<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medsovet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский Совет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-701X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5790</issn><publisher><publisher-name>REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21518/ms2024-255</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medsovet-8401</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОНКОГЕМАТОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ONCOHEMATOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Нейробластома у детей: что изменилось в XXI веке</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Neuroblastoma in children: What has changed in the 21st century</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5323-3586</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волкова</surname><given-names>А. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Volkova</surname><given-names>A. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Волкова Алина Рамиловна - к.м.н., ассистент кафедры госпитальной педиатрии, Казанский ГМУ; заведующая отделением трансплантации гемопоэтических стволовых клеток, Детская РКБ.</p><p>420012, Казань, ул. Бутлерова, д. 49; 420011, Казань, Оренбургский тракт, д. 140</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alina R. Volkova - Cand. Sci. (Med.), Assistant of the Department of Hospital Pediatrics, Kazan SMU; Head of the Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Children’s RCH.</p><p>49, Butlerov St., Kazan, 420012;140, Orenburgsky Trakt, Kazan, 420011</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alinarsali@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9339-2354</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вахитов</surname><given-names>Х. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vakhitov</surname><given-names>Kh. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Вахитов Хаким Муратович - д.м.н., профессор, профессор кафедры госпитальной педиатрии.</p><p>420012, Казань, ул. Бутлерова, д. 49</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Khakim M. Vakhitov - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor of the Department of Hospital Pediatrics.</p><p>49, Butlerov St., Kazan, 420012</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vhakim@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1450-8254</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рашитова</surname><given-names>Э. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rashitova</surname><given-names>E. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рашитова Элина Ленаровна - студент педиатрического факультета.</p><p>420012, Казань, ул. Бутлерова, д. 49</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elina L. Rashitova - Student of the Pediatric Faculty.</p><p>49, Butlerov St., Kazan, 420012</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">elina.rashitova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2976-0807</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Закирова</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakirova</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Закирова Альфия Мидхатовна - к.м.н., доцент, доцент кафедры пропедевтики детских болезней и факультетской педиатрии, заместитель декана педиатрического факультета.</p><p>420012, Казань, ул. Бутлерова, д. 49</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alfiya M. Zakirova - Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor of the Department of Propaedeutics of Childhood Diseases and Faculty Pediatrics, Deputy Dean of the Faculty of Pediatrics.</p><p>49, Butlerov St., Kazan, 420012</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">azakirova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Казанский государственный медицинский университет; Детская республиканская клиническая больница<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Kazan State Medical University; Children’s Republican Clinical Hospital<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Казанский государственный медицинский университет<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Kazan State Medical University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>10</issue><fpage>106</fpage><lpage>116</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Волкова А.Р., Вахитов Х.М., Рашитова Э.Л., Закирова А.М., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Волкова А.Р., Вахитов Х.М., Рашитова Э.Л., Закирова А.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Volkova A.R., Vakhitov K.M., Rashitova E.L., Zakirova A.M.