medsovetМедицинский СоветMeditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council2079-701X2658-5790REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.10.21518/ms2024-002medsovet-8105Research ArticleШКОЛА ПЕДИАТРАPEDIATRICIAN SCHOOLФормирование микробиоты младенца: мать – плацента – плод – ребенокInfant microbiota formation: mother – placenta – fetus – babyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4200-4598ЗахароваИ. Н.ZakharovaI. N.

Захарова Ирина Николаевна, д.м.н., профессор, заслуженный врач Российской Федерации, заведующая кафедрой педиатрии имени академика Г.Н. Сперанского

125993, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1, стр. 1

Irina N. Zakharova, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of Academician G.N. Speransky Department of Pediatrics

38, Smolnaya St., Moscow, 125445

zakharova-rmapo@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2847-6268БережнаяИ. В.BerezhnayaI.  V.

Бережная Ирина Владимировна, к.м.н., доцент кафедры педиатрии имени академика Г.Н. Сперанского

 

Irina V. Berezhnaya, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor of the Department of Pediatrics named after Academician G.N. Speransky

38, Smolnaya St., Moscow, 125445

berezhnaya-irina26@yandex.ruСкоробогатоваЕ. В.SkorobogatovaE. V.

Скоробогатова Екатерина Владимировна, к.м.н., заведующая педиатрическим отделением

25373, Москва, ул. Героев Панфиловцев, д. 28

Ekaterina V. Skorobogatova, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Head of Pediatrics Department

28, Geroev Panfilovtsev St., Moskow, 125373

dgkb-bashlyaevoy@zdrav.mos.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1593-0732ДмитриеваД. К.DmitrievaD. K.

Дмитриева Диана Кирилловна, аспирант кафедры педиатрии имени академика Г.Н. Сперанского

125993, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1, стр. 1

Diana K. Dmitrieva, Postgraduate Student of the Department of Pediatrics named after Academician G.N. Speransky

38, Smolnaya St., Moscow, 125445

dmitrievadi@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0007-4376-5707ЧерняеваМ. А.ChernyaevaM. A.

Черняева Мария Алексеевна, студент педиатрического факультета

163000, Архангельск, Троицкий проспект, д. 51

Maria A. Chernyaeva, Student of the Faculty of Pediatrics

51, Troitsky Ave., Arkhangelsk, 163004

   

mashachernyeva00@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0009-0002-2973-1256КурбаковаД. М.KurbakovaD. M.

Курбакова Дарья Михайловна, студент педиатрического факультета

163000, Архангельск, Троицкий проспект, д. 51

Daria M. Kurbakova, Student of the Faculty of Pediatrics

51, Troitsky Ave., Arkhangelsk, 163004

dde120600@mail.ruРоссийская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образованияРоссияRussian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional EducationRussian FederationДетская городская клиническая больница имени З.А. БашляевойРоссияBashlyaeva Children’s City Clinical HospitalRussian FederationСеверный государственный медицинский университетРоссияNorthern State Medical UniversityRussian Federation20242702202401269–275Copyright © Захарова И.Н., Бережная И.В., Скоробогатова Е.В., Дмитриева Д.К., Черняева М.А., Курбакова Д.М., 20242024Захарова И.Н., Бережная И.В., Скоробогатова Е.В., Дмитриева Д.К., Черняева М.А., Курбакова Д.М.Zakharova I.N., Berezhnaya I.V., Skorobogatova E.V., Dmitrieva D.K., Chernyaeva M.A., Kurbakova D.M.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/8105

Кишечная микробиота – один из основных компонентов, влияющих на состояние здоровья человека. Становление микрофлоры кишечника начинается уже во внутриутробном периоде, однако наиболее интенсивная колонизация ребенка микроорганизмами матери и окружающей среды происходит в интранатальном и постнатальном периодах. Начало формирования микробиоты закладывает система «мать – плацента – плод». Материнская микробиота начинает изменяться во время беременности для модификации метаболизма, благоприятного для плода, и продолжается в течение всей беременности, оказывая влияние и на зарождение собственной микробиоты плода. На развитие микробиома плода также влияет микробиом матки, околоплодных вод и пуповины, хотя ранее считалось, что эти органы стерильны, как и кишечник плода. В ходе многолетних исследований данные утверждения были опровергнуты и в т. ч. было доказано существование отдельного микробиома мекония, не совпадающего с микробиотой матери. Постнатальные факторы, такие как способ родоразрешения и тип вскармливания, также влияют на становление кишечной микробиоты. Естественные роды подвергают младенцев воздействию влагалищной микробиоты матери. При кесаревом сечении ребенок подвергается воздействию микробиоты окружающей среды, что нарушает естественную микробную колонизацию. Грудное молоко обладает собственным микробиомом, который может меняться и подстраиваться под потребности ребенка. Исключительно грудное вскармливание влияет на уровень колонизации Bifidobacterium и Bacteroides, которые метаболизируют олигосахариды грудного молока, в качестве побочного продукта продуцируя короткоцепочечные жирные кислоты. Для поддержания уровня Bifidobacterium на достаточном уровне с целью формирования здоровой микробиоты может быть использована пробиотическая терапия. В данном обзоре представлены этапы и условия формирования микробиоты кишечника младенца, а также их взаимосвязь в процессе онтогенеза.

Gut microbiota is one of the main components that influence human health status. The gut microflora begins to establish as early as the prenatal period, however, the most intensive colonization of the infant by maternal and environment microorganisms occurs during the intranatal and postnatal periods. The mother-placenta-fetus system lays the foundation for early formation of microbiota. The maternal microbiota starts changing during pregnancy in order to modify metabolism to make it more favourable to the fetus, and continues throughout pregnancy, influencing the incubation of the fetus's own microbiota. The development of the fetal microbiome is also affected by the microbiome of the uterus, amniotic fluid and umbilical cord, although these organs were previously thought to be sterile, like the fetal gut. Multi-year research findings refuted these assertions and proved the existence of a separate meconium microbiome, which does not coincide with the maternal microbiota. The postnatal factors, such as mode of delivery and type of infant feeding, also influence the development of the gut microbiota. Vaginal birth exposes infants to maternal vaginal microbiota. During cesarean section, infants are exposed to environmental microbiota, which disrupts natural microbial colonization. Breast milk has its own microbiome, which can change and adapt to the infant needs. Exclusive breastfeeding affects Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides colonization rates, which metabolize breast milk oligosaccharides, producing short-chain fatty acids as a byproduct. Probiotic therapy can be used to maintain sufficient levels of Bifidobacterium to form a healthy microbiota. This review presents the stages and conditions for the formation of the infant’s gut microbiota, as well as the relationship between them in the course of ontogenesis. 

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.