medsovetМедицинский СоветMeditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council2079-701X2658-5790REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.10.21518/ms2024-152medsovet-8223Research ArticleНЕВРОЛОГИЯNEUROLOGYСовременный взгляд на использование тиоктовой кислоты в неврологической практикеModern view on the use of alpha lipoic acid in neurological practicehttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6883-7649ХайбуллинаД. Х.KhaibullinaD. Kh.

Хайбуллина Дина Хамитовна, к.м.н., доцент, доцент кафедры неврологии

420012, Казань, ул. Муштари, д. 11

Dina Kh. Khaibullina, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Department of Neurology

11, Mushtari St., Kazan, 420012

dina.khaibullina@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1430-9741МаксимовЮ. Н.MaksimovYu. N.

Максимов Юрий Николаевич, к.м.н., доцент, доцент кафедры неврологии

420012, Казань, ул. Муштари, д. 11

Yuri N. Maksimov, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor of the Department of Neurology

11, Mushtari St., Kazan, 420012

yuri_maximov@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7948-2035ХайбуллинаА. Р.KhaibullinaA. R.

Хайбуллина Асия Рустамовна, ассистент кафедры неврологии

420012, Казань, ул. Муштари, д. 11

Asiya R. Khaibullina, Assistant at the Department of Neurology

11, Mushtari St., Kazan, 420012

asya-kazan@mail.ruКазанская государственная медицинская академия – филиал Российской медицинской академии непрерывного профессионального образованияРоссияKazan State Medical Academy – a branch of Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional EducationRussian Federation202410052024057081Copyright © Хайбуллина Д.Х., Максимов Ю.Н., Хайбуллина А.Р., 20242024Хайбуллина Д.Х., Максимов Ю.Н., Хайбуллина А.Р.Khaibullina D.K., Maksimov Y.N., Khaibullina A.R.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/8223

Альфа-липоевая кислота (АЛК) является незаменимым кофактором для митохондриальных ферментов, мощным антиоксидантом, важной составляющей многих метаболических процессов. Большинство исследований АЛК сосредоточено именно на изучении ее антиоксидантных свойств. Ряд состояний – старение, атеросклероз, цирроз печени, сахарный диабет, различные типы полинейропатии, псориаз и другие могут существенно снижать уровень АЛК в организме. В статье проведен анализ современной литературы (107 источников, включая 17 систематических обзоров и метаанализов). Традиционно АЛК используется в комплексной терапии пациентов, страдающих диабетической и алкогольной полинейропатией. Однако анализ проведенных в мире исследований не ограничивается только этими двумя нозологическими формами. Применение АЛК в качестве адъювантной терапии при ряде состояний и заболеваний является обоснованным, что подтверждается клиническими исследованиями, систематическими обзорами и метаанализами. Во всех исследованиях оценивалась не только эффективность АЛК, но и ее безопасность и частота нежелательных явлений, и было показано, что АЛК обладает высоким профилем безопасности. АЛК обладает не только выраженным антиоксидантным действием, но также способностью хелатирования токсичных металлов, повышения внутриклеточного уровня глутатиона, снижения уровня глюкозы в крови, преодоления инсулинорезистентности, участия в метаболизме митохондрий, стимуляции выработки цАМФ, нормализации липидного профиля, снижения уровня маркеров воспаления и др. Исходя из положительного эффекта применения АЛК в лечении различных симптомов и нозологий, перечень показаний требует пересмотра, расширения и дополнения.

Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) is an essential cofactor for mitochondrial enzymes, a powerful antioxidant, and an important component of many metabolic processes. Most research on ALA has focused specifically on its antioxidant properties. A number of conditions – aging, atherosclerosis, liver cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus, various types of polyneuropathy, psoriasis and others can significantly reduce the level of ALA in the body. The article analyzes modern literature (107 sources, including 17 systematic reviews and meta-analyses). Traditionally, ALA is used in complex therapy of patients suffering from diabetic and alcoholic polyneuropathy. However, the analysis of studies conducted around the world is not limited to these two nosological forms. The use of ALA as adjuvant therapy for a number of conditions and diseases is justified, as confirmed by clinical studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses. All studies assessed not only the effectiveness of ALC, but also its safety and the incidence of adverse events and showed that ALC has a high safety profile. ALA has not only a pronounced antioxidant effect, but also the ability to chelate toxic metals, increase intracellular glutathione levels, reduce blood glucose levels, overcome insulin resistance, participate in mitochondrial metabolism, stimulate the production of cAMP, normalize the lipid profile, reduce the level of inflammatory markers, etc. Based on Because of the positive effect of using ALC in the treatment of various symptoms and nosologies, the list of indications requires revision, expansion and addition.

