции и когнитивного тренинга. Показаны  возможности терапии  фонтурацетамом  при астеническом  синдроме  различного  генеза, в т. ч. с сопутствующими тревожно-депрессивными  расстройствами  и КР.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Asthenia is a pathological condition characterized by abnormal, spontaneous fatigue that occurs without exercise, continues for a long time and does not go away after rest. With asthenia, performance decreases, and difficulties arise in maintaining prolonged mental  and physical stress. The presence of these  disorders  is associated with a decrease in quality of life, an increase  in morbidity and mortality  in general. In general,  we can say that  complaints  of weakness,  tiredness and fatigue are the most common  when visiting a primary care doctor. The article  presents various clinical manifestations of asthenia, classification  and features  of these  disorders. In clinical practice, it is important to distinguish  between idiopathic  chronic fatigue  (primary or functional  asthenia)  and  chronic fatigue  syndrome  (CFS). The publication presents modern  diagnostic criteria for this syndrome. It has been  shown that  CFS should be distinguished from nonspecific  chronic fatigue, which can be observed  in various pathological conditions. The article  discusses  the classification,  as well as the features  and criteria for diagnosing of asthenic  disorders  (AD). The close  relationship and  common  pathogenetic mechanisms of the  development  of asthenia and cognitive  impairments (CI) in cerebral  diseases  are reflected. Issues of management of patients with asthenia and  concomitant CI are  discussed,  which  should  be  comprehensive and  include  non-drug  and  drug  treatment methods.  Non-drug  methods,  including  methods of cognitive  stimulation and  cognitive  training,  are  coming  to  the  fore in the treatment of various manifestations of AD. The possibilities  of therapy  with phenylpiracetam for asthenic  syndrome of various origins, including  those  with concomitant anxiety-depressive disorders  and CI, have been  shown.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>когнитивные расстройства</kwd><kwd>некогнитивные нервно-психические расстройства</kwd><kwd>астения</kwd><kwd>астенические расстройства</kwd><kwd>утомляемость</kwd><kwd>синдром хронической усталости</kwd><kwd>фонтурацетам</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cognitive impairments</kwd><kwd>non-cognitive neuropsychiatric disorders</kwd><kwd>asthenia</kwd><kwd>asthenic  disorders</kwd><kwd>fatigue</kwd><kwd>chronic fatigue  syndrome</kwd><kwd>fonturacetam</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Титова НВ, Бездольный ЮН, Катунина ЕА. Астения, психическая утомляемость и когнитивная дисфункция. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2023;123(5):38–47. https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro202312305138.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Titova NV, Bezdolny YuN, Katunina EA. Asthenia, mental fatigue and cognitive dysfunction. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2023;123(5):38–47. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro202312305138.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Basu N, Yang X, Luben RN, Whibley D, Macfarlane GJ, Wareham NJ et al. Fatigue is associated with excess mortality in the general population: results from the EPIC-Norfolk study. BMC Med. 2016;14(1):122. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-016-0662-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Basu N, Yang X, Luben RN, Whibley D, Macfarlane GJ, Wareham NJ et al. Fatigue is associated with excess mortality in the general population: results from the EPIC-Norfolk study. BMC Med. 2016;14(1):122. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-016-0662-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Engberg I, Segerstedt J, Waller G, Wennberg P, Eliasson M. Fatigue in the general population-associations to age, sex, socioeconomic status, physical activity, sitting time and self-rated health: the northern Sweden MONICA study 2014. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):654. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4623-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Engberg I, Segerstedt J, Waller G, Wennberg P, Eliasson M. Fatigue in the general population-associations to age, sex, socioeconomic status, physical activity, sitting time and self-rated health: the northern Sweden MONICA study 2014. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):654. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4623-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Путилина МВ. Астенические расстройства в общемедицинской практике. Алгоритмы диагностики и терапии. Нервные болезни. 2013;(4):26–33. Режим доступа: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/astenicheskie-rasstroystva-v-obschemeditsinskoy-praktike-algoritmy-diagnostiki-i-terapii.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Putilina MV. Asthenic disorders in general medical practice. Diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms. Nervous Diseases. 