<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medsovet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский Совет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-701X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5790</issn><publisher><publisher-name>REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21518/ms2024-122</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medsovet-8191</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НЕРВНО-ПСИХИЧЕСКИЕ РАССТРОЙСТВА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Астенические расстройства: противоречия и парадигмы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Asthenic disorders: contradictions and paradigms</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8655-8501</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Путилина</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Putilina</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Путилина Марина Викторовна, д.м.н., профессор, профессор кафедры клинической фармакологии лечебного факультета</p><p>117997, Москва, ул. Островитянова, д. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marina V. Putilina, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Professor of the Department of Clinical Pharmacology of the Faculty of Medicine</p><p>1, Ostrovityanov St., Moscow, 117997</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">profput@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>89</fpage><lpage>96</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Путилина М.В., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Путилина М.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Putilina M.V.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/8191">https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/8191</self-uri><abstract><p>Астенические расстройства являются актуальной проблемой для современной медицины. Отсутствие специфичности у данного заболевания затрудняет постановку нозологического диагноза, поскольку эти расстройства встречаются не только при соматических патологиях и инфекциях, но и при различных неврологических и психических заболеваниях. Попытки систематизации с учетом клинической вариабельности не привели к единой парадигме, т. к. не отражали все возможные варианты расстройств. В МКБ-10 состояния, основным проявлением которых служит астения, рассматриваются в различных рубриках: «Неврастения – F48.0»; «Органическое эмоционально-лабильное (астеническое) расстройство – F06.6»; «Другие уточненные невротические расстройства – F48.8»; «Синдром усталости после перенесенной вирусной инфекции – G93.3»; «Состояние после COVID-19 – U09.9»; «Переутомление (синдром выгорания) – Z73.0»; «Соматоформные расстройства – F45». В настоящее время нет единой концепции в стратегии терапии пациентов. При этих расстройствах количество активных рецепторов в головном мозге уменьшено, ответ на лекарственные препараты снижен, даже добавление энергокорректоров не позволяет в полном объеме стимулировать перестройку функционального состояния ЦНС только специфического воздействия на нейромедиаторные системы. Необходима коррекция функционального состояния ЦНС путем неспецифического воздействия. Фонтурацетам – первый препарат, обладающий нейромодуляторным эффектом. Антиастенический эффект препарата проявляется уже после однократного применения, пролонгированное действие имеет преимущества для повышения эффективности терапии, что позволяет снижать фармакологическую нагрузку на пациента и тем самым снижать риск развития полипрагмазии.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Asthenic disorders are a pressing problem for modern medicine. The lack of specificity of this disease makes it difficult to make a nosological diagnosis, since these disorders occur not only in somatic pathologies and infections, but also in various neurological and mental diseases. Attempts at systematization taking into account clinical variability did not lead to a single paradigm, since they did not reflect all possible variants of disorders. In ICD-10, conditions, the main manifestation of which is asthenia, are considered under various headings: Neurasthenia – F48.0; Organic emotionally labile (asthenic) disorder - F06.6; Other specified neurotic disorders – F48.8; Fatigue syndrome after a viral infection – G93.3; Condition after COVID-19 - U09.9; Overwork (burnout syndrome) – Z73.0; somatoform disorders – F45. Currently, there is no single concept in the treatment strategy for patients. With these disorders, the number of active receptors in the brain is reduced, the response to medications is reduced, even the addition of energy correctors does not fully stimulate the restructuring of the functional state of the central nervous system only with specific effects on neurotransmitter systems. Correction of the functional state of the central nervous system through nonspecific effects is necessary. Phenylpiracetam is the first drug with a neuromodulatory effect. The antiasthenic effect of the drug appears after a single use, prolonged action has its advantages for increasing the effectiveness of therapy, which allows reducing the pharmacological burden on the patient and thereby reduce the risk of developing polypharmacy.