<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medsovet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский Совет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-701X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5790</issn><publisher><publisher-name>REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21518/ms2024-026</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medsovet-8082</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>БРОНХОПУЛЬМОНОЛОГИЯ И ОТОЛАРИНГОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>BRONCHOPULMONOLOGY, OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Монтелукаст: итоги и перспективы применения в педиатрической практике</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Montelukast: results and prospects for applications in pediatric practice</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0740-1718</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мизерницкий</surname><given-names>Ю. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mizernitskiy</surname><given-names>Yu. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мизерницкий Юрий Леонидович, д.м.н., профессор, заслуженный работник здравоохранения Российской Федерации, заведующий отделением хронических воспалительных и аллергических болезней легких, профессор кафедры инновационной педиатрии и детской хирургии</p><p>125412, Москва, ул. Талдомская, д. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yury L. Mizernitskiy, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Honored Health Worker of the Russian Federation, Head of the Department of Chronic Inflammatory and Allergic Lung Diseases, Professor of the Department of Innovative Paediatrics and Paediatric Surgery</p><p>2, Taldomskaya St., Moscow, 125412</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yulmiz@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1796-2711</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петрова</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrova</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Петрова Анжелика Игоревна, к.м.н., ассистент кафедры педиатрии</p><p>672000, Чита, ул. Горького, д. 39а</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anzhelika I. Petrova, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Assistant of the Pediatrics Department</p><p>39a, Gorky St., Chita, 672000</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">anzhelika_petrova_1992@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-исследовательский клинический институт педиатрии и детской хирургии имени академика Ю.Е. Вельтищева Российского национального исследовательского медицинского университета имени Н.И. Пирогова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Veltischev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Читинская государственная медицинская академия</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Chita State Medical Academy</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>02</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><elocation-id>82–88</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Мизерницкий Ю.Л., Петрова А.И., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мизерницкий Ю.Л., Петрова А.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mizernitskiy Y.L., Petrova A.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/8082">https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/8082</self-uri><abstract><p>Центры по контролю и профилактике заболеваний (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) сообщают, что бронхиальная астма диагностирована более чем у 4 млн детей. В настоящее время не существует метода лечения, который мог бы предотвратить развитие бронхиальной астмы или изменить ее естественное течение при длительном наблюдении. Однако заболевание можно контролировать с помощью методов лечения, применяемых в клинической практике. При персистирующей бронхиальной астме у детей в возрасте 5 лет и младше рекомендуются низкие дозы ингаляционных глюкокортикостероидов, а также назначение монтелукаста – антагониста лейкотриеновых рецепторов. Кроме того, монтелукаст назначают пациентам с аллергическим ринитом в качестве альтернативы или в комбинации с пероральными антигистаминными препаратами или назальных глюкокортикостероидов. Лейкотриены представляют собой липидные медиаторы, которые играют ключевую роль при остром и хроническом воспалении, аллергических заболеваниях. Они проявляют свои биологические эффекты, связываясь со специфическими рецепторами, связанными с G-белком. Каждый подтип лейкотриенового рецептора обладает уникальными функциями и паттернами экспрессии. Лейкотриены играют важную роль при различных аллергических заболеваниях, включая бронхиальную астму и аллергический ринит. Монтелукаст является антагонистом цистеиниловых лейкотриеновых рецепторов 1-го типа, широко используемым для подавления воспалительной реакции при бронхиальной астме и аллергическом рините. В данном обзоре кратко описана биология лейкотриенов и их рецепторов, последние разработки в области антилейкотриеновых препаратов и перспективы их различного терапевтического применения. Определена роль антилейкотриеновых препаратов, ключевые показания к применению монтелукаста в комплексной терапии бронхиальной астмы и аллергического ринита у детей.