2013;(4):26–33. (In Russ.) Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/astenicheskie-rasstroystva-v-obschemeditsinskoy-praktike-algoritmy-diagnostiki-i-terapii.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Путилина МВ. Астенические расстройства как проявление синдрома хронической усталости. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2021;121(8):125–130. https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro2021121081125.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Putilina MV. Asthenic disorders as a manifestation of chronic fatigue syndrome. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2021;121(8):125–130. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro2021121081125.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van’t Leven M, Zielhuis GA, van der Meer JW, Verbeek AL, Bleijenberg G. Fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome-like complaints in the general population. Eur J Public Health. 2010;20(3):251–257. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckp113.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van’t Leven M, Zielhuis GA, van der Meer JW, Verbeek AL, Bleijenberg G. Fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome-like complaints in the general population. Eur J Public Health. 2010;20(3):251–257. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckp113.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Galland-Decker C, Marques-Vidal P, Vollenweider P. Prevalence and factors associated with fatigue in the Lausanne middle-aged population: a population-based, cross-sectional survey. BMJ Open. 2019;9(8):e027070. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027070.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galland-Decker C, Marques-Vidal P, Vollenweider P. Prevalence and factors associated with fatigue in the Lausanne middle-aged population: a population-based, cross-sectional survey. BMJ Open. 2019;9(8):e027070. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027070.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dittner AJ, Wessely SC, Brown RG. The assessment of fatigue: a practical guide for clinicians and researchers. J Psychosom Res. 2004;56(2):157–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00371-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dittner AJ, Wessely SC, Brown RG. The assessment of fatigue: a practical guide for clinicians and researchers. J Psychosom Res. 2004;56(2):157–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00371-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jorgensen R. Chronic fatigue: an evolutionary concept analysis. J Adv Nurs. 2008;63(2):199–207. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04649.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jorgensen R. Chronic fatigue: an evolutionary concept analysis. J Adv Nurs. 2008;63(2):199–207. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04649.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clayton EW. Beyond myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: an IOM report on redefining an illness. JAMA. 2015;313(11):1101–1102. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.1346.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clayton EW. Beyond myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: an IOM report on redefining an illness. JAMA. 2015;313(11):1101–1102. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.1346.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">VanElzakker MB, Brumfield SA, Lara Mejia PS. Neuroinflammation and Cytokines in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): A Critical Review of Research Methods. Front Neurol. 2019;9:1033. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2018.01033.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">VanElzakker MB, Brumfield SA, Lara Mejia PS. Neuroinflammation and Cytokines in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): A Critical Review of Research Methods. Front Neurol. 2019;9:1033. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2018.01033.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nakatomi Y, Mizuno K, Ishii A, Wada Y, Tanaka M, Tazawa S et al. Neuroinflammation in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis: An ¹¹C-(R)-PK11195 PET Study. J Nucl Med. 2014;55(6):945–950. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.113.131045.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nakatomi Y, Mizuno K, Ishii A, Wada Y, Tanaka M, Tazawa S et al. Neuroinflammation in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis: An ¹¹C-(R)-PK11195 PET Study. J Nucl Med. 2014;55(6):945–950. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.113.131045.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hatziagelaki E, Adamaki M, Tsilioni I, Dimitriadis G, Theoharides TC. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome-Metabolic Disease or Disturbed Homeostasis due to Focal Inflammation in the Hypothalamus? J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2018;367(1):155–167. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.118.250845.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hatziagelaki E, Adamaki M, Tsilioni I, Dimitriadis G, Theoharides TC. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome-Metabolic Disease or Disturbed Homeostasis due to Focal Inflammation in the Hypothalamus? J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2018;367(1):155–167. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.118.250845.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">What’s in a name? Systemic exertion intolerance disease. Lancet. 2015;385(9969):663. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60270-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">What’s in a name? Systemic exertion intolerance disease. Lancet. 2015;385(9969):663. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60270-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Annweiler C, Sacco G, Salles N, Aquino JP, Gautier J, Berrut G et al. National French Survey of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Symptoms in People Aged 70 and Over. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72(3):490–494. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa792.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Annweiler C, Sacco G, Salles N, Aquino JP, Gautier J, Berrut G et al. National French Survey of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Symptoms in People Aged 70 and Over. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72(3):490–494. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa792.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heneka MT, Golenbock D, Latz E, Morgan D, Brown R. Immediate and long-term consequences of COVID-19 infections for the development of neurological disease. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2020;12(1):69. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-020-00640-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heneka MT, Golenbock D, Latz E, Morgan D, Brown R. Immediate and long-term consequences of COVID-19 infections for the development of neurological disease. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2020;12(1):69. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-020-00640-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smith BJ, Lim MH. How the COVID-19 pandemic is focusing attention on loneliness and social isolation. Public Health Res Pract. 2020;30(2):3022008. https://doi.org/10.17061/phrp3022008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smith BJ, Lim MH. How the COVID-19 pandemic is focusing attention on loneliness and social isolation. Public Health Res Pract. 2020;30(2):3022008. https://doi.org/10.17061/phrp3022008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carfì A, Bernabei R, Landi F. Persistent Symptoms in Patients After Acute COVID-19. JAMA. 2020;324(6):603–605. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.12603.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carfì A, Bernabei R, Landi F. Persistent Symptoms in Patients After Acute COVID-19. JAMA. 2020;324(6):603–605. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.12603.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alemanno F, Houdayer E, Parma A, Spina A, Del Forno A, Scatolini A et al. COVID-19 cognitive deficits after respiratory assistance in the subacute phase: A COVID-rehabilitation unit experience. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(2):e0246590. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246590.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alemanno F, Houdayer E, Parma A, Spina A, Del Forno A, Scatolini A et al. COVID-19 cognitive deficits after respiratory assistance in the subacute phase: A COVID-rehabilitation unit experience. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(2):e0246590. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246590.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davis HE, Assaf GS, McCorkell L, Wei H, Low RJ, Re’em Y et al. Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact. eClinicalMedicine. 2021;38:101019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davis HE, Assaf GS, McCorkell L, Wei H, Low RJ, Re’em Y et al. Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact. eClinicalMedicine. 2021;38:101019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smets EM, Garssen B, Bonke B, De Haes JC. The Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI) psychometric qualities of an instrument to assess fatigue. J Psychosom Res. 1995;39(3):315–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(94)00125-o.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smets EM, Garssen B, Bonke B, De Haes JC. The Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI) psychometric qualities of an instrument to assess fatigue. J Psychosom Res. 1995;39(3):315–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(94)00125-o.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Петелин ДС, Байрамова СП, Сорокина ОЮ, Нийноя ИН, Локшина АБ, Волель БА. Апатия, ангедония и когнитивная дисфункция: общие симптомы депрессии и неврологической патологии. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2022;14(5):96–102. https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2022-5-96-102.