альфа-липоевая кислотадиабетическая полинейропатиятуннельная нейропатиявоспалениеболезнь Альцгеймерарассеянный склерозрадикулопатияполинейропатиявоспалениеCOVID-19атеросклерозalpha lipoic aciddiabetic polyneuropathytunnel neuropathyinflammationAlzheimer’s diseasemultiple sclerosisradiculopathypolyneuropathyinflammationCOVID-19atherosclerosisReferencesSnell EE, Strong FM, Peterson WH. Growth factors for bacteria: Fractionation and properties of an accessory factor for lactic acid bacteria. Biochem J. 1937;31(10):1789–1799. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0311789.Snell EE, Strong FM, Peterson WH. Growth factors for bacteria: Fractionation and properties of an accessory factor for lactic acid bacteria. Biochem J. 1937;31(10):1789–1799. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0311789.Reed LJ, DeBusk BG, Gunsalus IC, Hornberger CS Jr. Crystalline alpha-lipoic acid; a catalytic agent associated with pyruvate dehydrogenase. Science. 1951;114(2952):93–94. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.114.2952.93.Reed LJ, DeBusk BG, Gunsalus IC, Hornberger CS Jr. Crystalline alpha-lipoic acid; a catalytic agent associated with pyruvate dehydrogenase. Science. 1951;114(2952):93–94. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.114.2952.93.Reed LJ. The chemistry and function of lipoic acid. Adv Enzymol Relat Subj Biochem. 1957;18:319–347. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470122631.ch8.Reed LJ. The chemistry and function of lipoic acid. Adv Enzymol Relat Subj Biochem. 1957;18:319–347. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470122631.ch8.Усачева АМ, Черников АВ, Карманова ЕЕ, Брусков ВИ. Фармакологические аспекты применения липоевой кислоты (обзор). Химико-фармацевтический журнал. 2021;55(11):9–17. https://doi.org/10.30906/0023-1134-2021-55-11-9-17.Usacheva AM, Chernikov AV, Karmanova EE, Bruskov VI. Pharmacological aspects of the use of lipoic acid (review). Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal. 2021;55(11):9–17. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.30906/0023-1134-2021-55-11-9-17.Tibullo D, Li Volti G, Giallongo C, Grasso S, Tomassoni D, Anfuso CD et al. Biochemical and clinical relevance of alpha lipoic acid: antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, molecular pathways and therapeutic potential. Inflamm Res. 2017;66(11):947–959. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-017-1079-6.Tibullo D, Li Volti G, Giallongo C, Grasso S, Tomassoni D, Anfuso CD et al. Biochemical and clinical relevance of alpha lipoic acid: antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, molecular pathways and therapeutic potential. Inflamm Res. 2017;66(11):947–959. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-017-1079-6.Teichert J, Hermann R, Ruus P, Preiss R. Plasma kinetics, metabolism, and urinary excretion of alpha-lipoic acid following oral administration in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol. 2003;43(11):1257–1267. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091270003258654.Teichert J, Hermann R, Ruus P, Preiss R. Plasma kinetics, metabolism, and urinary excretion of alpha-lipoic acid following oral administration in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol. 2003;43(11):1257–1267. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091270003258654.Uchida R, Okamoto H, Ikuta N, Terao K, Hirota T. Investigation of Enantioselective Membrane Permeability of α-Lipoic Acid in Caco-2 and MDCKII Cell. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(2):155. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17020155.Uchida R, Okamoto H, Ikuta N, Terao K, Hirota T. Investigation of Enantioselective Membrane Permeability of α-Lipoic Acid in Caco-2 and MDCKII Cell. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(2):155. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17020155.Kobayashi Y, Ito R, Saito K. Enantiomeric determination of α-lipoic acid in urine by LC/MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2019;166:435–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2019.01.042.Kobayashi Y, Ito R, Saito K. Enantiomeric determination of α-lipoic acid in urine by LC/MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2019;166:435–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2019.01.042.Lechner S, Steimbach RR, Wang L, Deline ML, Chang YC, Fromme T et al. Chemoproteomic target deconvolution reveals Histone Deacetylases as targets of (R)-lipoic acid. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):3548. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39151-8.Lechner S, Steimbach RR, Wang L, Deline ML, Chang YC, Fromme T et al. Chemoproteomic target deconvolution reveals Histone Deacetylases as targets of (R)-lipoic acid. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):3548. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39151-8.Keith DJ, Butler JA, Bemer B, Dixon B, Johnson S, Garrard M et al. Age and gender dependent bioavailability of R- and R,S-α-lipoic acid: a pilot study. Pharmacol Res. 2012;66(3):199–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2012.05.002.Keith DJ, Butler JA, Bemer B, Dixon B, Johnson S, Garrard M et al. Age and gender dependent bioavailability of R- and R,S-α-lipoic acid: a pilot study. Pharmacol Res. 2012;66(3):199–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2012.05.002.Salehi B, Berkay Yılmaz Y, Antika G, Boyunegmez Tumer T, Fawzi Mahomoodally M, Lobine D et al. Insights on the Use of α-Lipoic Acid for Therapeutic Purposes. Biomolecules. 2019;9(8):356. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9080356.Salehi B, Berkay Yılmaz Y, Antika G, Boyunegmez Tumer T, Fawzi Mahomoodally M, Lobine D et al. Insights on the Use of α-Lipoic Acid for Therapeutic Purposes. Biomolecules. 2019;9(8):356. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9080356.Booker SJ. Unraveling the pathway of lipoic acid biosynthesis. Chem Biol. 2004;11(1):10–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.01.002.Booker SJ. Unraveling the pathway of lipoic acid biosynthesis. Chem Biol. 2004;11(1):10–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.01.002.Morikawa T, Yasuno R, Wada H. Do mammalian cells synthesize lipoic acid? Identification of a mouse cDNA encoding a lipoic acid synthase located in mitochondria. FEBS Lett. 2001;498(1):16–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0014-5793(01)02469-3.Morikawa T, Yasuno R, Wada H. Do mammalian cells synthesize lipoic acid? Identification of a mouse cDNA encoding a lipoic acid synthase located in mitochondria. FEBS Lett. 2001;498(1):16–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0014-5793(01)02469-3.Sulo P, Martin NC. Isolation and characterization of LIP5. A lipoate biosynthetic locus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem. 1993;268(23):17634–17639. Аvailable at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8349643.Sulo P, Martin NC. Isolation and characterization of LIP5. A lipoate biosynthetic locus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem. 1993;268(23):17634–17639. Аvailable at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8349643.Thomsen-Zieger N, Schachtner J, Seeber F. Apicomplexan parasites contain a single lipoic acid synthase located in the plastid. FEBS Lett. 2003;547(1-3):80–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0014-5793(03)00673-2.Thomsen-Zieger N, Schachtner J, Seeber F. Apicomplexan parasites contain a single lipoic acid synthase located in the plastid. FEBS Lett. 2003;547(1-3):80–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0014-5793(03)00673-2.Gueguen V, Macherel D, Jaquinod M, Douce R, Bourguignon J. Fatty acid and lipoic acid biosynthesis in higher plant mitochondria. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(7):5016–5025. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.275.7.5016.Gueguen V, Macherel D, Jaquinod M, Douce R, Bourguignon J. Fatty acid and lipoic acid biosynthesis in higher plant mitochondria. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(7):5016–5025. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.275.7.5016.Amenta F, Buccioni M, Ben DD, Lambertucci C, Navia AM, Ngouadjeu Ngnintedem MA et al. Ex-vivo absorption study of lysine R-lipoate salt, a new pharmaceutical form of R-ALA. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2018;118:200–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2018.03.025.Amenta F, Buccioni M, Ben DD, Lambertucci C, Navia AM, Ngouadjeu Ngnintedem MA et al. Ex-vivo absorption study of lysine R-lipoate salt, a new pharmaceutical form of R-ALA. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2018;118:200–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2018.03.025.Packer L, Tritschler HJ, Wessel K. Neuroprotection by the metabolic antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid. Free Radic Biol Med. 1997;22(1-2):359–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5849(96)00269-9.Packer L, Tritschler HJ, Wessel K. Neuroprotection by the metabolic antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid. Free Radic Biol Med. 1997;22(1-2):359–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5849(96)00269-9.Wang JQ, Ling X, Wang HJ, Chen FE. α-Lipoic acid chemistry: the past 70 years. RSC Adv. 2023;13(51):36346–36363. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ra07140e.Wang JQ, Ling X, Wang HJ, Chen FE. α-Lipoic acid chemistry: the past 70 years. RSC Adv. 2023;13(51):36346–36363. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ra07140e.Cakatay U. Pro-oxidant actions of alpha-lipoic acid and dihydrolipoic acid. Med Hypotheses. 2006;66(1):110–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2005.07.020.Cakatay U. Pro-oxidant actions of alpha-lipoic acid and dihydrolipoic acid. Med Hypotheses. 2006;66(1):110–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2005.07.020.Shay KP, Michels AJ, Li W, Kong AN, Hagen TM. Cap-independent Nrf2 translation is part of a lipoic acid-stimulated detoxification stress response. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012;1823(6):1102–1109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.04.002.Shay KP, Michels AJ, Li W, Kong AN, Hagen TM. Cap-independent Nrf2 translation is part of a lipoic acid-stimulated detoxification stress response. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012;1823(6):1102–1109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.04.002.Shi C, Zhou X, Zhang J, Wang J, Xie H, Wu Z. α-Lipoic acid protects against the cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by cadmium in HepG2 cells through regeneration of glutathione by glutathione reductase via Nrf2/ ARE signaling pathway. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2016;45:274–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2016.06.003.Shi C, Zhou X, Zhang J, Wang J, Xie H, Wu Z. α-Lipoic acid protects against the cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by cadmium in HepG2 cells through regeneration of glutathione by glutathione reductase via Nrf2/ ARE signaling pathway. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2016;45:274–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2016.06.003.Biewenga GP, Haenen GR, Bast A. The pharmacology of the antioxidant lipoic acid. Gen Pharmacol. 1997;29(3):315–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-3623(96)00474-0.Biewenga GP, Haenen GR, Bast A. The pharmacology of the antioxidant lipoic acid. Gen Pharmacol. 1997;29(3):315–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-3623(96)00474-0.Балаболкин МИ, Креминская ВМ, Клебанова ЕМ. Роль окислительного стресса в патогенезе диабетической нейропатии и возможность его коррекции препаратами α-липоевой кислоты. Проблемы эндокринологии. 2005;51(3):22–32. Режим доступа: https://www.probl-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/10787.Balabolkin MI, Kreminskaya VM, Klebanova YeM. A role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy and the possibility of its correction with α-lipoic acid preparations. Problems of Endocrinology. 2005;51(3):22–32. (In Russ.) Аvailable at: https://www.probl-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/10787.Venkatraman MS, Chittiboyina A, Meingassner J, Ho CI, Varani J, Ellis CN et al. Alpha-Lipoic acid-based PPARgamma agonists for treating inflammatory skin diseases. Arch Dermatol Res. 2004;296(3):97–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-004-0480-5.Venkatraman MS, Chittiboyina A, Meingassner J, Ho CI, Varani J, Ellis CN et al. Alpha-Lipoic acid-based PPARgamma agonists for treating inflammatory skin diseases. Arch Dermatol Res. 2004;296(3):97–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-004-0480-5.Sen CK. Redox signaling and the emerging therapeutic potential of thiol antioxidants. Biochem Pharmacol. 1998;55(11):1747–1758. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-2952(97)00672-2.Sen CK. Redox signaling and the emerging therapeutic potential of thiol antioxidants. Biochem Pharmacol. 1998;55(11):1747–1758. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-2952(97)00672-2.Kihara M, Low PA. Impaired vasoreactivity to nitric oxide in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Exp Neurol. 1995;132(2):180–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4886(95)90023-3.Kihara M, Low PA. Impaired vasoreactivity to nitric oxide in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Exp Neurol. 1995;132(2):180–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4886(95)90023-3.Kowluru RA. Effect of advanced glycation end products on accelerated apoptosis of retinal capillary cells under in vitro conditions. Life Sci. 2005;76(9):1051–1060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2004.10.017.Kowluru RA. Effect of advanced glycation end products on accelerated apoptosis of retinal capillary cells under in vitro conditions. Life Sci. 2005;76(9):1051–1060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2004.10.017.Mîinea C, Kuruvilla R, Merrikh H, Eichberg J. Altered arachidonic acid biosynthesis and antioxidant protection mechanisms in Schwann cells grown in elevated glucose. J Neurochem. 2002;81(6):1253–1262. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.00912.x.Mîinea C, Kuruvilla R, Merrikh H, Eichberg J. Altered arachidonic acid biosynthesis and antioxidant protection mechanisms in Schwann cells grown in elevated glucose. J Neurochem. 2002;81(6):1253–1262. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.00912.x.Packer L, Witt EH, Tritschler HJ. alpha-Lipoic acid as a biological antioxidant. Free Radic Biol Med. 1995;19(2):227–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(95)00017-r.Packer L, Witt EH, Tritschler HJ. alpha-Lipoic acid as a biological antioxidant. Free Radic Biol Med. 1995;19(2):227–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(95)00017-r.Murase K, Hattori A, Kohno M, Hayashi K. Stimulation of nerve growth factor synthesis/secretion in mouse astroglial cells by coenzymes. Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1993;30(4):615–621. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8401318/.Murase K, Hattori A, Kohno M, Hayashi K. Stimulation of nerve growth factor synthesis/secretion in mouse astroglial cells by coenzymes. Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1993;30(4):615–621. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8401318/.Papanas N, Ziegler D. Efficacy of α-lipoic acid in diabetic neuropathy. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2014;15(18):2721–2731. https://doi.org/10.1517/14656566.2014.972935.Papanas N, Ziegler D. Efficacy of α-lipoic acid in diabetic neuropathy. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2014;15(18):2721–2731. https://doi.org/10.1517/14656566.2014.972935.Dy SM, Bennett WL, Sharma R, Zhang A, Waldfogel JM, Nesbit SA et al. Preventing Complications and Treating Symptoms of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy. Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 187. (Prepared by the Johns Hopkins University Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No. 290-2015- 00006-I.) AHRQ Publication No. 17-EHC005-EF. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2017. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442335.Dy SM, Bennett WL, Sharma R, Zhang A, Waldfogel JM, Nesbit SA et al. Preventing Complications and Treating Symptoms of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy. Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 187. (Prepared by the Johns Hopkins University Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No. 290-2015- 00006-I.) AHRQ Publication No. 17-EHC005-EF. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2017. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442335.Строков ИА, Оганов ВВ. Патогенез, диагностика и патогенетическая терапия диабетической полинейропатии. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2021;13(3):99–106. https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2021-3-99-106.Strokov IA, Oganov VV. Pathogenesis, evaluation and pathogenetic therapy of diabetic polyneuropathy. Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2021;13(3):99–106. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2021-3-99-106.Mijnhout GS, Kollen BJ, Alkhalaf A, Kleefstra N, Bilo HJ. Alpha lipoic Acid for symptomatic peripheral neuropathy in patients with diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Endocrinol. 2012;2012:456279. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/456279.Mijnhout GS, Kollen BJ, Alkhalaf A, Kleefstra N, Bilo HJ. Alpha lipoic Acid for symptomatic peripheral neuropathy in patients with diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Endocrinol. 2012;2012:456279. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/456279.Capece U, Moffa S, Improta I, Di Giuseppe G, Nista EC, Cefalo CMA et al. Alpha-Lipoic Acid and Glucose Metabolism: A Comprehensive Update on Biochemical and Therapeutic Features. Nutrients. 2022;15(1):18. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010018.Capece U, Moffa S, Improta I, Di Giuseppe G, Nista EC, Cefalo CMA et al. Alpha-Lipoic Acid and Glucose Metabolism: A Comprehensive Update on Biochemical and Therapeutic Features. Nutrients. 2022;15(1):18. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010018.Silsby M, Feldman EL, Dortch RD, Roth A, Haroutounian S, Rajabally YA et al. Advances in diagnosis and management of distal sensory polyneuropathies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2023;94(12):1025–1039. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2021-328489.Silsby M, Feldman EL, Dortch RD, Roth A, Haroutounian S, Rajabally YA et al. Advances in diagnosis and management of distal sensory polyneuropathies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2023;94(12):1025–1039. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2021-328489.Девликамова ФИ, Максимов ЮН, Хайбуллина ДХ. Радикулопатия у пациента с диабетической полинейропатией: сложности диагностики и терапии. Медицинский совет. 2022;16(2):146–151. https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2022-16-2-146-151.Devlikamova FI, Maksimov YuN, Khaibullina DKh. Radiculopathy in diabetic polyneuropathy patients: difficulties in the diagnosis and therapy. Meditsinskiy Sovet. 2022;16(2):146–151. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2022-16-2-146-151.Ахмеджанова ЛТ, Баринов АН, Строков ИА. Диабетические и недиабетические полинейропатии у пациентов с сахарным диабетом. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2018;118(4):113–120. https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro201811841113-120.Akhmedzhanova LT, Barinov AN, Strokov IA. Diabetic and non-diabetic neuropathies in patients with diabetes mellitus. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2018;118(4):113–120. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro201811841113-120.Maffi P, Secchi A. The Burden of Diabetes: Emerging Data. Dev Ophthalmol. 2017;60:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1159/000459641.Maffi P, Secchi A. The Burden of Diabetes: Emerging Data. Dev Ophthalmol. 2017;60:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1159/000459641.Ziegler D, Hanefeld M, Ruhnau KJ, Meiner HP, Lobisch M, Schotte K, Gries FA. Treatment of symptomatic diabetic peripheral neuropathy with the anti-oxidant alpha-lipoic acid. A 3-week multicentre randomized controlled trial (ALADIN Study). Diabetologia. 1995;38(12):1425–1433. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00400603.Ziegler D, Hanefeld M, Ruhnau KJ, Meiner HP, Lobisch M, Schotte K, Gries FA. Treatment of symptomatic diabetic peripheral neuropathy with the anti-oxidant alpha-lipoic acid. A 3-week multicentre randomized controlled trial (ALADIN Study). Diabetologia. 1995;38(12):1425–1433. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00400603.Ziegler D, Ametov A, Barinov A, Dyck PJ, Gurieva I, Low PA et al. Oral treatment with alpha-lipoic acid improves symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy: the SYDNEY 2 trial. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(11):2365–2370. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc06-1216.Ziegler D, Ametov A, Barinov A, Dyck PJ, Gurieva I, Low PA et al. Oral treatment with alpha-lipoic acid improves symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy: the SYDNEY 2 trial. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(11):2365–2370. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc06-1216.Ziegler D, Low PA, Litchy WJ, Boulton AJ, Vinik AI, Freeman R et al. Efficacy and safety of antioxidant treatment with α-lipoic acid over 4 years in diabetic polyneuropathy: the NATHAN 1 trial. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(9):2054–2060. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11–0503.Ziegler D, Low PA, Litchy WJ, Boulton AJ, Vinik AI, Freeman R et al. Efficacy and safety of antioxidant treatment with α-lipoic acid over 4 years in diabetic polyneuropathy: the NATHAN 1 trial. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(9):2054–2060. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11–0503.Agathos E, Tentolouris A, Eleftheriadou I, Katsaouni P, Nemtzas I, Petrou A et al. Effect of α-lipoic acid on symptoms and quality of life in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy. J Int Med Res. 2018;46(5):1779–1790. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060518756540.Agathos E, Tentolouris A, Eleftheriadou I, Katsaouni P, Nemtzas I, Petrou A et al. Effect of α-lipoic acid on symptoms and quality of life in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy. J Int Med Res. 2018;46(5):1779–1790. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060518756540.Didangelos T, Karlafti E, Kotzakioulafi E, Kontoninas Z, Margaritidis C, Giannoulaki P, Kantartzis K. Efficacy and Safety of the Combination of Superoxide Dismutase, Alpha Lipoic Acid, Vitamin B12, and Carnitine for 12 Months in Patients with Diabetic Neuropathy. Nutrients. 2020;12(11):3254. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113254.Didangelos T, Karlafti E, Kotzakioulafi E, Kontoninas Z, Margaritidis C, Giannoulaki P, Kantartzis K. Efficacy and Safety of the Combination of Superoxide Dismutase, Alpha Lipoic Acid, Vitamin B12, and Carnitine for 12 Months in Patients with Diabetic Neuropathy. Nutrients. 2020;12(11):3254. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113254.Mrakic-Sposta S, Vezzoli A, Maderna L, Gregorini F, Montorsi M, Moretti S et al. R(+)-Thioctic Acid Effects on Oxidative Stress and Peripheral Neuropathy in Type II Diabetic Patients: Preliminary Results by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and Electroneurography. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018;2018:1767265. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1767265.Mrakic-Sposta S, Vezzoli A, Maderna L, Gregorini F, Montorsi M, Moretti S et al. R(+)-Thioctic Acid Effects on Oxidative Stress and Peripheral Neuropathy in Type II Diabetic Patients: Preliminary Results by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and Electroneurography. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018;2018:1767265. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1767265.Ziegler D, Nowak H, Kempler P, Vargha P, Low PA. Treatment of symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid: a meta-analysis. Diabet Med. 2004;21(2):114–121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2004.01109.x.Ziegler D, Nowak H, Kempler P, Vargha P, Low PA. Treatment of symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid: a meta-analysis. Diabet Med. 2004;21(2):114–121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2004.01109.x.Hsieh RY, Huang IC, Chen C, Sung JY. Effects of Oral Alpha-Lipoic Acid Treatment on Diabetic Polyneuropathy: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2023;15(16):3634. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15163634.Hsieh RY, Huang IC, Chen C, Sung JY. Effects of Oral Alpha-Lipoic Acid Treatment on Diabetic Polyneuropathy: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2023;15(16):3634. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15163634.Prado MB Jr, Adiao KJB. Ranking Alpha Lipoic Acid and Gamma Linolenic Acid in Terms of Efficacy and Safety in the Management of Adults With Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Systematic Review and Network Metaanalysis. Can J Diabetes. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2024.01.007.Prado MB Jr, Adiao KJB. Ranking Alpha Lipoic Acid and Gamma Linolenic Acid in Terms of Efficacy and Safety in the Management of Adults With Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Systematic Review and Network Metaanalysis. Can J Diabetes. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2024.01.007.Ran GL, Li YP, Lu LC, Lan SH. Disease-modifying therapies for diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Diabetes Complications. 2024;38(2):108691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2024.108691.Ran GL, Li YP, Lu LC, Lan SH. Disease-modifying therapies for diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Diabetes Complications. 2024;38(2):108691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2024.108691.Zhao M, Chen JY, Chu YD, Zhu YB, Luo L, Bu SZ. Efficacy of epalrestat plus α-lipoic acid combination therapy versus monotherapy in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a meta-analysis of 20 randomized controlled trials. Neural Regen Res. 2018;13(6):1087–1095. https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.233453.Zhao M, Chen JY, Chu YD, Zhu YB, Luo L, Bu SZ. Efficacy of epalrestat plus α-lipoic acid combination therapy versus monotherapy in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a meta-analysis of 20 randomized controlled trials. Neural Regen Res. 2018;13(6):1087–1095. https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.233453.Frediani JK, Lal AA, Kim E, Leslie SL, Boorman DW, Singh V. The role of diet and non-pharmacologic supplements in the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain: A systematic review. Pain Pract. 2024;24(1):186–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/papr.13291.Frediani JK, Lal AA, Kim E, Leslie SL, Boorman DW, Singh V. The role of diet and non-pharmacologic supplements in the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain: A systematic review. Pain Pract. 2024;24(1):186–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/papr.13291.Baicus C, Purcarea A, von Elm E, Delcea C, Furtunescu FL. Alpha-lipoic acid for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024;1(1):CD012967. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012967.pub2.Baicus C, Purcarea A, von Elm E, Delcea C, Furtunescu FL. Alpha-lipoic acid for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024;1(1):CD012967. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012967.pub2.El-Nahas MR, Elkannishy G, Abdelhafez H, Elkhamisy ET, El-Sehrawy AA. Oral Alpha Lipoic Acid Treatment for Symptomatic Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Randomized Double-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Study. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2020;20(9):1531–1534. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871530320666200506081407.El-Nahas MR, Elkannishy G, Abdelhafez H, Elkhamisy ET, El-Sehrawy AA. Oral Alpha Lipoic Acid Treatment for Symptomatic Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Randomized Double-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Study. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2020;20(9):1531–1534. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871530320666200506081407.Чуканова ЕИ. Влияние Тиоктацида на клинические проявления и течение дисциркуляторной энцефалопатии. РМЖ. 2010;18(16):1027–1030. Режим доступа: https://www.rmj.ru/articles/nevrologiya/Vliyanie_Tioktacida_na_klinicheskie_proyavleniya_i_techenie_discirkulyatornoy_encefalopatii/Chukanova EI. The influence of Thioctacid on the clinical manifestations and course of dyscirculatory encephalopathy. RMJ. 2010;18(16):1027–1030. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.rmj.ru/articles/nevrologiya/Vliyanie_Tioktacida_na_klinicheskie_proyavleniya__i_techenie_discirkulyatornoy_encefalopatii/Чуканова ЕИ, Чуканова АС. Применение антиоксидантных препаратов в комплексной патогенетической терапии сосудистых когнитивных нарушений. РМЖ. 2014;22(10):759–761. Режим доступа: https://www.rmj.ru/articles/klinicheskaya_farmakologiya/Primenenie_antioksidantnyh_preparatov_v_kompleksnoy_patogeneticheskoy_terapii_sosudistyh_kognitivnyh_narusheniy/?ysclid=lump63w3ft346686237.Chukanova EI, Chukanova AS. The use of antioxidant drugs in complex pathogenetic therapy of vascular cognitive impairment. RMJ. 2014;22(10):759–761. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.rmj.ru/articles/klinicheskaya_farmakologiya/Primenenie_antioksidantnyh_preparatov_v_kompleksnoy_patogeneticheskoy_terapii_sosudistyh_kognitivnyh_narusheniy/?ysclid=lump63w3ft346686237.Есин РГ, Хайруллин ИХ, Есин ОР. Диабетическая энцефалопатия: современные представления и потенциальные терапевтические стратегии. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2021;121(7):49–54. https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro202112107149.Esin RG, Khairullin IKh, Esin OR. Diabetic encephalopathy: current insights and potential therapeutic strategies. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2021;121(7):49–54. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro202112107149.Gilron I, Robb S, Tu D, Holden RR, Jackson AC, Duggan S, Milev R. Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of a combination of alphalipoic acid and pregabalin for neuropathic pain: the PAIN-CARE trial. Pain. 2024;165(2):461–469. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003038.Gilron I, Robb S, Tu D, Holden RR, Jackson AC, Duggan S, Milev R. Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of a combination of alphalipoic acid and pregabalin for neuropathic pain: the PAIN-CARE trial. Pain. 2024;165(2):461–469. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003038.Скляр ИА, Воробьева ОВ, Шаряпова РБ, Садеков РК. Тиоктацид в лечении алкогольной полинейропатии. Эффективная фармакотерапия. 2001;(2):39–41. Режим доступа: https://umedp.ru/articles/alkogolnaya_polinevropatiya_patogenez_klinika_lechenie.html.Sklyar IA, Vorobyova OV, Sharyapova RB, Sadekov RK. Thioctacid in the treatment of alcoholic polyneuropathy. Effective Pharmacotherapy. 2001;(2):39–41. (In Russ.) Available at: https://umedp.ru/articles/alkogolnaya_polinevropatiya_patogenez_klinika_lechenie.html.Ковражкина ЕА, Айриян НЮ, Серкин ГВ, Глушков КС, Павлов НА, Гехт АБ и др. Возможности и перспективы применения берлитиона для лечения алкогольной полинейропатии. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2004;104(2):33–37. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15002318.Kovrazhkina EA, Airiyan NYu, Serkin GV, Glushkov KS, Pavlov NA, Gekht AB et al. Possibilities and prospects for using berlition for the treatment of alcoholic polyneuropathy. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2004;104(2):33–37. (In Russ.) Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15002318.Pirlich M, Kiok K, Sandig G, Lochs H, Grune T. Alpha-lipoic acid prevents ethanol-induced protein oxidation in mouse hippocampal HT22 cells. Neurosci Lett. 2002;328(2):93–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3940(02)00415-9.Pirlich M, Kiok K, Sandig G, Lochs H, Grune T. Alpha-lipoic acid prevents ethanol-induced protein oxidation in mouse hippocampal HT22 cells. Neurosci Lett. 2002;328(2):93–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3940(02)00415-9.Dinicola S, Fuso A, Cucina A, Santiago-Reyes M, Verna R, Unfer V et al. Natural products - alpha-lipoic acid and acetyl-L-carnitine – in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2018;22(14):4739–4754. https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_201807_15534.Dinicola S, Fuso A, Cucina A, Santiago-Reyes M, Verna R, Unfer V et al. Natural products - alpha-lipoic acid and acetyl-L-carnitine – in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2018;22(14):4739–4754. https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_201807_15534.Werida RH, Elshafiey RA, Ghoneim A, Elzawawy S, Mostafa TM. Role of alpha-lipoic acid in counteracting paclitaxel- and doxorubicin-induced toxicities: a randomized controlled trial in breast cancer patients. Support Care Cancer. 