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that more than 4 million children have been diagnosed with asthma. Currently, there is no treatment that could prevent the development of asthma or change its natural course over long-term follow-up. However, the disease can be controlled using treatments used in clinical practice. For persistent asthma in children aged 5 years and younger, low doses of inhaled glucocorticosteroids are recommended, as well as the administration of montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist. In addition, montelukast is prescribed to patients with allergic rhinitis as an alternative to or in combination with oral antihistamines or nasal corticosteroids. Leukotrienes are lipid mediators that play a key role in acute and chronic inflammation and allergic diseases. They exhibit their biological effects by binding to specific G-protein-coupled receptors. Each subtype of the leukotriene receptor has unique functions and expression patterns. Leukotrienes play an important role in various allergic diseases, including bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis. Montelukast is a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor-1 antagonist widely used to suppress the inflammatory response in asthma and allergic rhinitis. This review briefly summarizes the biology of leukotrienes and their receptors, recent developments in the field of antileukotriene drugs and the prospects for their different therapeutic applications. The role of antileukotriene drugs and key indications for the use of montelukast in the complex therapy of asthma and allergic rhinitis in children have been determined.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>бронхиальная астма</kwd><kwd>аллергический ринит</kwd><kwd>антилейкотриеновые препараты</kwd><kwd>монтелукаст</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>bronchial asthma</kwd><kwd>allergic rhinitis</kwd><kwd>antileukotriene drugs</kwd><kwd>montelukast</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Altaş U, Altaş ZM, Öz F, Özkars MY. Evaluation of Neuropsychiatric Effects of Montelukast-L evocetirizine Combination Therapy in Children with Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis. Children (Basel). 2023;10(8):1301. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10081301.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Altaş U, Altaş ZM, Öz F, Özkars MY. Evaluation of Neuropsychiatric Effects of Montelukast-L evocetirizine Combination Therapy in Children with Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis. Children (Basel). 2023;10(8):1301. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10081301.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мизерницкий ЮЛ, Сулайманов ША. Антилейкотриеновые препараты в современной педиатрической практике. Российский вестник перинатологии и педиатрии. 2019;64(4):128–132. https://doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2019-64-4-128-132. Mizernitsky YuL, Sulaimanov ShA. Anti-leukotriene drugs in modern pediatric practice. Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics. 2019;64(4):128–132. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2019-64-4-128-132.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Мизерницкий ЮЛ, Сулайманов ША. Антилейкотриеновые препараты в современной педиатрической практике. Российский вестник перинатологии и педиатрии. 2019;64(4):128–132. https://doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2019-64-4-128-132. Mizernitsky YuL, Sulaimanov ShA. Anti-leukotriene drugs in modern pediatric practice. Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics. 2019;64(4):128–132. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2019-64-4-128-132.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фурман ЕГ, Грымова НН, Санакоева ЛП, Крылова ОА, Мазунина ЕС. Оценка риска развития бронхиальной астмы у детей раннего возраста с помощью опросника «Asthma Prediction Tool». Российский вестник перинатологии и педиатрии. 2018;63(1):34–39. https://doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2018-63-1-34-39. Furman EG, Grymova NN, Sanakoeva LP, Krylova OA, Mazunina ES. Risk assessment for the bronchial asthma development in infants using a Russian language version of questionnaire “Asthma Prediction Tool”. Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics. 2018;63(1):34–39. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2018-63-1-34-39.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Фурман ЕГ, Грымова НН, Санакоева ЛП, Крылова ОА, Мазунина ЕС. Оценка риска развития бронхиальной астмы у детей раннего возраста с помощью опросника «Asthma Prediction Tool». Российский вестник перинатологии и педиатрии. 2018;63(1):34–39. https://doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2018-63-1-34-39. Furman EG, Grymova NN, Sanakoeva LP, Krylova OA, Mazunina ES. Risk assessment for the bronchial asthma development in infants using a Russian language version of questionnaire “Asthma Prediction Tool”. Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics. 2018;63(1):34–39. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2018-63-1-34-39.