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petelin DS, Bairamova SP, Sorokina OYu, Niinoja IN, Lokshina AB, Volel BA. Apathy, anhedonia and cognitive dysfunction: common symptoms of depression and neurological disorders. Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2022;14(5):96–102. https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2022-5-96-102.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Парфенов ВА, Захаров ВВ, Преображенская ИС. Когнитивные расстройства. М.: Ремедиум; 2014. 199 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Парфенов ВА, Захаров ВВ, Преображенская ИС. Когнитивные расстройства. М.: Ремедиум; 2014. 199 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Яхно НН, Захаров ВВ, Локшина АБ, Коберская НН, Мхитарян ЭА. Деменции. 3-е изд. М.: Медпресс-информ; 2011. 264 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Яхно НН, Захаров ВВ, Локшина АБ, Коберская НН, Мхитарян ЭА. Деменции. 3-е изд. М.: Медпресс-информ; 2011. 264 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Захаров ВВ, Локшина АБ. Практические алгоритмы ведения пациентов с хронической ишемией мозга. Эффективная фармакотерапия. 2019;15(19):24–28. https://doi.org/10.33978/2307-3586-2019-15-19-24-28.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zakharov VV, Lokshina AB. Practical Algorithms for Management of Patients with Chronic Cerebral Ischemia. Effective Pharmacotherapy. 2019;15(19):24–28. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.33978/2307-3586-2019-15-19-24-28.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Яхно НН, Коберская НН, Захаров ВВ, Гришина ДА, Локшина АБ, Мхитарян ЭА и др. Влияние возрастных, гендерных, коморбидных сердечно-сосудистых и эмоциональных факторов на субъективное когнитивное снижение. Российский неврологический журнал. 2018;23(4):184–189. https://doi.org/10.18821/1560-9545-2018-23-4-184-189.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakhno NN, Koberskaya NN, Zakharov VV, Grishina DA, Lokshina AB, Mkhitaryan EA et al. The influence of age, gender, comorbide cardiovascular and emotional factors on subjective cognitive decline. Russian Neurological Journal. 2018;23(4):184–189. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18821/1560-9545-2018-23-4-184-189.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Яхно НН, Коберская НН, Захаров ВВ, Гришина ДА, Локшина АБ, Мхитарян ЭА и др. Влияние возраста, коморбидных сердечно-сосудистых и эмоциональных факторов на легкое когнитивное снижение в среднем, пожилом и старческом возрасте. Российский неврологический журнал. 2018;23(6):309–315. https://doi.org/10.18821/1560-9545-2018-23-6-309-315.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakhno NN, Koberskaya NN, Zakharov VV, Grishina DA, Lokshina AB, Mkhitaryan EA, Posokhov SI, Savushkina IYu. The influence of age, comorbide cardiovascular and emotional factors on subtle cognitive decline in average, elderly and old age. Russian Neurological Journal. 2018;23(6):309–315. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18821/1560-9545-2018-23-6-309-315.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Локшина АБ. Современные аспекты диагностики и лечения синдрома умеренных когнитивных расстройств. Российский журнал гериатрической медицины. 2020;(3):199–204. https://doi.org/10.37586/2686-8636-3-2020-199-204.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lokshina AB. Modern aspects of diagnosis and treatment of mild cognitive impairment. Russian Journal of Geriatric Medicine. 2020;(3):199–204. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.37586/2686-8636-3-2020-199-204.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Локшина АБ, Захаров ВВ, Гришина ДА, Коберская НН, Мхитарян ЭА, Посохов СИ, Яхно НН. Гетерогенность синдрома умеренных когнитивных нарушений (анализ работы специализированного амбулаторного приема). Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2021;13(3):34–41. https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2021-3-34-41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lokshina AB, Zakharov VV, Grishina DA, Koberskaya NN, Mkhitaryan EA, Posohov SI, Yakhno NN. Heterogeneity of the mild cognitive impairment syndrome (specialized outpatient service data analysis). Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2021;13(3):34–41. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2021-3-34-41.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Müller T, Apps MAJ. Motivational fatigue: A neurocognitive framework for the impact of effortful exertion on subsequent motivation. Neuropsychologia. 2019;123:141–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.04.030.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Müller T, Apps MAJ. Motivational fatigue: A neurocognitive framework for the impact of effortful exertion on subsequent motivation. Neuropsychologia. 2019;123:141–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.04.030.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kukla B, Anthony M, Chen S, Turnbull A, Baran TM, Lin FV. Brain Small-Worldness Properties and Perceived Fatigue in Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2022;77(3):541–546. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glab084.