<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medsovet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский Совет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-701X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5790</issn><publisher><publisher-name>REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21518/ms2023-467</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medsovet-8014</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГАСТРОЭНТЕРОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>GASTROENTEROLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Аутоиммунный гастрит</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Autoimmune gastritis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6150-1808</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Плотникова</surname><given-names>Е. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Plotnikova</surname><given-names>E. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Плотникова Екатерина Юрьевна - д.м.н., профессор, профессор кафедры подготовки врачей первичного звена здравоохранения, руководитель курса клинической гастроэнтерологии.</p><p>650029, Кемерово, ул. Ворошилова, 22а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina Yu. Plotnikova - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Professor of Primary Care Physician Training Department, Head of Clinical Gastroenterology Course.</p><p>22a, Voroshilov St., Kemerovo, 650029</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">eka-pl@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Кемеровский государственный медицинский университет<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Kemerovo State Medical University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>01</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>23</issue><fpage>157</fpage><lpage>167</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Плотникова Е.Ю., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Плотникова Е.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Plotnikova E.Y.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/8014">https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/8014</self-uri><abstract><p>Диагностика аутоиммунного гастрита (АИГ) часто затруднена из-за отсутствия типичных симптомов. Клинические рекомендации отсутствуют, что приводит к неадекватному лечению и плохому скринингу новообразований желудка. Данная работа представляет собой обзор текущих вариантов лечения и направлена на повышение осведомленности об этом заболевании. Также в работе приводится клинический случай развернутого течения АИГ со всеми осложнениями. Аутоиммунный гастрит в основном рассматривается как заболевание пожилых людей с дефицитом витамина B12 и пернициозной анемией. Сегодня признано, что АИГ обнаруживается с одинаковой распространенностью во всех возрастных группах, при этом частым признаком является дефицит железа. Традиционная терапия состоит из адекватного приема препаратов железа и витамина B12, а также симптоматических подходов. Сопутствующий риск аденокарциномы желудка и нейроэндокринных опухолей желудка требует регулярного эндоскопического наблюдения. В настоящее время разрабатываются новые методы лечения, направленные на снижение атрофии желудка и риска развития новообразований. Таким образом, лечение аутоиммунного гастрита должно быть направлено на оптимизацию восполнения дефицитов витаминов и макроэлементов, симптоматическую терапию, улучшающую качество жизни, и включать меры по профилактике новообразований. Клинические исследования должны быть посвящены возможности препятствовать воспалительному процессу и прогрессированию АИГ. Автор статьи предлагает применять для симптоматической и патогенетической терапии препараты итоприда гидрохлорид и ребамипид. На сегодняшний день перед гастроэнтерологами стоит задача по разработке отечественных рекомендаций по ведению и интервалам эндоскопического скрининга пациентов с АИГ.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Diagnosis of autoimmune gastritis (AIG) is often challenging because of the absence of typical symptoms. Clinical guidelines are lacking, which results in inadequate treatment and poor cancer screening. This work presents an overview of current management options and aims at raising awareness for this disease. The paper also describes a clinical case of the full-scale course of AIG with all its complications. Autoimmune gastritis is mostly considered as a disease of elderly with vitamin B12 deficiency and pernicious anaemia. Today it is recognized that AIG is found with a similar prevalence in all age groups, with iron deficiency being a frequent symptom. Conventional therapy consists of adequate iron and vitamin B12 supplementation, as well as symptomatic approaches. The associated risk for gastric adenocarcinoma and gastric neuroendocrine tumours requires regular endoscopic follow-up. New treatments aiming to reduce gastric atrophy and cancer risk are currently under development. Thus, treatment of autoimmune gastritis should focus on optimizing supplementation of vitamin and macronutrient deficiencies, symptomatic therapy that improves quality of life, and include cancer prevention measures. Clinical studies should address the possibility to arrest the inflammation process and to prevent progression of AIG. The author of the article suggests that itopride hydrochloride and rebamipide will be used for symptomatic and pathogenetic therapy. The problem facing gastroenterologists today is to develop domestic guidelines for the management and screening endoscopic intervals of patients with AIG.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>атрофический гастрит</kwd><kwd>пернициозная анемия</kwd><kwd>железодефицитное состояние</kwd><kwd>диспепсия</kwd><kwd>нейроэндокринные опухоли желудка</kwd><kwd>итоприда гидрохлорид</kwd><kwd>ребамипид</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>atrophic gastritis</kwd><kwd>pernicious anemia</kwd><kwd>iron deficiency</kwd><kwd>dyspepsia</kwd><kwd>gastric neuroendocrine tumours</kwd><kwd>itopride hydrochloride</kwd><kwd>rebamipide</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lenti MV, Rugge M, Lahner E, Miceli E, Toh BH, Genta RM et al. Autoimmune gastritis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020;6(1):56. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572020-0187-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lenti MV, Rugge M, Lahner E, Miceli E, Toh BH, Genta RM et al. Autoimmune gastritis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020;6(1):56. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572020-0187-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neumann WL, Coss E, Rugge M, Genta RM. Autoimmune atrophic gastritis – pathogenesis, pathology and management. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;10(9):529–541. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2013.101.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neumann WL, Coss E, Rugge M, Genta RM. Autoimmune atrophic gastritis – pathogenesis, pathology and management. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;10(9):529–541. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2013.101.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Toh BH, Sentry JW, Alderuccio F. The causative H+/K+ ATPase antigen in the pathogenesis of autoimmune gastritis. Immunol Today. 