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сулайманов ША, Муратова ЖК. Эпидемиология и коморбидность аллергических заболеваний у детей. В: Мизерницкий ЮЛ (ред.). Пульмонология детского возраста: проблемы и решения. Вып. 16. М.: Медпрактика-М; 2016. С. 179–181.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Сулайманов ША, Муратова ЖК. Эпидемиология и коморбидность аллергических заболеваний у детей. В: Мизерницкий ЮЛ (ред.). Пульмонология детского возраста: проблемы и решения. Вып. 16. М.: Медпрактика-М; 2016. С. 179–181.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Varshney J, Varshney H. Allergic Rhinitis: an Overview. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2015;67(2):143–149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12070-015-0828-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Varshney J, Varshney H. Allergic Rhinitis: an Overview. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2015;67(2):143–149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12070-015-0828-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li Q, Zhang X, Feng Q, Zhou H, Ma C, Lin C et al. Common Allergens and Immune Responses Associated with Allergic Rhinitis in China. J Asthma Allergy. 2023;16:851–861. https://doi.org/10.2147/JAA.S420328.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li Q, Zhang X, Feng Q, Zhou H, Ma C, Lin C et al. Common Allergens and Immune Responses Associated with Allergic Rhinitis in China. J Asthma Allergy. 2023;16:851–861. https://doi.org/10.2147/JAA.S420328.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Banjar SA, Assiri RA, Alshehri GA, Binyousef FH, Alaudah TI, Alawam AS, Aloriney AM. The Impact of Allergic Rhinitis on Asthma and Its Effect on the Quality of Life of Asthmatic Patients. Cureus. 2023;15(3):e35714. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.35714.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Banjar SA, Assiri RA, Alshehri GA, Binyousef FH, Alaudah TI, Alawam AS, Aloriney AM. The Impact of Allergic Rhinitis on Asthma and Its Effect on the Quality of Life of Asthmatic Patients. Cureus. 2023;15(3):e35714. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.35714.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мизерницкий ЮЛ. Патогенетическое обоснование применения монтелукаста (Синглона) при острых респираторных вирусных инфекциях с бронхообструктивным синдромом у детей раннего и дошкольного возраста. Российский вестник перинатологии и педиатрии. 2020;65(6):129–132. https://doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2020-65-6-129-132. Mizernitskiy YuL. Pathogenetic Reasoning for Use of Monteleukast (Singlon) in Acute Respiratory Viral Infections with Broncho-Obstructive Syndrome in Infants and Preschool Age Children. Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics. 2020;65(6):129–132. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21508/10274065-2020-65-6-129-132.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Мизерницкий ЮЛ. Патогенетическое обоснование применения монтелукаста (Синглона) при острых респираторных вирусных инфекциях с бронхообструктивным синдромом у детей раннего и дошкольного возраста. Российский вестник перинатологии и педиатрии. 2020;65(6):129–132. https://doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2020-65-6-129-132. Mizernitskiy YuL. Pathogenetic Reasoning for Use of Monteleukast (Singlon) in Acute Respiratory Viral Infections with Broncho-Obstructive Syndrome in Infants and Preschool Age Children. Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics. 2020;65(6):129–132. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21508/10274065-2020-65-6-129-132.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zuberi FF, Haroon MA, Haseeb A, Khuhawar SM. Role of Montelukast in Asthma and Allergic rhinitis patients. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(7):1517–1522. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.7.2657.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zuberi FF, Haroon MA, Haseeb A, Khuhawar SM. Role of Montelukast in Asthma and Allergic rhinitis patients. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(7):1517–1522. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.7.2657.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krishnamoorthy M, Mohd Noor N, Mat Lazim N, Abdullah B. Efficacy of Montelukast in Allergic Rhinitis Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Drugs. 2020;80(17):1831–1851. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-020-01406-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krishnamoorthy M, Mohd Noor N, Mat Lazim N, Abdullah B. Efficacy of Montelukast in Allergic Rhinitis Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Drugs. 2020;80(17):1831–1851. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-020-01406-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Diamant Z, Aalders W, Parulekar A, Bjermer L, Hanania NA. Targeting lipid mediators in asthma: time for reappraisal. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2019;25(1):121–127. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0000000000000544.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Diamant Z, Aalders W, Parulekar A, Bjermer L, Hanania NA. Targeting lipid mediators in asthma: time for reappraisal. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2019;25(1):121–127. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0000000000000544.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jo-Watanabe A, Okuno T, Yokomizo T. The Role of Leukotrienes as Potential Therapeutic Targets in Allergic Disorders. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(14):3580. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20143580.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jo-Watanabe A, Okuno T, Yokomizo T. The Role of Leukotrienes as Potential Therapeutic Targets in Allergic Disorders. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(14):3580. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20143580.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ali O, Szabó A. Review of Eukaryote Cellular Membrane Lipid Composition, with Special Attention to the Fatty Acids. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(21):15693. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242115693.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ali O, Szabó A. Review of Eukaryote Cellular Membrane Lipid Composition, with Special Attention to the Fatty Acids. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(21):15693. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242115693.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dahlke P, Peltner LK, Jordan PM, Werz O. Differential impact of 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein antagonists on the biosynthesis of leukotrienes and of specialized pro-resolving mediators. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1219160. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1219160.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dahlke P, Peltner LK, Jordan PM, Werz O. Differential impact of 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein antagonists on the biosynthesis of leukotrienes and of specialized pro-resolving mediators. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1219160. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1219160.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goretzki A, Zimmermann J, Rainer H, Lin YJ, Schülke S. Immune Metabolism in TH2 Responses: New Opportunities to Improve Allergy Treatment – Disease-Specific Findings (Part 1). Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2023;23(1):29–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-022-01057-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goretzki A, Zimmermann J, Rainer H, Lin YJ, Schülke S. Immune Metabolism in TH2 Responses: New Opportunities to Improve Allergy Treatment – Disease-Specific Findings (Part 1). Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2023;23(1):29–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-022-01057-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ni NC, Ballantyne LL, Mewburn JD, Funk CD. Multiple-site activation of the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 is required for exacerbation of ischemia/ reperfusion injury. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2014;34(2):321–330. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.302536.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ni NC, Ballantyne LL, Mewburn JD, Funk CD. Multiple-site activation of the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 is required for exacerbation of ischemia/ reperfusion injury. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2014;34(2):321–330. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.302536.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shirasaki H, Kanaizumi E, Himi T. Expression and localization of GPR99 in human nasal mucosa. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2017;44(2):162–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anl.2016.05.010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shirasaki H, Kanaizumi E, Himi T. Expression and localization of GPR99 in human nasal mucosa. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2017;44(2):162–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anl.2016.05.010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peebles RS Jr. Urine: A Lens for Asthma Pathogenesis and Treatment? Am JRespir Crit Care Med. 2021;203(1):1–3. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202007-2899ED.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peebles RS Jr. Urine: A Lens for Asthma Pathogenesis and Treatment? Am JRespir Crit Care Med. 2021;203(1):1–3. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202007-2899ED.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chan CC, McKee K, Tagari P, Chee P, Ford-H utchinson A. Eosinophil-eicosanoid interactions: inhibition of eosinophil chemotaxis in vivo by a LTD4-receptor antagonist. Eur J Pharmacol. 1990;191(3):273–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(90)94159-u.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chan CC, McKee K, Tagari P, Chee P, Ford-H utchinson A. Eosinophil-eicosanoid interactions: inhibition of eosinophil chemotaxis in vivo by a LTD4-receptor antagonist. Eur J Pharmacol. 1990;191(3):273–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(90)94159-u.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Laitinen LA, Laitinen A, Haahtela T, Vilkka V, Spur BW, Lee TH. Leukotriene E4 and granulocytic infiltration into asthmatic airways. Lancet. 