2022;30(9):7281–7292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-022-07124-0.Werida RH, Elshafiey RA, Ghoneim A, Elzawawy S, Mostafa TM. Role of alpha-lipoic acid in counteracting paclitaxel- and doxorubicin-induced toxicities: a randomized controlled trial in breast cancer patients. Support Care Cancer. 2022;30(9):7281–7292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-022-07124-0.Lee DW, Park HC, Kim DH. Protective effect of alpha-lipoic acid and epalrestat on oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy in zebrafish. Muscle Nerve. 2024;69(4):498–503. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.28047.Lee DW, Park HC, Kim DH. Protective effect of alpha-lipoic acid and epalrestat on oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy in zebrafish. Muscle Nerve. 2024;69(4):498–503. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.28047.Frank J, Kisters K, Stirban OA, Obeid R, Lorkowski S, Wallert M et al. The role of biofactors in the prevention and treatment of age-related diseases. Biofactors. 2021;47(4):522–550. https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.1728.Frank J, Kisters K, Stirban OA, Obeid R, Lorkowski S, Wallert M et al. The role of biofactors in the prevention and treatment of age-related diseases. Biofactors. 2021;47(4):522–550. https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.1728.Dieter F, Esselun C, Eckert GP. Redox Active α-Lipoic Acid Differentially Improves Mitochondrial Dysfunction in a Cellular Model of Alzheimer and Its Control Cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(16):9186. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169186.Dieter F, Esselun C, Eckert GP. Redox Active α-Lipoic Acid Differentially Improves Mitochondrial Dysfunction in a Cellular Model of Alzheimer and Its Control Cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(16):9186. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169186.Tóth F, Cseh EK, Vécsei L. Natural Molecules and Neuroprotection: Kynurenic Acid, Pantethine and α-Lipoic Acid. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(1):403. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010403.Tóth F, Cseh EK, Vécsei L. Natural Molecules and Neuroprotection: Kynurenic Acid, Pantethine and α-Lipoic Acid. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(1):403. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010403.Литвиненко ИВ, Красаков ИВ, Бисага ГН, Скулябин ДИ, Полтавский ИД. Современная концепция патогенеза нейродегенеративных заболеваний и стратегия терапии. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. C.C. Корсакова. 2017;117(6-2):3–10. https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro2017117623-10.Litvinenko IV, Krasakov IV, Bisaga GN, Skulyabin DI, Poltavsky ID. Modern concept of the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and treatment strategy. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2017;117(6-2):3–10. https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro2017117623-10.Dos Santos SM, Romeiro CFR, Rodrigues CA, Cerqueira ARL, Monteiro MC. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Alpha-Lipoic Acid: Beneficial or Harmful in Alzheimer’s Disease?. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2019;2019:8409329. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8409329.Dos Santos SM, Romeiro CFR, Rodrigues CA, Cerqueira ARL, Monteiro MC. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Alpha-Lipoic Acid: Beneficial or Harmful in Alzheimer’s Disease?. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2019;2019:8409329. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8409329.Yadav V, Marracci G, Lovera J, Woodward W, Bogardus K, Marquardt W et al. Lipoic acid in multiple sclerosis: a pilot study. Mult Scler. 2005;11(2):159–165. https://doi.org/10.1191/1352458505ms1143oa.Yadav V, Marracci G, Lovera J, Woodward W, Bogardus K, Marquardt W et al. Lipoic acid in multiple sclerosis: a pilot study. Mult Scler. 2005;11(2):159–165. https://doi.org/10.1191/1352458505ms1143oa.Хабиров ФА, Есин РГ, Хайбуллин ТИ, Рогожин АА, Бабичева НН, Аверьянова ЛА, Гранатов ЕВ. Cенсорные расстройства при рассеянном склерозе и возможности их коррекции тиоктовой кислотой. Неврологический вестник. 2010;XLII(1):37–40. Режим доступа: https://journals.eco-vector.com/1027-4898/article/view/13578.Khabirov FА, Esin RG, Khaibullin ТI, Rogozhin АА, Babicheva NN, Аverjanova LA, Granatov ЕV. Sensor disorders at multiple sclerosis and means of their correction by thioctic acid. Neurology Bulletin. 2010;XLII(1):37–40. (In Russ.) Available at: https://journals.eco-vector.com/1027-4898/article/view/13578.Xie H, Yang X, Cao Y, Long X, Shang H, Jia Z. Role of lipoic acid in multiple sclerosis. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2022;28(3):319–331. https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.13793.Xie H, Yang X, Cao Y, Long X, Shang H, Jia Z. Role of lipoic acid in multiple sclerosis. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2022;28(3):319–331. https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.13793.Тарасова СВ, Курапов МА. Опыт применения препаратов тиоктовой кислоты в комплексном лечении пациентов с обострением рассеянного склероза. Фарматека. 2014;(19):59–63. Режим доступа: https://pharmateca.ru/ru/archive/article/30537?ysclid=lumqbyu1tl781535135.Tarasova SV, Kurapov MA. Experience of the use of thioctic acid in complex treatment of patients with multiple sclerosis exacerbations. Farmateka. 2014;(19):59–63. (In Russ.) Аvailable at: https://pharmateca.ru/ru/archive/article/30537?ysclid=lumqbyu1tl781535135.Spain R, Powers K, Murchison C, Heriza E, Winges K, Yadav V et al. Lipoic acid in secondary progressive MS: A randomized controlled pilot trial. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2017;4(5):e374. https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000374.Spain R, Powers K, Murchison C, Heriza E, Winges K, Yadav V et al. Lipoic acid in secondary progressive MS: A randomized controlled pilot trial. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2017;4(5):e374. https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000374.Loy BD, Fling BW, Horak FB, Bourdette DN, Spain RI. Effects of lipoic acid on walking performance, gait, and balance in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Complement Ther Med. 2018;41:169–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2018.09.006.Loy BD, Fling BW, Horak FB, Bourdette DN, Spain RI. Effects of lipoic acid on walking performance, gait, and balance in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Complement Ther Med. 2018;41:169–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2018.09.006.Ranieri M, Sciuscio M, Cortese AM, Santamato A, Di Teo L, Ianieri G et al. The use of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), gamma linolenic acid (GLA) and rehabilitation in the treatment of back pain: effect on health-related quality of life. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2009;22(3 Suppl):45–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/03946320090220S309.Ranieri M, Sciuscio M, Cortese AM, Santamato A, Di Teo L, Ianieri G et al. The use of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), gamma linolenic acid (GLA) and rehabilitation in the treatment of back pain: effect on health-related quality of life. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2009;22(3 Suppl):45–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/03946320090220S309.Latini E, Bonasia G, Petroselli L, Mazzola M, Musa F, Santoboni F et al. Alpha-Lipoic Acid, Palmitoylethanolamide, Myrrh, and Oxygen-Ozone Therapy Improve Pharmacological Therapy in Acute Painful Lumbosacral Radiculopathy due to Herniated Disc. Pain Physician. 