2000;21(7):348–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5699(00)01653-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Toh BH, Sentry JW, Alderuccio F. The causative H+/K+ ATPase antigen in the pathogenesis of autoimmune gastritis. Immunol Today. 2000;21(7):348–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5699(00)01653-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kulnigg-Dabsch S. Autoimmune gastritis. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2016;166(13-14):424–430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-016-0515-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kulnigg-Dabsch S. Autoimmune gastritis. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2016;166(13-14):424–430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-016-0515-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hershko C, Ronson A, Souroujon M, Maschler I, Heyd J, Patz J. Variable hematologic presentation of autoimmune gastritis: age-related progression from iron deficiency to cobalamin depletion. Blood. 2006;107(4):1673–1679. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2005-09-3534.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hershko C, Ronson A, Souroujon M, Maschler I, Heyd J, Patz J. Variable hematologic presentation of autoimmune gastritis: age-related progression from iron deficiency to cobalamin depletion. Blood. 2006;107(4):1673–1679. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2005-09-3534.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carabotti M, Lahner E, Esposito G, Sacchi MC, Severi C, Annibale B. Upper gastrointestinal symptoms in autoimmune gastritis: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(1):e5784. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000005784.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carabotti M, Lahner E, Esposito G, Sacchi MC, Severi C, Annibale B. Upper gastrointestinal symptoms in autoimmune gastritis: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(1):e5784. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000005784.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Faber K. Achylia gastrica mit Anamie. Med Klin. 1909;5:1310–1325.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Faber K. Achylia gastrica mit Anamie. Med Klin. 1909;5:1310–1325.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dickey W, Kenny BD, McMillan SA, Porter KG, McConnell JB. Gastric as well as duodenal biopsies may be useful in the investigation of iron deficiency anaemia. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1997;32(5):469–472. https://doi.org/10.3109/00365529709025083.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dickey W, Kenny BD, McMillan SA, Porter KG, McConnell JB. Gastric as well as duodenal biopsies may be useful in the investigation of iron deficiency anaemia. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1997;32(5):469–472. https://doi.org/10.3109/00365529709025083.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hershko C, Hoffbrand AV, Keret D, Souroujon M, Maschler I, Monselise Y, Lahad A. Role of autoimmune gastritis, Helicobacter pylori and celiac disease in refractory or unexplained iron deficiency anemia. Haematologica. 2005;90(5):585–595. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15921373.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hershko C, Hoffbrand AV, Keret D, Souroujon M, Maschler I, Monselise Y, Lahad A. Role of autoimmune gastritis, Helicobacter pylori and celiac disease in refractory or unexplained iron deficiency anemia. Haematologica. 2005;90(5):585–595. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15921373.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Claeys D, Faller G, Appelmelk BJ, Negrini R, Kirchner T. The gastric H+,K+ATPase is a major autoantigen in chronic Helicobacter pylori gastritis with body mucosa atrophy. Gastroenterology. 1998;115(2):340–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(98)70200-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Claeys D, Faller G, Appelmelk BJ, Negrini R, Kirchner T. The gastric H+,K+ATPase is a major autoantigen in chronic Helicobacter pylori gastritis with body mucosa atrophy. Gastroenterology. 1998;115(2):340–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(98)70200-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Toh BH, Chan J, Kyaw T, Alderuccio F. Cutting edge issues in autoimmune gastritis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2012;42(3):269–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-010-8218-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Toh BH, Chan J, Kyaw T, Alderuccio F. Cutting edge issues in autoimmune gastritis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2012;42(3):269–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-010-8218-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang Y, Weck MN, Schöttker B, Rothenbacher D, Brenner H. Gastric parietal cell antibodies, Helicobacter pylori infection, and chronic atrophic gastritis: evidence from a large population-based study in Germany. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013;22(5):821–826. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-12-1343.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang Y, Weck MN, Schöttker B, Rothenbacher D, Brenner H. Gastric parietal cell antibodies, Helicobacter pylori infection, and chronic atrophic gastritis: evidence from a large population-based study in Germany. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013;22(5):821–826. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-12-1343.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang S-M, Roth MJ, Murphy GA, Dawsey SM, Fan JH, Taylor PR et al. Serologic profile of antiparietal cell antibodies, pepsinogens, and H. pylori and risk of upper gastrointestinal cancer: a nested case-control study in China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2019;28(12):2022–2029. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-19-0512.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang S-M, Roth MJ, Murphy GA, Dawsey SM, Fan JH, Taylor PR et al. Serologic profile of antiparietal cell antibodies, pepsinogens, and H. pylori and risk of upper gastrointestinal cancer: a nested case-control study in China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2019;28(12):2022–2029. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-19-0512.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ko CW, Siddique SM, Patel A, Harris A, Sultan S, Altayar O, Falck-Ytter Y. AGA Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Gastrointestinal Evaluation of Iron Deficiency Anemia. Gastroenterology. 2020;159(3):1085–1094. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.06.046.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ko CW, Siddique SM, Patel A, Harris A, Sultan S, Altayar O, Falck-Ytter Y. AGA Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Gastrointestinal Evaluation of Iron Deficiency Anemia. Gastroenterology. 2020;159(3):1085–1094. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.06.046.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shayeghi M, Latunde-Dada GO, Oakhill JS, Laftah AH, Takeuchi K, Halliday N et al. Identification of an intestinal heme transporter. Cell. 2005;122(5):789–801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2005.06.025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shayeghi M, Latunde-Dada GO, Oakhill JS, Laftah AH, Takeuchi K, Halliday N et al. Identification of an intestinal heme transporter. Cell. 2005;122(5):789–801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2005.06.025.