1993;341(8851):989–990. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(93)91073-u.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laitinen LA, Laitinen A, Haahtela T, Vilkka V, Spur BW, Lee TH. Leukotriene E4 and granulocytic infiltration into asthmatic airways. Lancet. 1993;341(8851):989–990. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(93)91073-u.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schetters STT, Schuijs MJ. Pulmonary Eosinophils at the Center of the Allergic Space-Time Continuum. Front Immunol. 2021;12:772004. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.772004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schetters STT, Schuijs MJ. Pulmonary Eosinophils at the Center of the Allergic Space-Time Continuum. Front Immunol. 2021;12:772004. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.772004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taketomi Y, Murakami M. Regulatory Roles of Phospholipase A2 Enzymes and Bioactive Lipids in Mast Cell Biology. Front Immunol. 2022;13:923265. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.923265.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taketomi Y, Murakami M. Regulatory Roles of Phospholipase A2 Enzymes and Bioactive Lipids in Mast Cell Biology. Front Immunol. 2022;13:923265. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.923265.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guimarães M, Vertzoni M, Fotaki N. Performance Evaluation of Montelukast Pediatric Formulations: Part II – a PBPK Modelling Approach. AAPS J. 2022;24(1):27. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12248-021-00662-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guimarães M, Vertzoni M, Fotaki N. Performance Evaluation of Montelukast Pediatric Formulations: Part II – a PBPK Modelling Approach. AAPS J. 2022;24(1):27. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12248-021-00662-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cingi C, Muluk NB, Ipci K, Şahin E. Antileukotrienes in upper airway inflammatory diseases. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2015;15(11):64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-015-0564-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cingi C, Muluk NB, Ipci K, Şahin E. Antileukotrienes in upper airway inflammatory diseases. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2015;15(11):64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-015-0564-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mullol J, Callejas FB, Méndez-Arancibia E, Fuentes M, Alobid I, Martínez-Antón A et al. Montelukast reduces eosinophilic inflammation by inhibiting both epithelial cell cytokine secretion (GM-CSF, IL-6, IL-8) and eosinophil survival. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2010;24(4):403–411. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21122279/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mullol J, Callejas FB, Méndez-Arancibia E, Fuentes M, Alobid I, Martínez-Antón A et al. Montelukast reduces eosinophilic inflammation by inhibiting both epithelial cell cytokine secretion (GM-CSF, IL-6, IL-8) and eosinophil survival. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2010;24(4):403–411. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21122279/.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lin YC, Huang MY, Lee MS, Hsieh CC, Kuo HF, Kuo CH, Hung CH. Effects of montelukast on M2-related cytokine and chemokine in M2 macrophages. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2018;51(1):18–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2016.04.005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lin YC, Huang MY, Lee MS, Hsieh CC, Kuo HF, Kuo CH, Hung CH. Effects of montelukast on M2-related cytokine and chemokine in M2 macrophages. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2018;51(1):18–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2016.04.005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang ZH, Li WX, Wang XM. Effect of intermittent versus daily inhalation of budesonide on pulmonary function and fractional exhaled nitric oxide in children with mild persistent asthma. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi. 2020;22(8): 834–838. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2002170.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang ZH, Li WX, Wang XM. Effect of intermittent versus daily inhalation of budesonide on pulmonary function and fractional exhaled nitric oxide in children with mild persistent asthma. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi. 2020;22(8): 834–838. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2002170.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fitzpatrick AM, Jackson DJ, Mauger DT, Boehmer SJ, Phipatanakul W, Sheehan WJ et al. Individualized therapy for persistent asthma in young children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;138(6):1608–1618.e12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2016.09.028.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fitzpatrick AM, Jackson DJ, Mauger DT, Boehmer SJ, Phipatanakul W, Sheehan WJ et al. Individualized therapy for persistent asthma in young children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;138(6):1608–1618.e12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2016.09.028.