<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medsovet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский Совет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-701X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5790</issn><publisher><publisher-name>REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21518/ms2024-120</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medsovet-8293</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРИКЛАДНЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ ЭНДОКРИНОЛОГИИ И КАРДИОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>APPLIED ASPECTS OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND CARDIOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Х-сцепленная адренолейкодистрофия: описание клинического случая</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: a case report</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0187-0457</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Худякова</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Hudiakova</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Худякова Наталья Валерьевна, к.м.н., доцент кафедры факультетской терапии, Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет;</p><p>199106, Санкт-Петербург, 21-я линия Васильевского острова, д. 8А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia V. Hudiakova, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor of the Department of Faculty Therapy</p><p>8A, 21-ya Liniya Vasilevskogo Ostrova St., St Petersburg, 199106</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">natalia_temnaja@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8529-3890</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пчелин</surname><given-names>И. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pchelin</surname><given-names>I. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Пчелин Иван Юрьевич, к.м.н., доцент кафедры факультетской терапии</p><p>199106, Санкт-Петербург, 21-я линия Васильевского острова, д. 8А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ivan Yu. Pchelin, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor of the Department of Faculty Therapy</p><p>8A, 21-ya Liniya Vasilevskogo Ostrova St., St Petersburg, 199106</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">i.pchelin@spbu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5111-2131</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шишкин</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shishkin</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шишкин Александр Николаевич, д.м.н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой факультетской терапии</p><p>199106, Санкт-Петербург, 21-я линия Васильевского острова, д. 8А</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexandr N. Shishkin, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Faculty Therapy</p><p>8A, 21-ya Liniya Vasilevskogo Ostrova St., St Petersburg, 199106</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alexshishkin@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6921-9789</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Васильев</surname><given-names>П, В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasilev</surname><given-names>P. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Васильев Петр Валерьевич, к.м.н., ассистент кафедры факультетской терапии</p><p>199106, Санкт-Петербург, 21-я линия Васильевского острова, д. 8А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Petr V. Vasilev, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor of the Department of Faculty Therapy</p><p>8A, 21-ya Liniya Vasilevskogo Ostrova St., St Petersburg, 199106</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">petvasil@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4168-1853</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семиголовский</surname><given-names>Н. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Semigolovskii</surname><given-names>N. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Семиголовский Никита Юрьевич, д.м.н., профессор кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней</p><p>199106, Санкт-Петербург, 21-я линия Васильевского острова, д. 8А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikita Yu. Semigolovskii, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor of the Department of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases</p><p>8A, 21-ya Liniya Vasilevskogo Ostrova St., St Petersburg, 199106</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">semigolovski@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1915-2237</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мазуренко</surname><given-names>С. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mazurenko</surname><given-names>S. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мазуренко Сергей Олегович, д.м.н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой пропедевтики внутренних болезней</p><p>199106, Санкт-Петербург, 21-я линия Васильевского острова, д. 8А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey O. Mazurenko, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases</p><p>8A, 21-ya Liniya Vasilevskogo Ostrova St., St Petersburg, 199106</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dr_mazurenko@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0253-4132</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнов</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnov</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Смирнов Виктор Владимирович, к.м.н., доцент кафедры госпитальной терапии с курсом эндокринологии</p><p>194100, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Литовская, д. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Viktor V. Smirnov, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor of the Department of Hospital Therapy with a Course of Endocrinology</p><p>2, Litovskaya St., St Petersburg, 194100</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vvs@kodeks.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4696-9290</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванов</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanov</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Иванов Никита Владимирович, к.м.н., доцент кафедры эндокринологии имени академика В.