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Betesh AL, Santa Ana CA, Cole JA, Fordtran JS. Is achlorhydria a cause of iron deficiency anemia? Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(1):9–19. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.097394.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Betesh AL, Santa Ana CA, Cole JA, Fordtran JS. Is achlorhydria a cause of iron deficiency anemia? Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(1):9–19. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.097394.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Skikne BS, Lynch SR, Cook JD. Role of gastric acid in food iron absorption. Gastroenterology. 1981;81(6):1068–1071. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7286584.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Skikne BS, Lynch SR, Cook JD. Role of gastric acid in food iron absorption. Gastroenterology. 1981;81(6):1068–1071. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7286584.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aditi A, Graham DY. Vitamin C, gastritis, and gastric disease: a historical review and update. Dig Dis Sci. 2012;57(10):2504–2515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-012-2203-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aditi A, Graham DY. Vitamin C, gastritis, and gastric disease: a historical review and update. Dig Dis Sci. 2012;57(10):2504–2515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-012-2203-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cооk JD, Brown GM, Valberg LS. The effect of aсhilia gastrica on iron absorbtion. J Clin Invest. 1964;43(6):1185–1191. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI105002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cооk JD, Brown GM, Valberg LS. The effect of aсhilia gastrica on iron absorbtion. J Clin Invest. 1964;43(6):1185–1191. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI105002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Annibale B, Capurso G, Chistolini A, D’Ambra G, DiGiulio E, Monarca B, DelleFave G. Gastrointestinal causes of refractory iron deficiency anemia in patients without gastrointestinal symptoms. Am J Med. 2001;111(6):439–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9343(01)00883-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Annibale B, Capurso G, Chistolini A, D’Ambra G, DiGiulio E, Monarca B, DelleFave G. Gastrointestinal causes of refractory iron deficiency anemia in patients without gastrointestinal symptoms. Am J Med. 2001;111(6):439–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9343(01)00883-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hershko C, Patz J, Ronson A. The anemia of achylia gastrica revisited. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2007;39(2):178–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcmd.2007.03.006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hershko C, Patz J, Ronson A. The anemia of achylia gastrica revisited. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2007;39(2):178–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcmd.2007.03.006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Orgler E, Dabsch S, Malfertheiner P, Schulz С. Autoimmune Gastritis: Update and New Perspectives in Therapeutic Management. Curr Treat Options Gastro. 2023;21:64–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11938-02300406-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Orgler E, Dabsch S, Malfertheiner P, Schulz С. Autoimmune Gastritis: Update and New Perspectives in Therapeutic Management. Curr Treat Options Gastro. 2023;21:64–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11938-02300406-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Parsons BN, Ijaz UZ, D’Amore R, Burkitt M, Eccles R, Lenzi L et al. Comparison of the human gastric microbiota in hypochlorhydric states arising as a result of Helicobacter pylori-induced atrophic gastritis, autoimmune atrophic gastritis and proton pump inhibitor use. PLoS Pathog. 2017;13(11):e1006653. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006653.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parsons BN, Ijaz UZ, D’Amore R, Burkitt M, Eccles R, Lenzi L et al. Comparison of the human gastric microbiota in hypochlorhydric states arising as a result of Helicobacter pylori-induced atrophic gastritis, autoimmune atrophic gastritis and proton pump inhibitor use. PLoS Pathog. 2017;13(11):e1006653. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006653.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carabotti M, Lahner E, Esposito G, Sacchi MC, Severi C, Annibale B. Upper gastrointestinal symptoms in autoimmune gastritis: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(1):e5784. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000005784.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carabotti M, Lahner E, Esposito G, Sacchi MC, Severi C, Annibale B. Upper gastrointestinal symptoms in autoimmune gastritis: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(1):e5784. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000005784.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mohamed M, Thio J, Thomas RS, Phillips J. Pernicious anaemia. BMJ. 2020;369:m1319. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1319.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mohamed M, Thio J, Thomas RS, Phillips J. Pernicious anaemia. BMJ. 2020;369:m1319. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1319.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kalkan Ç, Soykan I. The Relations Among Serum Ghrelin, Motilin and Gastric Emptying and Autonomic Function in Autoimmune Gastritis. Am J Med Sci. 2018;355(5):428–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjms.2017.12.021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalkan Ç, Soykan I. The Relations Among Serum Ghrelin, Motilin and Gastric Emptying and Autonomic Function in Autoimmune Gastritis. Am J Med Sci. 2018;355(5):428–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjms.2017.12.021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Centanni M, Marignani M, Gargano L, Corleto VD, Casini A, Delle Fave G et al. Atrophic body gastritis in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease: an underdiagnosed association. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159(15):1726–1730. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.159.15.1726.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Centanni M, Marignani M, Gargano L, Corleto VD, Casini A, Delle Fave G et al. Atrophic body gastritis in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease: an underdiagnosed association. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159(15):1726–1730. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.159.15.1726.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tursi A, Grattagliano I, De Polo M, Pirrotta E, Bacchin P, Picchio M, De Bastiani R. Noninvasive prediction of chronic atrophic gastritis in autoimmune thyroid disease in primary care. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2014;49(11):1394–1396. https://doi.org/10.3109/00365521.2014.958097.