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pifferi M, Caramella D, Ragazzo V, De Marco E, Pietrobelli A, Boner AL. Montelukast and airway remodeling in children with chronic persistent asthma: an open study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2004;15(5):472–473. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2004.00184.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pifferi M, Caramella D, Ragazzo V, De Marco E, Pietrobelli A, Boner AL. Montelukast and airway remodeling in children with chronic persistent asthma: an open study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2004;15(5):472–473. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2004.00184.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Westergren VS, Wilson SJ, Penrose JF, Howarth PH, Sampson AP. Nasal mucosal expression of the leukotriene and prostanoid pathways in seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2009;39(6):820–828. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03223.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Westergren VS, Wilson SJ, Penrose JF, Howarth PH, Sampson AP. Nasal mucosal expression of the leukotriene and prostanoid pathways in seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2009;39(6):820–828. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03223.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Авдеев СН, Геппе НА, Ильина НИ, Демко ИВ, Жестков АВ, Зайцева ОВ и др. Антагонисты лейкотриеновых рецепторов в лечении бронхиальной астмы: согласительный документ «Бронхиальная Астма и антагонисты ЛЕйкоТриеновых рецепторов (БАЛЕТ)». Российский аллергологический журнал. 2023;20(2):130–142. https://doi.org/10.36691/RJA7530. Avdeev SN, Geppe NA, Ilina NI, Demko IV, Zhestkov AV, Zaitseva OV et al. Leukotriene receptor antagonists in the treatment of bronchial asthma: Consensus agreement “Bronchial Asthma and LEukoTriene receptor antagonists (BALET)”. Russian Journal of Allergy. 2023;20(2):130–142. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.36691/RJA7530.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Авдеев СН, Геппе НА, Ильина НИ, Демко ИВ, Жестков АВ, Зайцева ОВ и др. Антагонисты лейкотриеновых рецепторов в лечении бронхиальной астмы: согласительный документ «Бронхиальная Астма и антагонисты ЛЕйкоТриеновых рецепторов (БАЛЕТ)». Российский аллергологический журнал. 2023;20(2):130–142. https://doi.org/10.36691/RJA7530. Avdeev SN, Geppe NA, Ilina NI, Demko IV, Zhestkov AV, Zaitseva OV et al. Leukotriene receptor antagonists in the treatment of bronchial asthma: Consensus agreement “Bronchial Asthma and LEukoTriene receptor antagonists (BALET)”. Russian Journal of Allergy. 2023;20(2):130–142. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.36691/RJA7530.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rezaeeyan H, Arabfard M, Rasouli HR, Shahriary A, Gh BFNM. Evaluation of common protein biomarkers involved in the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases with proteomic methods: A systematic review. Immun Inflamm Dis. 2023;11(11):e1090. https://doi.org/10.1002/iid3.1090.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rezaeeyan H, Arabfard M, Rasouli HR, Shahriary A, Gh BFNM. Evaluation of common protein biomarkers involved in the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases with proteomic methods: A systematic review. Immun Inflamm Dis. 2023;11(11):e1090. https://doi.org/10.1002/iid3.1090.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang H, Ji Q, Liao C, Tian L. A systematic review and meta-analysis of loratadine combined with montelukast for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1287320. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1287320.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang H, Ji Q, Liao C, Tian L. A systematic review and meta-analysis of loratadine combined with montelukast for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1287320. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1287320.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мизерницкий ЮЛ, Гаймоленко ИН, Марковская АИ, Потапова НЛ. Клиническая эффективность антилейкотриеновой терапии у детей с острыми бронхитами. Российский вестник перинатологии и педиатрии. 2023;68(1):47–55. https://doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2023-68-1-47-55. Mizernitskiy YuL, Gaymolenko IN, Markovskaya AI, Potapova NL. Clinical efficacy of antileukotriene therapy in children with acute bronchitis. Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics. 2023;68(1):47–55. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2023-68-1-47-55.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Мизерницкий ЮЛ, Гаймоленко ИН, Марковская АИ, Потапова НЛ. Клиническая эффективность антилейкотриеновой терапии у детей с острыми бронхитами. Российский вестник перинатологии и педиатрии. 2023;68(1):47–55. https://doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2023-68-1-47-55. Mizernitskiy YuL, Gaymolenko IN, Markovskaya AI, Potapova NL. Clinical efficacy of antileukotriene therapy in children with acute bronchitis. Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics. 2023;68(1):47–55. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2023-68-1-47-55.