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kukla B, Anthony M, Chen S, Turnbull A, Baran TM, Lin FV. Brain Small-Worldness Properties and Perceived Fatigue in Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2022;77(3):541–546. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glab084.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chaudhuri A, Behan PO. Fatigue and basal ganglia. J Neurol Sci. 2000;179(S1-2):34–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-510x(00)00411-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chaudhuri A, Behan PO. Fatigue and basal ganglia. J Neurol Sci. 2000;179(S1-2):34–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-510x(00)00411-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Felger JC, Treadway MT. Inflammation Effects on Motivation and Motor Activity: Role of Dopamine. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2017;42(1):216–241. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2016.143.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Felger JC, Treadway MT. Inflammation Effects on Motivation and Motor Activity: Role of Dopamine. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2017;42(1):216–241. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2016.143.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dowlati Y, Herrmann N, Swardfager W, Liu H, Sham L, Reim EK, Lanctôt KL. A meta-analysis of cytokines in major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;67(5):446–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.033.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dowlati Y, Herrmann N, Swardfager W, Liu H, Sham L, Reim EK, Lanctôt KL. A meta-analysis of cytokines in major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;67(5):446–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.033.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dobryakova E, Genova HM, DeLuca J, Wylie GR. The dopamine imbalance hypothesis of fatigue in multiple sclerosis and other neurological disorders. Front Neurol. 2015;6:52. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2015.00052.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dobryakova E, Genova HM, DeLuca J, Wylie GR. The dopamine imbalance hypothesis of fatigue in multiple sclerosis and other neurological disorders. Front Neurol. 2015;6:52. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2015.00052.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gulyaeva NV. Molecular Mechanisms of Neuroplasticity: An Expanding Universe. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2017;82(3):237–242. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297917030014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gulyaeva NV. Molecular Mechanisms of Neuroplasticity: An Expanding Universe. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2017;82(3):237–242. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297917030014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rodakowski J, Saghafi E, Butters MA, Skidmore ER. Non-pharmacological interventions for adults with mild cognitive impairment and early stage dementia: An updated scoping review. Mol Aspects Med. 2015;43-44:38–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2015.06.003:1-16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rodakowski J, Saghafi E, Butters MA, Skidmore ER. Non-pharmacological interventions for adults with mild cognitive impairment and early stage dementia: An updated scoping review. Mol Aspects Med. 2015;43-44:38–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2015.06.003:1-16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Науменко АА, Преображенская ИС. Когнитивно-моторный тренинг у пациентов с умеренными когнитивными нарушениями и легкой деменцией. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2018;10(4):81–87. https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2018-4-81-87.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Naumenko AA, Preobrazhenskaya IS. Cognitive and motor training for patients with moderate cognitive impairment and mild dementia. Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2018;10(4):81–87. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2018-4-81-87.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гришина ДА, Локшина АБ. Вопросы диагностики и лечения умеренных когнитивных расстройств. Медицинский совет. 2022;(21):46–53. https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2022-16-21-46-53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grishina DA, Lokshina AB. Issues of diagnosis and treatment of mild cognitive impairment. Meditsinskiy Sovet. 2022;(21):46–53. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2022-16-21-46-53.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Новикова МС, Захаров ВВ, Вахнина НВ. Эффективность комбинации нелекарственных методов у пациентов с недементными сосудистыми когнитивными нарушениями. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2023;15(1):57–64. https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2023-1-57-64.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Novikova MS, Zakharov VV, Vakhnina NV. Efficacy of a combination of non-drug therapies in patients with non-dementia vascular cognitive impairment. Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2023;15(1):57–64. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2023-1-57-64.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Старчина ЮА, Захаров ВВ. Степень тяжести и терапия когнитивных нарушений. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2021;13(3):119–124. https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2021-3-119-124.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Starchina YuA, Zakharov VV. Severity and treatment of cognitive impairment. Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2021;13(3):119–124. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2021-3-119-124.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Захаров ВВ, Локшина АБ, Вахнина НВ. Комбинированная терапия болезни Альцгеймера. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2022;14(3):74–80. https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2022-3-74-80.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zakharov VV, Lokshina AV, Vakhnina NV. Combined therapy for Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2022;14(3):74–80. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2022-3-74-80.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Локшина АБ, Гришина ДА, Обухова АВ. Болезнь Альцгеймера с ранним началом. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2022;14(2):110–116. https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2022-2-110-116.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lokshina AB, Grishina DA, Obukhova AV. Early-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2022;14(2):110–116. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2022-2-110-116.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Локшина АБ, Гришина ДА, Захаров ВВ. Сосудистые когнитивные нарушения: вопросы диагностики и лечения. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2023;15(2):106–113. https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2023-2-106-113.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lokshina AB, Grishina DA, Zakharov VV. Vascular cognitive impairment: issues of diagnosis and treatment. Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2023;15(2):106–113. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2023-2-106-113.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Старчина ЮА, Косивцова ОВ, Соколов ЕА. Ведение пациентов с хроническим цереброваскулярным заболеванием. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2023;15(2):91–97. https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2023-2-91-97.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Starchina YuA, Kosivtsova OV, Sokolov EA. Management of patients with chronic cerebrovascular disease. Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2023;15(2):91–97. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2023-2-91-97.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Локшина АБ, Гришина ДА. Терапия некогнитивных нервно-психических расстройств при болезни Альцгеймера. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2021;13(6):132–138. https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2021-6-132-138.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lokshina AB, Grishina DA. Treatment of noncognitive neuropsychiatric disorders in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2021;13(6):132–138. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2021-6-132-138.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ахапкина ВИ, Воронина ТА. Спектр фармакологических эффектов фенотропила. Фарматека. 2005;(13):19–24. Режим доступа: https://medi.ru/info/6293.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahapkina VI, Voronina TA. Spectrum of pharmacological effects of phenotropil. Farmateka. 2005;(13):19–24. (In Russ.) Available at: https://medi.ru/info/6293.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ковалев ГИ, Ахапкина ВИ, Абаимов ДА, Фирстова ЮЮ. Фенотропил как рецепторный модулятор синаптической нейропередачи. Нервные болезни. 2007;(3):22–26. Режим доступа: https://medi.ru/info/5855.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kovalev GI, Ahapkina VI, Abaimov DA, Firstova YuYu. Phenotropil as a receptor modulator of synaptic neurotransmission. Nervous Diseases. 2007;(3):22–26. (In Russ.) Available at: https://medi.ru/info/5855.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ахапкина ВИ, Федин АИ, Аведисова АС, Ахапкин РВ. Эффективность Фенотропила при лечении астенического синдрома и синдрома хронической усталости. Нервные болезни. 2004;(3):28–32. Режим доступа: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/effektivnost-fenotropii-pri-lechenii-astenicheskogo-sindroma-i-sindroma-hronicheskoy-ustalosti.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahapkina VI, Fedin AI, Avedisova AS, Ahapkin RV. The effectiveness of Phenotropil in the treatment of asthenic syndrome and chronic fatigue syndrome. Nervous Diseases. 2004;(3):28–32. (In Russ.) Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/effektivnost-fenotropii-pri-lechenii-astenicheskogo-sindroma-i-sindroma-hronicheskoy-ustalosti.