2023;26(4):E363–E373. Аvailable at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37535783/.Latini E, Bonasia G, Petroselli L, Mazzola M, Musa F, Santoboni F et al. Alpha-Lipoic Acid, Palmitoylethanolamide, Myrrh, and Oxygen-Ozone Therapy Improve Pharmacological Therapy in Acute Painful Lumbosacral Radiculopathy due to Herniated Disc. Pain Physician. 2023;26(4):E363–E373. Аvailable at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37535783/.Bonetti M, Lauritano D, Ottaviani GM, Fontana A, Zambello A, Della Gatta L et al. Oxygen-Ozone Therapy Associated with Alpha Lipoic Acid Plus Palmitoylethanolamide and Myrrh versus Ozone Therapy in the Combined Treatment of Sciatic Pain Due to Herniated Discs: Observational Study on 318 Patients. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(9):5716. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095716.Bonetti M, Lauritano D, Ottaviani GM, Fontana A, Zambello A, Della Gatta L et al. Oxygen-Ozone Therapy Associated with Alpha Lipoic Acid Plus Palmitoylethanolamide and Myrrh versus Ozone Therapy in the Combined Treatment of Sciatic Pain Due to Herniated Discs: Observational Study on 318 Patients. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(9):5716. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095716.Scaturro D, Vitagliani F, Tomasello S, Sconza C, Respizzi S, Letizia Mauro G. Combined Rehabilitation with Alpha Lipoic Acid, Acetyl-L-Carnitine, Resveratrol, and Cholecalciferolin Discogenic Sciatica in Young People: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Medicina (Kaunas). 2023;59(12):2197. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59122197.Scaturro D, Vitagliani F, Tomasello S, Sconza C, Respizzi S, Letizia Mauro G. Combined Rehabilitation with Alpha Lipoic Acid, Acetyl-L-Carnitine, Resveratrol, and Cholecalciferolin Discogenic Sciatica in Young People: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Medicina (Kaunas). 2023;59(12):2197. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59122197.Abdelrahman KA, Ibrahim AS, Osman AM, Aly MG, Ali AS, Farrag WS. Alpha lipoic acid with pulsed radiofrequency in treatment of chronic lumbosacral radicular pain: A prospective, randomized study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(24):e26344. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000026344.Abdelrahman KA, Ibrahim AS, Osman AM, Aly MG, Ali AS, Farrag WS. Alpha lipoic acid with pulsed radiofrequency in treatment of chronic lumbosacral radicular pain: A prospective, randomized study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(24):e26344. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000026344.Senoglu M, Nacitarhan V, Kurutas EB, Senoglu N, Altun I, Atli Y, Ozbag D. Intraperitoneal Alpha-Lipoic Acid to prevent neural damage after crush injury to the rat sciatic nerve. J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj. 2009;4:22. https://doi.org/10.1186/1749-7221-4-22.Senoglu M, Nacitarhan V, Kurutas EB, Senoglu N, Altun I, Atli Y, Ozbag D. Intraperitoneal Alpha-Lipoic Acid to prevent neural damage after crush injury to the rat sciatic nerve. J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj. 2009;4:22. https://doi.org/10.1186/1749-7221-4-22.Yildirim CH, Yucetas SC, Kaya M, Ozic C, Balioğlu MB, Ustun H et al. Alphalipoic acid inhibits peridural fibrosis following laminectomy through the inactivation of TGF-β1, PDGF, PAI-1 and IL-6 expressions. Turk Neurosurg. 2015;25(1):90–99. https://doi.org/10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.10447-14.1.Yildirim CH, Yucetas SC, Kaya M, Ozic C, Balioğlu MB, Ustun H et al. Alphalipoic acid inhibits peridural fibrosis following laminectomy through the inactivation of TGF-β1, PDGF, PAI-1 and IL-6 expressions. Turk Neurosurg. 2015;25(1):90–99. https://doi.org/10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.10447-14.1.Boriani F, Granchi D, Roatti G, Merlini L, Sabattini T, Baldini N. Alpha-lipoic Acid After Median Nerve Decompression at the Carpal Tunnel: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Hand Surg Am. 2017;42(4):236–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2017.01.011.Boriani F, Granchi D, Roatti G, Merlini L, Sabattini T, Baldini N. Alpha-lipoic Acid After Median Nerve Decompression at the Carpal Tunnel: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Hand Surg Am. 2017;42(4):236–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2017.01.011.Monroy Guízar EA, García Benavides L, Ambriz Plascencia AR, Pascoe González S, Totsuka Sutto SE, Cardona Muñoz EG, Méndez-Del Villar M. Effect of Alpha-Lipoic Acid on Clinical and Neurophysiologic Recovery of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial. J Med Food. 2018;21(5):521–526. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2017.0056.Monroy Guízar EA, García Benavides L, Ambriz Plascencia AR, Pascoe González S, Totsuka Sutto SE, Cardona Muñoz EG, Méndez-Del Villar M. Effect of Alpha-Lipoic Acid on Clinical and Neurophysiologic Recovery of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial. J Med Food. 2018;21(5):521–526. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2017.0056.Gülsah Ö, Bekir DE. Efficacy of intravenous alpha lipoic acid in the treatment of neuropatic pain due to carpal tunnel syndrome. Ideggyogy Sz. 2023;76(9-10):319–326. https://doi.org/10.18071/isz.76.0319.Gülsah Ö, Bekir DE. Efficacy of intravenous alpha lipoic acid in the treatment of neuropatic pain due to carpal tunnel syndrome. Ideggyogy Sz. 2023;76(9-10):319–326. https://doi.org/10.18071/isz.76.0319.Passiatore M, Perna A, De-Vitis R, Taccardo G. The Use of Alfa-Lipoic Acid-R (ALA-R) in Patients with Mild-Moderate Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Randomised Controlled Open Label Prospective Study. Malays Orthop J. 2020;14(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.5704/MOJ.2003.001.Passiatore M, Perna A, De-Vitis R, Taccardo G. The Use of Alfa-Lipoic Acid-R (ALA-R) in Patients with Mild-Moderate Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Randomised Controlled Open Label Prospective Study. Malays Orthop J. 2020;14(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.5704/MOJ.2003.001.Saboori S, Falahi E, Eslampour E, Zeinali Khosroshahi M, Yousefi Rad E. Effects of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on C-reactive protein level: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2018;28(8):779–786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2018.04.003.Saboori S, Falahi E, Eslampour E, Zeinali Khosroshahi M, Yousefi Rad E. Effects of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on C-reactive protein level: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2018;28(8):779–786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2018.04.003.Đukić L, Trajković L, Knežević T, Dimitrijević J, Krstić D, Stojanović M. The Effect of α-lipoic Acid on C-Reactive Protein Level: A Meta-analysis of Randomized, Double-Blind, and Placebo-Controlled Studies. Dose Response. 2022;20(4):15593258221126827. https://doi.org/10.1177/15593258221126827.Đukić L, Trajković L, Knežević T, Dimitrijević J, Krstić D, Stojanović M. The Effect of α-lipoic Acid on C-Reactive Protein Level: A Meta-analysis of Randomized, Double-Blind, and Placebo-Controlled Studies. Dose Response. 2022;20(4):15593258221126827. https://doi.org/10.1177/15593258221126827.Vajdi M, Mahmoudi-Nezhad M, Farhangi MA. An updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of the randomized controlled trials on the effects of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2023;93(2):164–177. https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000702.Vajdi M, Mahmoudi-Nezhad M, Farhangi MA. An updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of the randomized controlled trials on the effects of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2023;93(2):164–177. https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000702.Pagano G, Manfredi C, Pallardó FV, Lyakhovich A, Tiano L, Trifuoggi M. Potential roles of mitochondrial cofactors in the adjuvant mitigation of proinflammatory acute infections, as in the case of sepsis and COVID-19 pneumonia. Inflamm Res. 2021;70(2):159–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-020-01423-0.Pagano G, Manfredi C, Pallardó FV, Lyakhovich A, Tiano L, Trifuoggi M. Potential roles of mitochondrial cofactors in the adjuvant mitigation of proinflammatory acute infections, as in the case of sepsis and COVID-19 pneumonia. Inflamm Res. 2021;70(2):159–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-020-01423-0.Rochette L, Ghibu S. Mechanics Insights of Alpha-Lipoic Acid against Cardiovascular Diseases during COVID-19 Infection. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(15):7979. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22157979.Rochette L, Ghibu S. Mechanics Insights of Alpha-Lipoic Acid against Cardiovascular Diseases during COVID-19 Infection. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(15):7979. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22157979.Uberti F, Ruga S, Farghali M, Galla R, Molinari C. A Combination of α-Lipoic Acid (ALA) and Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) Blocks Endotoxin-Induced Oxidative Stress and Cytokine Storm: A Possible Intervention for COVID-19. J Diet Suppl. 2023;20(2):133–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2021.1966152.Uberti F, Ruga S, Farghali M, Galla R, Molinari C. A Combination of α-Lipoic Acid (ALA) and Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) Blocks Endotoxin-Induced Oxidative Stress and Cytokine Storm: A Possible Intervention for COVID-19. J Diet Suppl. 2023;20(2):133–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2021.1966152.Barletta MA, Marino G, Spagnolo B, Bianchi FP, Falappone PCF, Spagnolo L, Gatti P. Coenzyme Q10 + alpha lipoic acid for chronic COVID syndrome. Clin Exp Med. 2023;23(3):667–678. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10238-022-00871-8.Barletta MA, Marino G, Spagnolo B, Bianchi FP, Falappone PCF, Spagnolo L, Gatti P. Coenzyme Q10 + alpha lipoic acid for chronic COVID syndrome. Clin Exp Med. 2023;23(3):667–678. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10238-022-00871-8.Figueiredo LP, Paim PVDSL, Cerqueira-Silva T, Barreto CC, Lessa MM. Alpha-lipoic acid does not improve olfactory training results in olfactory loss due to COVID-19: a double-blind randomized trial. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2024;90(1):101356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2023.101356.Figueiredo LP, Paim PVDSL, Cerqueira-Silva T, Barreto CC, Lessa MM. Alpha-lipoic acid does not improve olfactory training results in olfactory loss due to COVID-19: a double-blind randomized trial. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2024;90(1):101356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2023.101356.Indika NR, Frye RE, Rossignol DA, Owens SC, Senarathne UD, Grabrucker AM et al. The Rationale for Vitamin, Mineral, and Cofactor Treatment in the Precision Medical Care of Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Pers Med. 2023;13(2):252. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13020252.Indika NR, Frye RE, Rossignol DA, Owens SC, Senarathne UD, Grabrucker AM et al. The Rationale for Vitamin, Mineral, and Cofactor Treatment in the Precision Medical Care of Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Pers Med. 2023;13(2):252. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13020252.Abu-Zaid A, Baradwan S, Bukhari IA, Alyousef A, Abuzaid M, Saleh SAK et al. The effect of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on anthropometric, glycemic, lipid, oxidative stress, and hormonal parameters in individuals with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Obstet Gynecol Sci. 2024;67(1):17–29. https://doi.org/10.5468/ogs.23206.Abu-Zaid A, Baradwan S, Bukhari IA, Alyousef A, Abuzaid M, Saleh SAK et al. The effect of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on anthropometric, glycemic, lipid, oxidative stress, and hormonal parameters in individuals with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Obstet Gynecol Sci. 2024;67(1):17–29. https://doi.org/10.5468/ogs.23206.Dong L, Zhang X, Yang F, Li J, Yu X, Li Y. Effect of oral alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) on the treatment of male infertility: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(51):e18453. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000018453.Dong L, Zhang X, Yang F, Li J, Yu X, Li Y. Effect of oral alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) on the treatment of male infertility: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(51):e18453. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000018453.Kucukgoncu S, Zhou E, Lucas KB, Tek C. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) as a supplementation for weight loss: results from a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obes Rev. 2017;18(5):594–601. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12528.Kucukgoncu S, Zhou E, Lucas KB, Tek C. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) as a supplementation for weight loss: results from a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obes Rev. 2017;18(5):594–601. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12528.Mahmoudi-Nezhad M, Vajdi M, Farhangi MA. An updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of the effects of α-lipoic acid supplementation on glycemic markers in adults. Nutrition. 2021;82:111041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2020.111041.Mahmoudi-Nezhad M, Vajdi M, Farhangi MA. An updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of the effects of α-lipoic acid supplementation on glycemic markers in adults. Nutrition. 2021;82:111041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2020.111041.Sun F, Jiang D, Cai J. Effects of valsartan combined with α-lipoic acid on renal function in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Endocr Disord. 2021;21(1):178. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-021-00844-0.Sun F, Jiang D, Cai J. Effects of valsartan combined with α-lipoic acid on renal function in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Endocr Disord. 2021;21(1):178. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-021-00844-0.Ajith TA. Alpha-lipoic acid: A possible pharmacological agent for treating dry eye disease and retinopathy in diabetes. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2020;47(12):1883–1890. https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1681.13373.Ajith TA. Alpha-lipoic acid: A possible pharmacological agent for treating dry eye disease and retinopathy in diabetes. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2020;47(12):1883–1890. https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1681.13373.Vajdi M, Abbasalizad Farhangi M. Alpha-lipoic acid supplementation significantly reduces the risk of obesity in an updated systematic review and dose response meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled clinical trials. Int J Clin Pract. 2020;74(6):e13493. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.13493.Vajdi M, Abbasalizad Farhangi M. Alpha-lipoic acid supplementation significantly reduces the risk of obesity in an updated systematic review and dose response meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled clinical trials. Int J Clin Pract. 2020;74(6):e13493. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.13493.Haghighatdoost F, Hariri M. Does alpha-lipoic acid affect lipid profile? A meta-analysis and systematic review on randomized controlled trials. Eur J Pharmacol. 2019;847:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.01.001.Haghighatdoost F, Hariri M. Does alpha-lipoic acid affect lipid profile? A meta-analysis and systematic review on randomized controlled trials. Eur J Pharmacol. 2019;847:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.01.001.Fogacci F, Rizzo M, Krogager C, Kennedy C, Georges CMG, Knežević T et al. Safety Evaluation of α-Lipoic Acid Supplementation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Studies. Antioxidants (Basel). 2020;9(10):1011. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9101011.Fogacci F, Rizzo M, Krogager C, Kennedy C, Georges CMG, Knežević T et al. Safety Evaluation of α-Lipoic Acid Supplementation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Studies. Antioxidants (Basel). 2020;9(10):1011. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9101011.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.