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tursi A, Grattagliano I, De Polo M, Pirrotta E, Bacchin P, Picchio M, De Bastiani R. Noninvasive prediction of chronic atrophic gastritis in autoimmune thyroid disease in primary care. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2014;49(11):1394–1396. https://doi.org/10.3109/00365521.2014.958097.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perros P, Singh RK, Ludlam CA, Frier BM. Prevalence of pernicious anaemia in patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus and autoimmune thyroid disease. Diabet Med. 2000;17(10):749–751. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-5491.2000.00373.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perros P, Singh RK, Ludlam CA, Frier BM. Prevalence of pernicious anaemia in patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus and autoimmune thyroid disease. Diabet Med. 2000;17(10):749–751. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-5491.2000.00373.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Block CE, De Leeuw IH, Van Gaal LF. Autoimmune gastritis in type 1 diabetes: a clinically oriented review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(2):363–371. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-2134.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Block CE, De Leeuw IH, Van Gaal LF. Autoimmune gastritis in type 1 diabetes: a clinically oriented review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(2):363–371. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-2134.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lahner E, Norman GL, Severi C, Encabo S, Shums Z, Vannella L et al. Reassessment of intrinsic factor and parietal cell autoantibodies in atrophic gastritis with respect to cobalamin deficiency. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104(8):2071–2079. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2009.231.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lahner E, Norman GL, Severi C, Encabo S, Shums Z, Vannella L et al. Reassessment of intrinsic factor and parietal cell autoantibodies in atrophic gastritis with respect to cobalamin deficiency. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104(8):2071–2079. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2009.231.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koivurova OP, Koskela R, Blomster T, Ala-Rämi A, Lumme H, Kettunen O et al. Serological Biomarker Panel in Diagnosis of Atrophic Gastritis and Helicobacter pylori Infection in Gastroscopy Referral Patients: Clinical Validation of the New-Generation GastroPanel® Test. Anticancer Res. 2021;41(11):5527–5537. https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.15366.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koivurova OP, Koskela R, Blomster T, Ala-Rämi A, Lumme H, Kettunen O et al. Serological Biomarker Panel in Diagnosis of Atrophic Gastritis and Helicobacter pylori Infection in Gastroscopy Referral Patients: Clinical Validation of the New-Generation GastroPanel® Test. Anticancer Res. 2021;41(11):5527–5537. https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.15366.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Antico A, Tampoia M, Villalta D, Tonutti E, Tozzoli R, Bizzaro N. Clinical usefulness of the serological gastric biopsy for the diagnosis of chronic autoimmune gastritis. Clin Dev Immunol. 2012;2012:520970. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/520970.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Antico A, Tampoia M, Villalta D, Tonutti E, Tozzoli R, Bizzaro N. Clinical usefulness of the serological gastric biopsy for the diagnosis of chronic autoimmune gastritis. Clin Dev Immunol. 2012;2012:520970. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/520970.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tozzoli R, Kodermaz G, Perosa AR, Tampoia M, Zucano A, Antico A, Bizzaro N. Autoantibodies to parietal cells as predictors of atrophic body gastritis: a five-year prospective study in patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases. Autoimmun Rev. 2010;10(2):80–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2010.08.006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tozzoli R, Kodermaz G, Perosa AR, Tampoia M, Zucano A, Antico A, Bizzaro N. Autoantibodies to parietal cells as predictors of atrophic body gastritis: a five-year prospective study in patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases. Autoimmun Rev. 2010;10(2):80–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2010.08.006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chiovato L, Latrofa F, Braverman LE, Pacini F, Capezzone M, Masserini L et al. Disappearance of humoral thyroid autoimmunity after complete removal of thyroid antigens. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139(5):346–351. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-139-5_part_1-200309020-00010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chiovato L, Latrofa F, Braverman LE, Pacini F, Capezzone M, Masserini L et al. Disappearance of humoral thyroid autoimmunity after complete removal of thyroid antigens. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139(5):346–351. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-139-5_part_1-200309020-00010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bizzaro N, Tozzoli R, Shoenfeld Y. Are we at a stage to predict autoimmune rheumatic diseases? Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(6):1736–1744. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.22708.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bizzaro N, Tozzoli R, Shoenfeld Y. Are we at a stage to predict autoimmune rheumatic diseases? Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(6):1736–1744. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.22708.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tozzoli R. The diagnostic role of autoantibodies in the prediction of organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2008;46(5):577–587. https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm.2008.138.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tozzoli R. The diagnostic role of autoantibodies in the prediction of organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2008;46(5):577–587. https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm.2008.138.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Israeli E, Grotto I, Gilburd B, Balicer RD, Goldin E, Wiik A, Shoenfeld Y. Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies as predictors of inflammatory bowel disease. Gut. 2005;54(9):1232–1236. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2004.060228.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Israeli E, Grotto I, Gilburd B, Balicer RD, Goldin E, Wiik A, Shoenfeld Y. Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies as predictors of inflammatory bowel disease. Gut. 2005;54(9):1232–1236. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2004.060228.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang YX, Brill J, Krishnan P, Leontiadis G. American Gastroenterological Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee. American Gastroenterological Association Institute Guideline on the Role of Upper Gastrointestinal Biopsy to Evaluate Dyspepsia in the Adult Patient in the Absence of Visible Mucosal Lesions. Gastroenterology. 