Г. Баранова</p><p>191015, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, д. 41</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikita V. Ivanov, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor of the Department of Endocrinology named after Academician V.G. Baranov</p><p>41, Kirochnaya St., St Petersburg, 191015</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">baltic.forum@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">St Petersburg State University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">St Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет имени И.И. Мечникова<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>234</fpage><lpage>239</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Худякова Н.В., Пчелин И.Ю., Шишкин А.Н., Васильев П.В., Семиголовский Н.Ю., Мазуренко С.О., Смирнов В.В., Иванов Н.В., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Худякова Н.В., Пчелин И.Ю., Шишкин А.Н., Васильев П.В., Семиголовский Н.Ю., Мазуренко С.О., Смирнов В.В., Иванов Н.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Hudiakova N.V., Pchelin I.Y., Shishkin A.N., Vasilev P.V., Semigolovskii N.Y., Mazurenko S.O., Smirnov V.V., Ivanov N.V.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/8293">https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/8293</self-uri><abstract><p>В данной статье мы описали клинический случай пациента 32 лет с поздней диагностикой адреномиелонейропатии, манифестировавшей с постепенно нарастающей неврологической симптоматикой, ошибочно расцененной как наследственный спастический парапарез, впоследствии к которой присоединилась надпочечниковая недостаточность. Известно, что адренолейкодистрофия (АЛД) характеризуется выраженным фенотипическим полиморфизмом, что связано с различиями пенетрантности и экспрессивности аномального гена. Пациенту был проведен поиск патогенных мутаций, ассоциированных со спастическими параплегиями и наследственными заболеваниями со сходными фенотипическими проявлениями (панель «Нейродегенеративные заболевания», включающая анализ 723 генов). Значимых изменений, соответствующих критериям поиска, обнаружено не было. Однако отсутствие точечных мутаций, ассоциированных с АЛД, не опровергает данный диагноз, а требует исключения хромосомных перестроек, методом секвенирования гена АВСD1. Этого исследования пациенту проведено не было, что впоследствии привело к постановке неправильного диагноза. Несмотря на то что современные клинические рекомендации допускают установление диагноза АЛД без генетического подтверждения, в связи с многообразием масок АЛД и частой несвоевременной диагностикой данного заболевания, целесообразно секвенирование гена АВСD1. С целью коррекции надпочечниковой недостаточности пациенту назначена заместительная гормональная терапия (ЗГТ) гидрокортизоном, которая устранила основные клинические проявления и частично лабораторные признаки гипокортицизма. Однако уровень кортикотропина указывает на неадекватность ЗГТ и повышенный риск формирования вторичной кортикотропиномы. Однако в течение последних 5 лет пациент получает интратекальную терапию ГАМК-агонистом баклофеном. В литературе до настоящего времени не описана реакция стрессовых гормонов на интратекальное введение баклофена у пациентов с первичным гипокортицизмом. Имеющиеся немногочисленные данные указывают на то, что агонисты ГАМК могут оказывать разнонаправленное действие на гипоталамо-гипофизарную функцию, в связи с чем затруднительно определить вклад этого влияния на секрецию кортикотропина у данного пациента.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In this article, we described а clinical case of a 32-year-old patient with late diagnosis of adrenomyeloneuropathy manifested with gradually increasing neurologic symptoms, mistakenly considered as hereditary spastic paraparesis, later joined by adrenal insufficiency. It is known that ALD is characterized by a pronounced phenotypic polymorphism, which is associated with differences in penetrance and expression of the abnormal gene. The patient was examined for pathogenic mutations associated with spastic paraplegia and hereditary diseases with similar phenotypic manifestations (Neurodegenerative Diseases panel including analysis of 723 genes). No significant changes meeting the search criteria were found. However, the absence of point mutations associated with ALD does not exclude this diagnosis, but requires the exclusion of chromosomal rearrangements by sequencing the ABCD1 gene. This study was not performed on the patient, which subsequently led to the misdiagnosis. Despite the fact that current clinical guidelines allow the diagnosis of ALD without genetic confirmation, due to the variety of ALD “masks” and frequent untimely diagnosis of this disease, sequencing of the ABCD1 gene is advisable. In order to correct adrenal insufficiency, the patient was prescribed hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with hydrocortisone, which eliminated the main clinical manifestations and partially laboratory signs of hypocorticism. However, corticotropin levels indicated inadequacy of HRT and increased risk of secondary corticotropinoma growth. However, the patient has been receiving intrathecal therapy with the GABA agonist baclofen for the past five years. The literature has not yet described the response of stress hormones to intrathecal administration of baclofen in patients with primary hypocorticism. The few data available indicate that GABA agonists may have a multidirectional effect on hypothalamic-pituitary function; therefore, it is difficult to determine the contribution of this effect on corticotropin secretion in this patient.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>адренолейкодистрофия</kwd><kwd>адреномиелонейропатия</kwd><kwd>диагностика</kwd><kwd>ГАМК-агонист баклофен</kwd><kwd>клинический случай</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>adrenoleukodystrophy</kwd><kwd>adrenomyeloneuropathy</kwd><kwd>diagnosis</kwd><kwd>GABA agonist baclofen</kwd><kwd>сase presentation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Худякова НВ, Пчелин ИЮ, Шишкин АН, Мазуренко СО, Воловникова ВА, Иванов НВ и др. Урологические нарушения при адренолейкодистрофии/адреномиелонейропатии. Нефрология. 2023;27(4):34–42. https://doi.org/10.36485/1561-6274-2023-27-4-34-42.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khudyakova NV, Pchelin IYu, Shishkin AN, Mazurenko SO, Volovnikova VA, Ivanov NV et al. Urological disorders in adrenoleukodystrophy/adrenomyeloneuropathy. Nephrology (Saint-Petersburg). 