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>астения</kwd><kwd>соматоформная дисфункция</kwd><kwd>синдром хронической усталости</kwd><kwd>постинсультная астения</kwd><kwd>старческая астения</kwd><kwd>анксиолитики</kwd><kwd>нейромодуляция</kwd><kwd>фонтурацетам</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>asthenia</kwd><kwd>somatoform dysfunction</kwd><kwd>chronic fatigue syndrome</kwd><kwd>post-stroke asthenia</kwd><kwd>senile asthenia</kwd><kwd>anxiolytics</kwd><kwd>neuromodulation</kwd><kwd>phenylpiracetam</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hanson SW, Abbafati C, Aerts JG, Al-Aly Z, Ashbaugh C, Ballouz T et al. Estimated Global Proportions of Individuals With Persistent Fatigue, Cognitive, and Respiratory Symptom Clusters Following Symptomatic COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021. JAMA. 2022;328(16):1604–1615. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.18931.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hanson SW, Abbafati C, Aerts JG, Al-Aly Z, Ashbaugh C, Ballouz T et al. Estimated Global Proportions of Individuals With Persistent Fatigue, Cognitive, and Respiratory Symptom Clusters Following Symptomatic COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021. JAMA. 2022;328(16):1604–1615. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.18931.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Путилина МВ. Астенические расстройства в общемедицинской практике. Алгоритмы диагностики и терапии. Нервные болезни. 2013;(4):26–33. Режим доступа: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/astenicheskierasstroystva-v-obschemeditsinskoy-praktike-algoritmy-diagnostiki-i-terapii.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Putilina MV. Asthenic disorders in general medical practice. Diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms. Nervnye Bolezni. 2013;(4):26–33. (In Russ.) Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/astenicheskie-rasstroystvav-obschemeditsinskoy-praktike-algoritmy-diagnostiki-i-terapii.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Воробьева ОВ. Многогранность феномена астении. РМЖ. 2012;(5):248–252. Режим доступа: https://www.rmj.ru/articles/nevrologiya/Mnogogrannosty_fenomena_astenii/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vorobyova OV. The versatility of the phenomenon of asthenia. RMJ. 2012;(5):248–252. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.rmj.ru/articles/nevrologiya/Mnogogrannosty_fenomena_astenii/.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шишкова ВН. Астенический синдром в неврологической и общетерапевтической практике. Consilium Medicum. 2020;22(9):65–67. https://doi.org/10.26442/20751753.2020.9.200343.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shishkova VN. Asthenic syndrome in neurological and general therapeutic practice. Consilium Medicum. 2020;22(9):65–67. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.26442/20751753.2020.9.200343.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Polsky LR, Rentscher KE, Carroll JE. Stress-induced biological aging: A review and guide for research priorities. Brain Behav Immun. 2022;104:97–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2022.05.016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polsky LR, Rentscher KE, Carroll JE. Stress-induced biological aging: A review and guide for research priorities. Brain Behav Immun. 2022;104:97–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2022.05.016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dimsdale JE. Functional neurological and symptom disorders. In: MSD Manuals. 2021. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/somatic-symptom-and-related-disorders/functionalneurological-symptom-disorder.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dimsdale JE. Functional neurological and symptom disorders. In: MSD Manuals. 2021. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/somatic-symptom-and-related-disorders/functionalneurological-symptom-disorder.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pohontsch NJ, Zimmermann T, Jonas C, Lehmann M, Löwe B, Scherer M. Coding of medically unexplained symptoms and somatoform disorders by general practitioners – an exploratory focus group study. BMC Fam Pract. 2018;19(1):129. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-018-0812-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pohontsch NJ, Zimmermann T, Jonas C, Lehmann M, Löwe B, Scherer M. Coding of medically unexplained symptoms and somatoform disorders by general practitioners – an exploratory focus group study. BMC Fam Pract. 2018;19(1):129. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-018-0812-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Löwe B, Mundt C, Herzog W, Brunner R, Backenstrass M, Kronmüller K, Henningsen P. Validity of current somatoform disorder diagnoses: perspectives for classification in DSM-V and ICD-11. Psychopathology. 2008;41(1):4–9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000109949.