2015;149(4):1082–1087. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2015.07.039.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang YX, Brill J, Krishnan P, Leontiadis G. American Gastroenterological Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee. American Gastroenterological Association Institute Guideline on the Role of Upper Gastrointestinal Biopsy to Evaluate Dyspepsia in the Adult Patient in the Absence of Visible Mucosal Lesions. Gastroenterology. 2015;149(4):1082–1087. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2015.07.039.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shah SC, Piazuelo MB, Kuipers EJ, Li D. AGA Clinical Practice Update on the Diagnosis and Management of Atrophic Gastritis: Expert Review. Gastroenterology. 2021;161(4):1325–1332.e7. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2021.06.078.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shah SC, Piazuelo MB, Kuipers EJ, Li D. AGA Clinical Practice Update on the Diagnosis and Management of Atrophic Gastritis: Expert Review. Gastroenterology. 2021;161(4):1325–1332.e7. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2021.06.078.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ghosh T, Lewis DI, Axon AT, Everett SM. Review article: methods of measuring gastric acid secretion. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;33(7):768–781. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04573.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ghosh T, Lewis DI, Axon AT, Everett SM. Review article: methods of measuring gastric acid secretion. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;33(7):768–781. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04573.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iijima K, Ohara S, Sekine H, Koike T, Kubota Y, Kato K et al. A new endoscopic method of gastric acid secretory testing. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;93(11):2113–2118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.00603.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iijima K, Ohara S, Sekine H, Koike T, Kubota Y, Kato K et al. A new endoscopic method of gastric acid secretory testing. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;93(11):2113–2118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.00603.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Toh BH. Diagnosis and classification of autoimmune gastritis. Autoimmun Rev. 2014;13(4-5):459–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.048.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Toh BH. Diagnosis and classification of autoimmune gastritis. Autoimmun Rev. 2014;13(4-5):459–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.048.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Okano A, Takakuwa H, Matsubayashi Y. Parietal-cell hyperplasia mimicking sporadic fundic gland polyps in the atrophic mucosa of autoimmune gastritis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2007;66(2):394–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2007.01.022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Okano A, Takakuwa H, Matsubayashi Y. Parietal-cell hyperplasia mimicking sporadic fundic gland polyps in the atrophic mucosa of autoimmune gastritis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2007;66(2):394–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2007.01.022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Park JY, Lam-Himlin D, Vemulapalli R. Review of autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2013;77(2):284–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2012.09.033.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Park JY, Lam-Himlin D, Vemulapalli R. Review of autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2013;77(2):284–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2012.09.033.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">rugge M, Correa P, Di Mario F, El-Omar E, Fiocca R, Geboes K et al. OLGA staging for gastritis: a tutorial. Dig Liver Dis. 2008;40(8):650–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2008.02.030.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">rugge M, Correa P, Di Mario F, El-Omar E, Fiocca R, Geboes K et al. OLGA staging for gastritis: a tutorial. Dig Liver Dis. 2008;40(8):650–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2008.02.030.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stolte M, Baumann K, Bethke B, Ritter M, Lauer E, Eidt H. Active autoimmune gastritis without total atrophy of the glands. Z Gastroenterol. 1992;30(10):729–735. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1441676.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stolte M, Baumann K, Bethke B, Ritter M, Lauer E, Eidt H. Active autoimmune gastritis without total atrophy of the glands. Z Gastroenterol. 1992;30(10):729–735. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1441676.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pittman ME, Voltaggio L, Bhaijee F, Robertson SA, Montgomery EA. Autoimmune Metaplastic Atrophic Gastritis: Recognizing Precursor Lesions for Appropriate Patient Evaluation. Am J Surg Pathol. 2015;39(12):1611–1620. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0000000000000481.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pittman ME, Voltaggio L, Bhaijee F, Robertson SA, Montgomery EA. Autoimmune Metaplastic Atrophic Gastritis: Recognizing Precursor Lesions for Appropriate Patient Evaluation. Am J Surg Pathol. 2015;39(12):1611–1620. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0000000000000481.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Correa P. A human model of gastric carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 1988;48(13): 3554–3560. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3288329.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Correa P. A human model of gastric carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 1988;48(13): 3554–3560. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3288329.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dinis-Ribeiro M, Areia M, de Vries AC, Marcos-Pinto R, Monteiro-Soares M, O’Connor A et al; European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy; European Helicobacter Study Group; European Society of Pathology; Sociedade Portuguesa de Endoscopia Digestiva. Management of precancerous conditions and lesions in the stomach (MAPS): guideline from the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), European Helicobacter Study Group (EHSG), European Society of Pathology (ESP), and the Sociedade Portuguesa de Endoscopia Digestiva (SPED). Endoscopy. 2012;44(1):74–94. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1291491.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dinis-Ribeiro M, Areia M, de Vries AC, Marcos-Pinto R, Monteiro-Soares M, O’Connor A et al; European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy; European Helicobacter Study Group; European Society of Pathology; Sociedade Portuguesa de Endoscopia Digestiva. Management of precancerous conditions and lesions in the stomach (MAPS): guideline from the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), European Helicobacter Study Group (EHSG), European Society of Pathology (ESP), and the Sociedade Portuguesa de Endoscopia Digestiva (SPED). Endoscopy. 