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Федин АИ, Соловьева ЭЮ, Миронова ОП, Федотова АВ. Лечение астенического синдрома у больных с хронической ишемией головного мозга (результаты неинтервенционной наблюдательной программы ТРИУМФ). Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2014;114(12):104–111. https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro2014114121104-111.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fedin AI, Solov’eva EYu, Mironova OP, Fedotova AV. Treatment of asthenic syndrome in patients with chronic cerebral ischemia (results of the TRIUMPH non-interventional observational program). Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psihiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2014;114(12):104–111. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro2014114121104-111.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кадыков АС, Шахпаронова НВ, Кашина ЕМ. Астенические состояния в клинике сосудистых заболеваний головного мозга и возможности их коррекции. Нервные болезни. 2012;(1):24–28. Режим доступа: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/astenicheskie-sostoyaniya-v-klinike-sosudistyh-zabolevaniy-golovnogo-mozga-i-vozmozhnosti-ih-korrektsii.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kadykov AS, Shahparonova NV, Kashina EM. Asthenic conditions in the clinic of vascular diseases of the brain and the possibility of their correction. Nervous Diseases. 2012;(1):24–28. (In Russ.) Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/astenicheskie-sostoyaniya-v-klinike-sosudistyh-zabolevaniy-golovnogo-mozga-i-vozmozhnosti-ih-korrektsii.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мокина ТВ, Антипенко ЕА, Густов АВ. Эффективность Фенотропила при лечении астенического синдрома у больных дисциркуляторной энцефалопатией. Лечебное дело. 2010;(4):68–72. Режим доступа: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/effektivnost-fenotropila-pri-lechenii-astenicheskogo-sindroma-u-bolnyh-distsirkulyatornoy-entsefalopatiey.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mokina TV, Antipenko EA, Gustov AV. The effectiveness of Phenotropil in the treatment of asthenic syndrome in patients with dyscirculatory encephalopathy. Lechebnoe delo. 2010;(4):68–72. (In Russ.) Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/effektivnost-fenotropila-pri-lechenii-astenicheskogo-sindroma-u-bolnyh-distsirkulyatornoy-entsefalopatiey.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Багирь ЛВ, Батышева ТТ, Бойко АН, Костенко ЕВ., Маневич ТМ, Матвиевская ОВ. Опыт применения фенотропила при лечении амбулаторных больных в раннем восстановительном периоде ишемического инсульта. Consilium Medicum. 2006;(8):2–7. Режим доступа: https://medi.ru/info/1889.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bagir’ LV, Batysheva TT, Bojko AN, Kostenko EV, Manevich OV, Matvievskaya OV. Experience in the use of phenotropil in the treatment of outpatients in the early recovery period of ischemic stroke. Consilium Medicum. 2006;(8):2–7. (In Russ.) Available at: https://medi.ru/info/1889.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ковальчук ВВ, Скоромец АА, Ковальчук ИВ, Стоянова ЕГ, Высоцкая МЛ, Мелихова ЕВ, Ильяйнен ЕВ. Влияние фенотропила на степень восстановления пациентов после перенесенного инсульта. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2010;110(12-2):38–40. Режим доступа: https://www.mediasphera.ru/issues/zhurnal-nevrologii-i-psikhiatrii-im-s-s-korsakova/2010/12/downloads/ru/031997-72982010127.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koval’chuk VV, Skoromec AA, Koval’chuk IV, Stoianova EG, Vysotskaia ML, Melikhova EV, Il’iaĭnen EV. The effect of phenotropil on the degree of recovery of patients after a stroke. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2010;110(12-2):38–40. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.mediasphera.ru/issues/zhurnal-nevrologii-i-psikhiatrii-im-s-s-korsakova/2010/12/downloads/ru/031997-72982010127.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жукова НГ, Масенко АЯ, Кузнецова КС, Кичеров НА., Жукова ИА., Гапонова ОВ. Нейрометаболическая терапия при болезни Паркинсона. Лечащий врач. 2023;(6):62–68. https://doi.org/10.51793/OS.2023.26.6.009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhukova NG, Masenko AYa, Kuznetsova KS, Kicherov NA, Zhukova IA, Gaponova OV. Neurometabolic Therapy for Parkinson’s Disease. Lechaschi Vrach. 2023;(6):62–68. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.51793/OS.2023.26.6.009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Девликамова ФИ. Эффективность и безопасность препарата Актитропил у пациентов с астеническим синдромом: результаты наблюдательной клинической программы. Нервные болезни. 2022;(4):8–18. https://doi.org/10.24412/2226-0757-2022-12819.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Devlikamova FI. Efficacy and safety of Actitropil in patients with asthenic syndrome: results of an observational clinical program. Nervous Diseases. 2022;(4):8–18. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.24412/2226-0757-2022-12819.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