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Löwe B, Mundt C, Herzog W, Brunner R, Backenstrass M, Kronmüller K, Henningsen P. Validity of current somatoform disorder diagnoses: perspectives for classification in DSM-V and ICD-11. Psychopathology. 2008;41(1):4–9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000109949.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sapra A, Bhandari P. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557676/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sapra A, Bhandari P. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557676/.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">D’Souza RS, Hooten WM. Somatic Symptom Disorder. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532253/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">D’Souza RS, Hooten WM. Somatic Symptom Disorder. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532253/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kalliomäki J, Brodda Jansen G. Development Of a Chronic Stress Diagnosis. J Rehabil Med Clin Commun. 2021;4:1000064. https://doi.org/10.2340/20030711-1000064.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalliomäki J, Brodda Jansen G. Development Of a Chronic Stress Diagnosis. J Rehabil Med Clin Commun. 2021;4:1000064. https://doi.org/10.2340/20030711- 1000064.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Путилина МВ. Астенические расстройства как проявление синдрома хронической усталости. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2021;121(8):125130. https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro2021121081125.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Putilina MV. Asthenic disorders as a manifestation of chronic fatigue syndrome. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2021;121(8):125130. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro2021121081125.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lim EJ, Ahn YC, Jang ES, Lee SW, Lee SH, Son CG. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME). J Transl Med. 2020;18(1):100. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-020-02269-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lim EJ, Ahn YC, Jang ES, Lee SW, Lee SH, Son CG. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME). J Transl Med. 2020;18(1):100. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-020-02269-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sapra A, Bhandari P. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557676/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sapra A, Bhandari P. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557676/.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Путилина МВ. Особенности терапии астенических расстройств. Consilium Medicum. Неврология и ревматология (Прил.). 2010;(1):30–35. Режим доступа: https://omnidoctor.ru/upload/iblock/a10/a10d09a4ea46375042c1d19dca6abaab.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Putilina MV. Peculiarities of asthenic disorders therapy, neurology and rheumatology. Consilium Medicum. Neurology and Rheumatology (Suppl.). 2010;(1):30–35. (In Russ.) Available at: https://omnidoctor.ru/upload/iblock/a10/a10d09a4ea46375042c1d19dca6abaab.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шабров АВ, Соловьева СЛ. Астенические расстройства в терапевтической практике. СПб.: ИнформМед; 2010. 379 с. Режим доступа: https://elibrary.ru/wiexbv.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Шабров АВ, Соловьева СЛ. Астенические расстройства в терапевтической практике. СПб.: ИнформМед; 2010. 379 с. Режим доступа: https://elibrary.ru/wiexbv.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аведисова АС, Ястребов ДВ. Оценка диагностики и терапии астенических расстройств по результатам анкетирования врачей общей практики. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2010;110(2):56–60. Режим доступа: https://www.mediasphera.ru/issues/zhurnal-nevrologii-i-psikhiatrii-im-s-s-korsakova/2010/2/031997-2982010210.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avedisova AS, Iastrebov DV. Diagnosis and therapy of asthenic disorders: results of the questionnaire survey of general practitioners. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2010;110(2):56–60 (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.mediasphera.ru/issues/zhurnal-nevrologii-ipsikhiatrii-im-s-s-korsakova/2010/2/031997-72982010210.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Путилина МВ, Вечорко ВИ, Гришин ДВ, Сидельникова ЛВ. Острые нарушения мозгового кровообращения, ассоциированные c коронавирусной инфекцией SARS-CoV-2(COVID-19) Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2020;120(12):109–117. https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro2020120121109.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Putilina MV, Vechorko VI, Grishin DV, Sidelnikova LV. Acute cerebrovascular accidents associated with SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infection (COVID-19). Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2020;120(12):109–118. https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro2020120121109.