2012;44(1):74–94. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1291491.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vannella L, Lahner E, Osborn J, Annibale B. Systematic review: gastric cancer incidence in pernicious anaemia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013;37(4):375–382. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.12177.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vannella L, Lahner E, Osborn J, Annibale B. Systematic review: gastric cancer incidence in pernicious anaemia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013;37(4):375–382. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.12177.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karakaş Y, Laçin Ş, Kurtulan O, Esin E, Sunar V, Sökmensüer C et al. Prognostic value of the 2017 World Health Organization Classification System for gastric neuroendocrine tumors: A single-center experience. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2020;31(2):91–98. https://doi.org/10.5152/tjg.2020.18919.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karakaş Y, Laçin Ş, Kurtulan O, Esin E, Sunar V, Sökmensüer C et al. Prognostic value of the 2017 World Health Organization Classification System for gastric neuroendocrine tumors: A single-center experience. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2020;31(2):91–98. https://doi.org/10.5152/tjg.2020.18919.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Creutzfeldt W. The achlorhydria-carcinoid sequence: role of gastrin. Digestion. 1988;39(2):61–79. https://doi.org/10.1159/000199609.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Creutzfeldt W. The achlorhydria-carcinoid sequence: role of gastrin. Digestion. 1988;39(2):61–79. https://doi.org/10.1159/000199609.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bordi C, D’Adda T, Azzoni C, Pilato FP, Caruana P. Hypergastrinemia and gastric enterochromaffin-like cells. Am J Surg Pathol. 1995;19(Suppl. 1):S8-19. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7762739.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bordi C, D’Adda T, Azzoni C, Pilato FP, Caruana P. Hypergastrinemia and gastric enterochromaffin-like cells. Am J Surg Pathol. 1995;19(Suppl. 1):S8-19. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7762739.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Delle Fave G, Kwekkeboom DJ, Van Cutsem E, Rindi G, Kos-Kudla B, Knigge U et al. Barcelona Consensus Conference participants. ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the management of patients with gastroduodenal neoplasms. Neuroendocrinology. 2012;95(2):74–87. https://doi.org/10.1159/000335595.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Delle Fave G, Kwekkeboom DJ, Van Cutsem E, Rindi G, Kos-Kudla B, Knigge U et al. Barcelona Consensus Conference participants. ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the management of patients with gastroduodenal neoplasms. Neuroendocrinology. 2012;95(2):74–87. https://doi.org/10.1159/000335595.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nikou GC, Angelopoulos TP. Current concepts on gastric carcinoid tumors. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2012;2012:287825. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/287825.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikou GC, Angelopoulos TP. Current concepts on gastric carcinoid tumors. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2012;2012:287825. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/287825.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hirota WK, Zuckerman MJ, Adler DG, Davila RE, Egan J, Leighton JA et al. Standards of Practice Committee, American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. ASGE guideline: the role of endoscopy in the surveillance of premalignant conditions of the upper GI tract. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;63(4):570–580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2006.02.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hirota WK, Zuckerman MJ, Adler DG, Davila RE, Egan J, Leighton JA et al. Standards of Practice Committee, American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. ASGE guideline: the role of endoscopy in the surveillance of premalignant conditions of the upper GI tract. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;63(4):570–580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2006.02.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen C, Yang Y, Li P, Hu H. Incidence of Gastric Neoplasms Arising from Autoimmune Metaplastic Atrophic Gastritis: A Systematic Review and Case Reports. J Clin Med. 2023;12(3):1062. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12031062.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen C, Yang Y, Li P, Hu H. Incidence of Gastric Neoplasms Arising from Autoimmune Metaplastic Atrophic Gastritis: A Systematic Review and Case Reports. J Clin Med. 2023;12(3):1062. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12031062.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Furuta T, Baba S, Yamade M, Uotani T, Kagami T, Suzuki T et al. High incidence of autoimmune gastritis in patients misdiagnosed with two or more failures of H. pylori eradication. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018;48(3):370–377. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14849.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Furuta T, Baba S, Yamade M, Uotani T, Kagami T, Suzuki T et al. High incidence of autoimmune gastritis in patients misdiagnosed with two or more failures of H. pylori eradication. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018;48(3):370–377. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14849.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsuboi M, Niikura R, Hayakawa Y, Hirata Y, Ushiku T, Koike K. et al. Distinct Features of Autoimmune Gastritis in Patients with Open-Type Chronic Gastritis in Japan. Biomedicines. 2020;8(10):419. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8100419.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsuboi M, Niikura R, Hayakawa Y, Hirata Y, Ushiku T, Koike K. et al. Distinct Features of Autoimmune Gastritis in Patients with Open-Type Chronic Gastritis in Japan. Biomedicines. 2020;8(10):419. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8100419.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gatta L, Scarpignato C. Systematic review with meta-analysis: rifaximin is effective and safe for the treatment of small intestine bacterial overgrowth. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017;45(5):604–616. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13928.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gatta L, Scarpignato C. Systematic review with meta-analysis: rifaximin is effective and safe for the treatment of small intestine bacterial overgrowth. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017;45(5):604–616. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13928.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhong C, Qu C, Wang B, Liang S, Zeng B. Probiotics for Preventing and Treating Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Current Evidence. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2017;51(4):300–311. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0000000000000814.