2023;27(4):34–42. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.36485/1561-6274-2023-27-4-34-42.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dong В, Lv W, Xu L, Zhao Y, Sun X, Wang Z et al. Identification of Two Novel Mutations of ABCD1 Gene in Pedigrees with X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy and Review of the Literature. Int J Endocrinol. 2022;2022:5479781 https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5479781.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dong В, Lv W, Xu L, Zhao Y, Sun X, Wang Z et al. Identification of Two Novel Mutations of ABCD1 Gene in Pedigrees with X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy and Review of the Literature. Int J Endocrinol. 2022;2022:5479781 https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5479781.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Engelen M, Kemp S, de Visser M, van Geel BM, Wanders RJA, Aubourg P, Tien Poll-The B. X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD): clinical presentation and guidelines for diagnosis, follow-up and management. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2012;7:51. https://doi.org/10.1186/1750-1172-7-51.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Engelen M, Kemp S, de Visser M, van Geel BM, Wanders RJA, Aubourg P, Tien Poll-The B. X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD): clinical presentation and guidelines for diagnosis, follow-up and management. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2012;7:51. https://doi.org/10.1186/1750-1172-7-51.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Худякова НВ, Пчелин ИЮ, Шишкин АН, Соловьев ОВ, Смирнов ВВ. Адренолейкодистрофия/адреномиелонейропатия и гиперактивный мочевой пузырь. Обзор литературы. Juvenis Scientia. 2023;9(5):20–30. https://doi.org/10.32415/jscientia_2023_9_5_20-30.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khudyakova NV, Pchelin IY, Shishkin AN, Soloviev OV, Smirnov VV. Adrenoleukodystrophy/Adrenomyeloneuropathy and Neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction. A Review. Juvenis Scientia. 2023;9(5):20–30. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.32415/jscientia_2023_9_5_20-30.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Campopiano R, Femiano C, Chiaravalloti MA, Ferese R, Centonze D, Buttari F et al. A Large Family with p.Arg554 His Mutation in ABCD1: Clinical Features and Genotype/Phenotype Correlation in Female Carriers. Genes. 2021;12:775. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12050775.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Campopiano R, Femiano C, Chiaravalloti MA, Ferese R, Centonze D, Buttari F et al. A Large Family with p.Arg554 His Mutation in ABCD1: Clinical Features and Genotype/Phenotype Correlation in Female Carriers. Genes. 2021;12:775. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12050775.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paláu-Hernándeza S, Rodriguez-Leyvaa I, Shiguetomi-Medinaa JM. Late onset adrenoleukodystrophy: A review related clinical case report. eNeurologicalSci. 2019;14:62–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensci.2019.01.007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paláu-Hernándeza S, Rodriguez-Leyvaa I, Shiguetomi-Medinaa JM. Late onset adrenoleukodystrophy: A review related clinical case report. eNeurologicalSci. 2019;14:62–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensci.2019.01.007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sugiyama K, Kimura M, Abe T, Ikezawa Y, Manaka H, Yamatani K et al. Hyper-Adrenocorticotropinemia in patient with Addison,s disease after treatment with corticosteroids. Case Reports Intern Med. 1996;35(7):555–559. https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.35.555.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sugiyama K, Kimura M, Abe T, Ikezawa Y, Manaka H, Yamatani K et al. Hyper-Adrenocorticotropinemia in patient with Addison,s disease after treatment with corticosteroids. Case Reports Intern Med. 1996;35(7):555–559. https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.35.555.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anderson RA, Mitchell R. Effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor agonists on the secretion of growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone from the rat pituitary gland in vitro. J Endocrinol. 1986;108(1):1–8 https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1080001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anderson RA, Mitchell R. Effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor agonists on the secretion of growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone from the rat pituitary gland in vitro. J Endocrinol. 1986;108(1):1–8 https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1080001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vlainic J, Jembrek MJ. Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA): Biosynthesis, Medicinal Uses and Health Effects Neuroscience Research Progress. 2014. 220 p. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291834854_Gamma-aminobutyric_acid_GABA_Biosynthesis_medicinal_uses_and_health_effects.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vlainic J, Jembrek MJ. Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA): Biosynthesis, Medicinal Uses and Health Effects Neuroscience Research Progress. 2014. 220 p. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291834854_Gamma-aminobutyric_acid_GABA_Biosynthesis_medicinal_uses_and_health_effects.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Geisel O, Schlemm L, Hellweg R, Wiedemann K, Müller CA. HypothalamicPituitary-Adrenocortical Axis Activity in Alcohol-Dependent Patients During Treatment with High-Dose Baclofen. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2019;52(1):32–37. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-124189.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Geisel O, Schlemm L, Hellweg R, Wiedemann K, Müller CA. HypothalamicPituitary-Adrenocortical Axis Activity in Alcohol-Dependent Patients During Treatment with High-Dose Baclofen. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2019;52(1):32–37. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-124189.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