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rogers JP, Chesney E, Oliver D, Pollak TA, McGuire P, Fusar-Poli P et al. Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(7):611–627. https://orcid.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30203-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rogers JP, Chesney E, Oliver D, Pollak TA, McGuire P, Fusar-Poli P et al. Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(7):611–627. https://orcid.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30203-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Skogestad IJ, Kirkevold M, Larsson P, Borge CR, Indredavik B, Gay CL, Lerdal A. Post-stroke fatigue: an exploratory study with patients and health professionals to develop a patient-reported outcome measure. J Patient Rep Outcomes. 2021;5(1):35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41687-021-00307-z.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Skogestad IJ, Kirkevold M, Larsson P, Borge CR, Indredavik B, Gay CL, Lerdal A. Post-stroke fatigue: an exploratory study with patients and health professionals to develop a patient-reported outcome measure. J Patient Rep Outcomes. 2021;5(1):35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41687-021-00307-z.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhan J, Zhang P, Wen H, Wang Y, Yan X, Zhan L et al. Global prevalence estimates of poststroke fatigue: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Stroke. 2023;18(9):1040–1050. https://doi.org/10.1177/17474930221138701.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhan J, Zhang P, Wen H, Wang Y, Yan X, Zhan L et al. Global prevalence estimates of poststroke fatigue: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Stroke. 2023;18(9):1040–1050. https://doi.org/10.1177/17474930221138701.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ткачева ОН, Котовская ЮВ, Рунихина НК, Фролова ЕВ, Наумов АВ, Воробьева НМ и др. Клинические рекомендации «Старческая астения». Российский журнал гериатрической медицины. 2020;(1):11–46. https://doi.org/10.37586/2686-8636-1-2020-11-46.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tkacheva ON, Kotovskaya YuV, Runikhina NK, Frolova EV, Naumov AV, Vorobyeva NM et al. Clinical guidelines on frailty. Russian Journal of Geriatric Medicine. 2020;(1):11–46. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.37586/2686-8636-1-2020-11-46.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Путилина МВ, Федин АИ. Постинсультная депрессия, возможности терапии у больных в остром периоде инсульта. Нервные болезни. 2005;(1):6–9. Режим доступа: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/postinsultnaya-depressiya-vozmozhnosti-terapii-u-bolnyh-v-ostromperiode-insulta?ysclid=lu14rxwtdr4175052</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Putilina MV, Fedin AI. Post-stroke depression, possibilities of therapy in patients in the acute period of stroke. Nervnye Bolezni. 2005;(1):6–9. (In Russ.) Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/postinsultnayadepressiya-vozmozhnosti-terapii-u-bolnyh-v-ostrom-periode-insulta?ysclid=lu14rxwtdr4175052.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Смулевич АБ, Харькова ГС, Лобанова ВМ, Воронова ЕИ. Астения в психопатологическом пространстве шизофрении и расстройств шизофренического спектра (концепция астенического дефекта в аспекте современных моделей негативных расстройств). Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2019;119(5):7–14. https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro20191190517.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smulevich AB, Kharkova GS, Lobanova VM, Voronova EI. Asthenia in the psychopathological space of schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders (The concept of asthenic deficit in aspect of the modern model of negative symptoms). Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2019;119(5):7–14. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro20191190517.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mohammadi MR, Zarafshan H, Khaleghi A, Ahmadi N, Hooshyari Z, Mostafavi SA et al. Prevalence of ADHD and Its Comorbidities in a Population-Based Sample. J Atten Disord. 2021;25(8):1058–1067. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054719886372.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mohammadi MR, Zarafshan H, Khaleghi A, Ahmadi N, Hooshyari Z, Mostafavi SA et al. Prevalence of ADHD and Its Comorbidities in a Population-Based Sample. J Atten Disord. 2021;25(8):1058–1067. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054719886372.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Путилина МВ, Баранова ОА. Результаты многоцентровой клиникоэпидемиологической наблюдательной программы ГЛОБУС (определение распространенности головокружения и оценка схем терапии на амбулаторном уровне). Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2014;114(5):33–38. Режим доступа: https://www.mediasphera.ru/issues/zhurnal-nevrologii-i-psikhiatrii-im-s-skorsakova/2014/5/031997-7298201456.