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhong C, Qu C, Wang B, Liang S, Zeng B. Probiotics for Preventing and Treating Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Current Evidence. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2017;51(4):300–311. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0000000000000814.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Auerbach M, Deloughery T. Single-dose intravenous iron for iron deficiency: a new paradigm. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2016;2016(1):57–66. https://doi.org/10.1182/asheducation-2016.1.57.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Auerbach M, Deloughery T. Single-dose intravenous iron for iron deficiency: a new paradigm. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2016;2016(1):57–66. https://doi.org/10.1182/asheducation-2016.1.57.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cavalcoli F, Zilli A, Conte D, Massironi S. Micronutrient deficiencies in patients with chronic atrophic autoimmune gastritis: A review. World J Gastroenterol. 2017;23(4):563–572. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v23.i4.563.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cavalcoli F, Zilli A, Conte D, Massironi S. Micronutrient deficiencies in patients with chronic atrophic autoimmune gastritis: A review. World J Gastroenterol. 2017;23(4):563–572. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v23.i4.563.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim HW, Kim YH, Han K, Nam GE, Kim GS, Han BD et al. Atrophic gastritis: a related factor for osteoporosis in elderly women. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(7):e101852. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101852.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim HW, Kim YH, Han K, Nam GE, Kim GS, Han BD et al. Atrophic gastritis: a related factor for osteoporosis in elderly women. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(7):e101852. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101852.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Di Mario F, Rodriguez-Castro KI, Franceschi M, Landi S, Grillo S, Franzoni L et al. Improvement of Symptoms in Patients Affected by Chronic Atrophic Gastritis Using L-Cysteine (Acetium®). Dig Dis. 2023;41(2):198–205. https://doi.org/10.1159/000528168.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Di Mario F, Rodriguez-Castro KI, Franceschi M, Landi S, Grillo S, Franzoni L et al. Improvement of Symptoms in Patients Affected by Chronic Atrophic Gastritis Using L-Cysteine (Acetium®). Dig Dis. 2023;41(2):198–205. https://doi.org/10.1159/000528168.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jeffries GH, Todd JE, Sleisenger MH. The effect of prednisolone on gastric mucosal histology, gastric secretion, and vitamin B 12 absorption in patients with pernicious anemia. J Clin Invest. 1966;45(5):803–812. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI105395.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jeffries GH, Todd JE, Sleisenger MH. The effect of prednisolone on gastric mucosal histology, gastric secretion, and vitamin B 12 absorption in patients with pernicious anemia. J Clin Invest. 1966;45(5):803–812. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI105395.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit68"><label>68</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wall AJ, Whittingham S, Mackay IR, Ungar B. Prednisolone and gastric atrophy. Clin Exp Immunol. 1968;3(4):359–366. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4871897.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wall AJ, Whittingham S, Mackay IR, Ungar B. Prednisolone and gastric atrophy. Clin Exp Immunol. 1968;3(4):359–366. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4871897.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit69"><label>69</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moore AR, Boyce M, Steele IA, Campbell F, Varro A, Pritchard DM et al. Netazepide, a gastrin receptor antagonist, normalises tumour biomarkers and causes regression of type 1 gastric neuroendocrine tumours in a nonrandomised trial of patients with chronic atrophic gastritis. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(10):e76462. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0076462.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moore AR, Boyce M, Steele IA, Campbell F, Varro A, Pritchard DM et al. Netazepide, a gastrin receptor antagonist, normalises tumour biomarkers and causes regression of type 1 gastric neuroendocrine tumours in a nonrandomised trial of patients with chronic atrophic gastritis. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(10):e76462. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0076462.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit70"><label>70</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boyce M, Moore AR, Sagatun L, Parsons BN, Varro A, Campbell F et al. Netazepide, a gastrin/cholecystokinin-2 receptor antagonist, can eradicate gastric neuroendocrine tumours in patients with autoimmune chronic atrophic gastritis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;83(3):466–475. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13146.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boyce M, Moore AR, Sagatun L, Parsons BN, Varro A, Campbell F et al. Netazepide, a gastrin/cholecystokinin-2 receptor antagonist, can eradicate gastric neuroendocrine tumours in patients with autoimmune chronic atrophic gastritis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;83(3):466–475. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13146.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit71"><label>71</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ogino K, Hobara T, Ishiyama H, Yamasaki K, Kobayashi H, Izumi Y, Oka S. Antiulcer mechanism of action of rebamipide, a novel antiulcer compound, on diethyldithiocarbamate-induced antral gastric ulcers in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 1992;212(1):9–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(92)90065-c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ogino K, Hobara T, Ishiyama H, Yamasaki K, Kobayashi H, Izumi Y, Oka S. Antiulcer mechanism of action of rebamipide, a novel antiulcer compound, on diethyldithiocarbamate-induced antral gastric ulcers in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 1992;212(1):9–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(92)90065-c.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit72"><label>72</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Naito Y, Yoshikawa T, Tanigawa T, Sakurai K, Yamasaki K, Uchida M, Kondo M. Hydroxyl radical scavenging by rebamipide and related compounds: electron paramagnetic resonance study. Free Radic Biol Med. 1995;18(1):117–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(94)00110-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Naito Y, Yoshikawa T, Tanigawa T, Sakurai K, Yamasaki K, Uchida M, Kondo M. Hydroxyl radical scavenging by rebamipide and related compounds: electron paramagnetic resonance study. Free Radic Biol Med. 1995;18(1):117–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(94)00110-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit73"><label>73</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Плотникова ЕЮ, Грачева ТЮ. Эрозивно-язвенные поражения желудочно-кишечного тракта и простагландины: проблемный дуэт. Справочник поликлинического врача. 