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rochat MK, Illi S, Ege MJ, Lau S, Keil T, Wahn U, von Mutius E. Allergic rhinitis as a predictor for wheezing onset in school-aged children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126(6):1170–1175.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2010.09.008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rochat MK, Illi S, Ege MJ, Lau S, Keil T, Wahn U, von Mutius E. Allergic rhinitis as a predictor for wheezing onset in school-aged children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126(6):1170–1175.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2010.09.008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мизерницкий ЮЛ. Бронхообструктивный синдром при ОРИ у детей раннего возраста: расставим точки над «i». В: Мизерницкий ЮЛ (ред.). Пульмонология детского возраста: проблемы и решения. Вып. 18. М.: Медпрактика-М; 2018. С. 108–119. Режим доступа: https://pedklin.ru/upload/book/sbor_pulm_2018.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Мизерницкий ЮЛ. Бронхообструктивный синдром при ОРИ у детей раннего возраста: расставим точки над «i». В: Мизерницкий ЮЛ (ред.). Пульмонология детского возраста: проблемы и решения. Вып. 18. М.: Медпрактика-М; 2018. С. 108–119. Режим доступа: https://pedklin.ru/upload/book/sbor_pulm_2018.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grigg J, Nibber A, Paton JY, Chisholm A, Guilbert TW, Kaplan A et al. Matched cohort study of therapeutic strategies to prevent preschool wheezing/asthma attacks. J Asthma Allergy. 2018;11:309–321. https://doi.org/10.2147/JAA.S178531.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grigg J, Nibber A, Paton JY, Chisholm A, Guilbert TW, Kaplan A et al. Matched cohort study of therapeutic strategies to prevent preschool wheezing/asthma attacks. J Asthma Allergy. 2018;11:309–321. https://doi.org/10.2147/JAA.S178531.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mikalsen IB, Dalen I, Karlstad Ø, Eide GE, Magnus M, Nystad W, Øymar K. Airway symptoms and atopy in young children prescribed asthma medications: A large-s cale cohort study. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2019;54(10):1557–1566. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.24437.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mikalsen IB, Dalen I, Karlstad Ø, Eide GE, Magnus M, Nystad W, Øymar K. Airway symptoms and atopy in young children prescribed asthma medications: A large-s cale cohort study. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2019;54(10):1557–1566. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.24437.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Castro-Rodriguez JA, Rodriguez-Martinez CE, Ducharme FM. Daily inhaled corticosteroids or montelukast for preschoolers with asthma or recurrent wheezing: A systematic review. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2018;53(12):1670–1677. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.24176.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Castro-Rodriguez JA, Rodriguez-Martinez CE, Ducharme FM. Daily inhaled corticosteroids or montelukast for preschoolers with asthma or recurrent wheezing: A systematic review. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2018;53(12):1670–1677. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.24176.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Glockler-Lauf SD, Finkelstein Y, Zhu J, Feldman LY, To T. Montelukast and</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glockler-Lauf SD, Finkelstein Y, Zhu J, Feldman LY, To T. Montelukast and</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neuropsychiatric Events in Children with Asthma: A Nested Case-C ontrol Study. J Pediatr. 2019;209:176–182.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.02.009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neuropsychiatric Events in Children with Asthma: A Nested Case-C ontrol Study. J Pediatr. 2019;209:176–182.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.02.009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dixon EG, Rugg-Gunn CE, Sellick V, Sinha IP, Hawcutt DB. Adverse drug reactions of leukotriene receptor antagonists in children with asthma: a systematic review. BMJ Paediatr Open. 2021;5(1):e001206. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2021-001206.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dixon EG, Rugg-Gunn CE, Sellick V, Sinha IP, Hawcutt DB. Adverse drug reactions of leukotriene receptor antagonists in children with asthma: a systematic review. BMJ Paediatr Open. 2021;5(1):e001206. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2021-001206.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Астафьева НГ, Баранов АА, Вишнева ЕА, Дайхес НА, Жестков АВ, Ильина НИ и др. Аллергический ринит: клинические рекомендации. М.; 2020. 70 с. Режим доступа: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/recomend/261_1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Астафьева НГ, Баранов АА, Вишнева ЕА, Дайхес НА, Жестков АВ, Ильина НИ и др. Аллергический ринит: клинические рекомендации. М.; 2020. 70 с. Режим доступа: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/recomend/261_1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