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Putilina MV, Baranova OA. The results of the multicenter observational program GLOBUS on the study of the prevalence of vertigo and treatment schemes in outpatient clinics. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2014;114(5):33–38. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.mediasphera.ru/issues/zhurnal-nevrologii-i-psikhiatrii-im-s-s-korsakova/2014/5/031997-7298201456.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Горошко ОА, Кукес ВГ, Прокофьев АБ, Архипов ВВ, Демченкова ЕЮ. Клинико-фармакологические аспекты применения антиоксидантных лекарственных средств. Международный журнал прикладных и фундаментальных исследований. 2016;4(5):905–912. Режим доступа: https://applied-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=9101.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goroshko OA, Kukes VG, Prokofiev AB, Arkhipov VV, Demchenkova EY. Clinico-pharmacologicalaspects of application of antioxidant drugs. International Journal of Applied and Basic Research. 2016;4(5):905–912. (In Russ.) Available at: https://applied-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=9101.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ermakov D, Fomina E, Kartashova O. Specific features of rational pharmacotherapy in elderly patients. Eur J Hosp Pharm. 2023;30(6):322–327. https://doi.org/10.1136/ejhpharm-2021-002980.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ermakov D, Fomina E, Kartashova O. Specific features of rational pharmacotherapy in elderly patients. Eur J Hosp Pharm. 2023;30(6):322–327. https://doi.org/10.1136/ejhpharm-2021-002980.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goenka L, Satyanarayana CRU, Kumar SS, George M. Neuroprotective agents in Acute Ischemic Stroke – A Reality Check. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;109:2539–2547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.041.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goenka L, Satyanarayana CRU, Kumar SS, George M. Neuroprotective agents in Acute Ischemic Stroke – A Reality Check. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;109:2539–2547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.041.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tanaka M, Vécsei L. Editorial of Special Issue ‘Dissecting Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Diseases: Neurodegeneration and Neuroprotection’. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(13):6991. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23136991.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tanaka M, Vécsei L. Editorial of Special Issue ‘Dissecting Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Diseases: Neurodegeneration and Neuroprotection’. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(13):6991. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23136991. 31. Verma DK, Gupta S, Biswas J, Joshi N, Singh A, Gupta P et al. New therapeutic activity of metabolic enhancer piracetam in treatment of neurodegenerative disease: Participation of caspase independent death factors, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses and apoptosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2018;1864(6 Pt A):2078–2096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.03.014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Verma DK, Gupta S, Biswas J, Joshi N, Singh A, Gupta P et al. New therapeutic activity of metabolic enhancer piracetam in treatment of neurodegenerative disease: Participation of caspase independent death factors, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses and apoptosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2018;1864(6 Pt A):2078–2096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.03.014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konyushok M. Why neurologists should remember antidepressants. Europ J Med Health. 2020;2(4):1–5. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejmed.2020.2.4.448.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Konyushok M. Why neurologists should remember antidepressants. Europ J Med Health. 2020;2(4):1–5. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejmed.2020.2.4.448.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Бебуришвили АА, Васильева АВ, Гантман МВ, Караваева ТА, Зинченко ЮП, Исаева ЕР и др. Паническое расстройство у взрослых: клинические рекомендации. 2021. Режим доступа: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/recomend/456_2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бебуришвили АА, Васильева АВ, Гантман МВ, Караваева ТА, Зинченко ЮП, Исаева ЕР и др. Паническое расстройство у взрослых: клинические рекомендации. 2021. Режим доступа: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/recomend/456_2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kovalev GI, Akhapkina VI, Abaimov DA, Firstova YuYu. Phenotropil as a receptor modulator of synaptic neurotransmission. Nervnye Bolezni. 2007;(4):22–26. (In Russ.) Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ fenotropil-kak-retseptornyy-modulyator-sinapticheskoy-neyroperedachi.