2016;(4):32–37. Режим доступа: https://www.elibrary.ru/xwpqan.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Plotnikova EYu, Gracheva TYu. Gastrointestinal erosions and ulcers, and prostaglandins: a problem duet. Spravochnik Poliklinicheskogo Vracha. 2016;(4):32–37. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.elibrary.ru/xwpqan.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit74"><label>74</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sun WH, Tsuji S, Tsujii M, Gunawan ES, Kawai N, Kimura A et al. Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 in rat gastric mucosa by rebamipide, a mucoprotective agent. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000;295(2):447–452. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11046075.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sun WH, Tsuji S, Tsujii M, Gunawan ES, Kawai N, Kimura A et al. Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 in rat gastric mucosa by rebamipide, a mucoprotective agent. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000;295(2):447–452. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11046075.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit75"><label>75</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Han X, Jiang K, Wang B, Zhou L, Chen X, Li S. Effect of Rebamipide on the Premalignant Progression of Chronic Gastritis: A Randomized Controlled Study. Clin Drug Investig. 2015;35(10):665–673. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40261-015-0329-z.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Han X, Jiang K, Wang B, Zhou L, Chen X, Li S. Effect of Rebamipide on the Premalignant Progression of Chronic Gastritis: A Randomized Controlled Study. Clin Drug Investig. 2015;35(10):665–673. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40261-015-0329-z.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit76"><label>76</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hou D, Yang M, Hu Z, Yang L. Effects of rebamipide for chronic atrophic gastritis: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(25):e20620. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000020620.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hou D, Yang M, Hu Z, Yang L. Effects of rebamipide for chronic atrophic gastritis: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(25):e20620. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000020620.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit77"><label>77</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andreev DN, Maev IV, Dicheva DT. Efficiency of the Inclusion of Rebamipide in the Eradication Therapy for Helicobacter pylori Infection: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies. J Clin Med. 2019;8(9):1498. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8091498.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andreev DN, Maev IV, Dicheva DT. Efficiency of the Inclusion of Rebamipide in the Eradication Therapy for Helicobacter pylori Infection: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies. J Clin Med. 2019;8(9):1498. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8091498.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit78"><label>78</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kamada T, Sato M, Tokutomi T, Watanabe T, Murao T, Matsumoto H et al. Rebamipide improves chronic inflammation in the lesser curvature of the corpus after Helicobacter pylori eradication: a multicenter study. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:865146. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/865146.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kamada T, Sato M, Tokutomi T, Watanabe T, Murao T, Matsumoto H et al. Rebamipide improves chronic inflammation in the lesser curvature of the corpus after Helicobacter pylori eradication: a multicenter study. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:865146. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/865146.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit79"><label>79</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pimentel-Nunes P, Libânio D, Marcos-Pinto R, Areia M, Leja M, Esposito G et al. Management of epithelial precancerous conditions and lesions in the stomach (MAPS II): European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), European Helicobacter and Microbiota Study Group (EHMSG), European Society of Pathology (ESP), and Sociedade Portuguesa de Endoscopia Digestiva (SPED) guideline update 2019. Endoscopy. 2019;51(4):365–388. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0859-1883.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pimentel-Nunes P, Libânio D, Marcos-Pinto R, Areia M, Leja M, Esposito G et al. Management of epithelial precancerous conditions and lesions in the stomach (MAPS II): European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), European Helicobacter and Microbiota Study Group (EHMSG), European Society of Pathology (ESP), and Sociedade Portuguesa de Endoscopia Digestiva (SPED) guideline update 2019. Endoscopy. 2019;51(4):365–388. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0859-1883.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit80"><label>80</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haruma K, Ito M. Review article: clinical significance of mucosal-protective agents: acid, inflammation, carcinogenesis and rebamipide. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;18(Suppl. 1):153–159. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.18.s1.17.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haruma K, Ito M. Review article: clinical significance of mucosal-protective agents: acid, inflammation, carcinogenesis and rebamipide. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;18(Suppl. 1):153–159. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.18.s1.17.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit81"><label>81</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">rugge M, Fassan M, Pizzi M, Zorzetto V, Maddalo G, Realdon S et al. Autoimmune gastritis: histology phenotype and OLGA staging. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;35(12):1460–1466. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2012.05101.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">rugge M, Fassan M, Pizzi M, Zorzetto V, Maddalo G, Realdon S et al. Autoimmune gastritis: histology phenotype and OLGA staging. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;35(12):1460–1466. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2012.05101.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit82"><label>82</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gupta S, Li D, El Serag HB, Davitkov P, Altayar O, Sultan S et al. AGA Clinical Practice Guidelines on Management of Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(3):693–702. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2019.12.003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gupta S, Li D, El Serag HB, Davitkov P, Altayar O, Sultan S et al. AGA Clinical Practice Guidelines on Management of Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(3):693–702. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2019.12.003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