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ковалев ГИ, Ахапкина ВИ, Абаимов ДА, Фирстова ЮЮ. Фенотропил как рецепторный модулятор синаптической нейропередачи. Нервные болезни. 2007;(4):22–26. Режим доступа: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/fenotropil-kak-retseptornyy-modulyator-sinapticheskoy-neyroperedachi.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tyurenkov IN, Bagmetov MN, Epishina VV. Comparative evaluation of the neuroprotective activity of phenotropil and piracetam in rats with experimental cerebral ischemia. Eksperimentalnaya i Klinicheskaya Farmakologiya. 2007;70(2):24–29. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.ekf.folium.ru/index.php/ekf/article/view/888.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тюренков ИН, Багметов МН, Епишина ВВ. Сравнительная характеристика нейропротекторного действия фенотропила и пирацетама в условиях ишемии головного мозга у лабораторных животных. Экспериментальная и клиническая фармакология. 2007;70(2):24–29. Режим доступа: https://www.ekf.folium.ru/index.php/ekf/article/view/888.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akhapkina VI, Fedin AI, Avedisova AS, Akhapkin RV. The effectiveness of Phenotropil in the treatment of asthenic syndrome and chronic fatigue syndrome. Nervnye Bolezni. 2004;(3):28–32. (In Russ.) Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/effektivnost-fenotropii-pri-lecheniiastenicheskogo-sindroma-i-sindroma-hronicheskoy-ustalosti.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ахапкина ВИ, Федин АИ, Аведисова АС, Ахапкин РВ. Эффективность Фенотропила при лечении астенического синдрома и синдрома хронической усталости. Нервные болезни. 2004;(3):28–32. Режим доступа: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/effektivnost-fenotropii-prilechenii-astenicheskogo-sindroma-i-sindroma-hronicheskoy-ustalosti.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zvejniece L, Svalbe B, Vavers E, Makrecka-Kuka M, Makarova E, Liepins V et al. S-phenylpiracetam, a selective DAT inhibitor, reduces body weight gain without influencing locomotor activity. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2017;160:21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2017.07.009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zvejniece L, Svalbe B, Vavers E, Makrecka-Kuka M, Makarova E, Liepins V et al. S-phenylpiracetam, a selective DAT inhibitor, reduces body weight gain without influencing locomotor activity. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2017;160:21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2017.07.009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Magomedov MM, Samotrueva MA, Tyurenkov IN, Khlebtsova EB, Igeisinov NG. The effect of Phenotropil on catalase activity in various parts of the cerebral cortex of WISTA rats under experimental stress. International Journal of Applied and Basic Research. 2011;(5):77–78. (In Russ.) Available at: https://applied-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=1250.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Магомедов ММ, Самотруева МА, Тюренков ИН, Хлебцова ЕБ, Игейсинов НГ. Влияние Фенотропила на активность каталазы в различных отделах коры головного мозга крыс линии wistar в условиях экспериментального стресса. Международный журнал прикладных и фундаментальных исследований. 2011;(5):77–78. Режим доступа: https://applied-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=1250.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Samotrueva MA, Serezhnikova TK. Antioxidant activity of phenotropil succinate under conditions of acute immobilization-pain stress. International Journal of Experimental Education. 2011;(3):145. (In Russ.) Available at: https://expeducation.ru/ru/article/view?id=1281.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Самотруева МА, Сережникова ТК. Антиоксидантная активность сукцината фенотропила в условиях острого иммобилизационно-болевого стресса. Международный журнал экспериментального образования. 2011;(3):145. Режим доступа: https://expeducation.ru/ru/article/view?id=1281.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gromova OA, Torshin IYu, Semenov VA, Putilina MV, Chuchalin AG. Direct and indirect neurological manifestations of COVID-19. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2020;120(11):11–21. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro202012011111.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Громова ОА, Торшин ИЮ, Семенов ВА, Путилина МВ, Чучалин АГ. О прямых и косвенных неврологических проявлениях COVID-19. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2020;120(11):11–21. https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro202012011111.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Громова ОА, Торшин ИЮ, Семенов ВА, Путилина МВ, Чучалин АГ. О прямых и косвенных неврологических проявлениях COVID-19. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2020;120(11):11–21. https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro202012011111.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