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/8401">https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/8401</self-uri><abstract><p>В структуре онкологической заболеваемости детского возраста нейробластома занимает 4-е место. Данная опухоль впервые была описана в 1865 г. немецким ученым Рудольфом Вирховым и считается самым частым экстракраниальным злокачественным новообразованием у детей. Нейробластома обладает уникальной способностью к повышению уровня дифференцировки клеток с трансформацией в ганглионеврому. В отдельных случаях заболевание может протекать бессимптомно и завершаться самостоятельной регрессией или созреванием до доброкачественной опухоли. Однако нередко нейробластома имеет агрессивное течение с ранним метастазированием. В связи с неоднозначностью клинической симптоматики первичная диагностика нейробластом у детей требует от педиатра онкологической настороженности относительно таких симптомов, как увеличение размеров и асимметрия живота, неврологическая симптоматика, болевой синдром и дизурические расстройства. У пациентов группы низкого риска при минимальной терапии, включающей только хирургическое лечение, удается достичь долгосрочной выживаемости более чем в 90% случаев. Сохранение таких же высоких показателей выживаемости в группе промежуточного риска возможно только при использовании современных схем полихимиотерапии в сочетании с хирургическим лечением и в ряде случаев лучевой терапии. Пациенты группы высокого риска нуждаются в комбинации описанных методов совместно с аутологичной или аллогенной трансплантацией гемопоэтических стволовых клеток, при этом показатели долгосрочной общей выживаемости не превышают 50%. Наиболее благоприятный прогноз имеют пациенты с локализованной стадией заболевания в возрасте до 1 года. В статье описаны особенности развития опухоли, течения заболевания, а также трансформация диагностического поиска и терапевтической тактики ведения от прошлого к настоящему.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Among the childhood cancers, neuroblastoma ranks fourth. This tumour is considered the most common extracranial malignant neoplasm in children and was first described in 1865 by the German scientist Rudolf Virchow. Neuroblastoma has the unique ability to undergo increased cell differentiation and transform into ganglioneuroma. In some cases, the disease can be asymptomatic and may undergo spontaneous regression or maturation into a benign tumour. However, neuroblastoma often has an aggressive course with early metastasis. Due to the ambiguity of clinical symptoms, the primary diagnosis of neuroblastoma in children requires pediatricians to be acutely aware of oncological emergencies and initial signs such as increased abdominal size and asymmetry, neurological symptoms, pain, and dysuria. In low-risk patients, minimal therapy, including surgery alone, achieves long-term survival in more than 90% of cases. Achieving similarly high survival rates in the intermediate-risk group is possible only with the use of modern polychemotherapy regimens in combination with surgical treatment and, in some cases, radiation therapy. High-risk patients require a combination of the aforementioned methods together with autologous or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, with long-term overall survival rates not exceeding 50%. The most favorable prognosis is seen in patients with localised disease under the age of one year. This article describes the features of tumour development, the course of the disease, and the evolution of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies from the past to the present.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>нейробластома</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>клиника</kwd><kwd>диагностика</kwd><kwd>лечение</kwd><kwd>прогноз</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>neuroblastoma</kwd><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>clinic</kwd><kwd>diagnosis</kwd><kwd>treatment</kwd><kwd>prognosis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шаманская ТВ, Варфоломеева СР, Качанов ДЮ, Казанцев ИВ, Хисматулина РД, Хамин ИГ и др. Нейробластома: клинические рекомендации. М.; 2020. 100 с. Режим доступа: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/recomend/78_1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Шаманская ТВ, Варфоломеева СР, Качанов ДЮ, Казанцев ИВ, Хисматулина РД, Хамин ИГ и др. Нейробластома: клинические рекомендации. М.; 2020. 100 с. Режим доступа: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/recomend/78_1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Качанов ДЮ, Шаманская ТВ, Ильина ЕС, Терещенко ГВ, Ликарь ЮН, Андреев ЕС и др. Особенности нейрогенных опухолей у пациентов с синдромом опсоклонус-миоклонус. Онкопедиатрия. 2016;3(3):228–239. Режим доступа: https://elibrary.ru/wmgrrp.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kachanov DYu, Shamanskaya TV, Ilina ES, Tereshchenko GV, Likar YuN, Andreev ES et al. Features of neurogenic tumors in patients with opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. Oncopediatria. 2016;3(3):228–239. (In Russ.) Available at: https://elibrary.ru/wmgrrp.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou X, Wang X, Li N, Guo Y, Yang X, Lei Y. Therapy resistance in neuroblastoma: Mechanisms and reversal strategies. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1114295. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1114295.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou X, Wang X, Li N, Guo Y, Yang X, Lei Y. Therapy resistance in neuroblastoma: Mechanisms and reversal strategies. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1114295. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1114295.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berthold F, Hero B. Neuroblastoma: current drug therapy recommendations as part of the total treatment approach. Drugs. 2000;59(6):1261–1277. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-200059060-00006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berthold F, Hero B. Neuroblastoma: current drug therapy recommendations as part of the total treatment approach. Drugs. 2000;59(6):1261–1277. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-200059060-00006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berthold F, Simon T. Clinical Presentation. In: Cheung NKV, Cohn SL (eds.). Neuroblastoma. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2005, pp. 63–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26616-X_7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berthold F, Simon T. Clinical Presentation. In: Cheung NKV, Cohn SL (eds.). Neuroblastoma. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2005, pp. 63–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26616-X_7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brodeur GM. Neuroblastoma: biological insights into a clinical enigma. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003;3(3):203–216. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc1014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brodeur GM. Neuroblastoma: biological insights into a clinical enigma. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003;3(3):203–216. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc1014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gurney JG, Ross JA, Wall DA, Bleyer WA, Severson RK, Robison LL. Infant cancer in the U.S.: histology-specific incidence and trends, 1973 to 1992. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1997;19(5):428–432. https://doi.org/10.1097/00043426-199709000-00004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gurney JG, Ross JA, Wall DA, Bleyer WA, Severson RK, Robison LL. Infant cancer in the U.S.: histology-specific incidence and trends, 1973 to 1992. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1997;19(5):428–432. https://doi.org/10.1097/00043426-199709000-00004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pfeiffer V, Redmond S, Kuonen R, Sommer G, Spycher B, Schindler M et al. Swiss Childhood Cancer Registry. Annual Report 2014/2015. Bern: Swiss Childhood Cancer Registry; 2016. 40 p. Available at: https://www.kinderkrebsregister.ch/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/FINAL-Annual-Report_2014_2015_ with-CC-license.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pfeiffer V, Redmond S, Kuonen R, Sommer G, Spycher B, Schindler M et al. Swiss Childhood Cancer Registry. Annual Report 2014/2015. Bern: Swiss Childhood Cancer Registry; 2016. 40 p. Available at: https://www.kinderkrebsregister.ch/ wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/FINAL-Annual-Report_2014_2015_ with-CC-license.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tulla M, Berthold F, Graf N, Rutkowski S, von Schweinitz D, Spix C, Kaatsch P. Incidence, Trends, and Survival of Children With Embryonal Tumors. Pediatrics. 2015;136(3):e623–632. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-0224.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tulla M, Berthold F, Graf N, Rutkowski S, von Schweinitz D, Spix C, Kaatsch P. Incidence, Trends, and Survival of Children With Embryonal Tumors. Pediatrics. 2015;136(3):e623–632. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-0224.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Казанцев АП. Нейробластома. Современные представлении о стадировании и прогнозе. Вестник РОНЦ им. Н.Н. Блохина РАМН. 2015;26(3):3–22. Режим доступа: https://elibrary.ru/uyhakx.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kazantsev AP. Neuroblastoma. Modern conceptions of staging and prognosis. Journal of N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center RAMS. 2015;26(3):3–22. (In Russ.). Available at: https://elibrary.ru/uyhakx.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">London WB, Castel V, Monclair T, Ambros PF, Pearson AD, Cohn SL et al. Clinical and biologic features predictive of survival after relapse of neuroblastoma: a report from the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group project. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(24):3286–3292. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2010.34.3392.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">London WB, Castel V, Monclair T, Ambros PF, Pearson AD, Cohn SL et al. Clinical and biologic features predictive of survival after relapse of neuroblastoma: a report from the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group project. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(24):3286–3292. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2010.34.3392.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Киргизов КИ (ред.). Нейробластома. Childhood Cancer International. Режим доступа: https://www.childhood-cancer-support.com/ru-ru/статьи/Нейробластома/a1081.aspx.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Киргизов КИ (ред.). Нейробластома. Childhood Cancer International. Режим доступа: https://www.childhood-cancer-support.com/ru-ru/статьи/ Нейробластома/a1081.aspx.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Качанов ДЮ, Шаманская ТВ, Шевцов ДВ, Панкратьева ЛЛ, Муфтахова ГМ, Телешова МВ и др. Генетическая предрасположенность к нейробластоме у детей: собственные данные и обзор литературы. Онкопедиатрия. 2016;3(4):277–287. Режим доступа: https://elibrary.ru/xdnfhd.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kachanov DYu, Shamanskaya TV, Shevtsov DV, Pankrateva LL, Muftakhova GM, Teleshova MV et al. Genetic predisposition to neuroblastoma in children: own data and literature review. Oncopediatria. 2016;3(4):277–287. (In Russ.) Available at: https://elibrary.ru/xdnfhd.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bosse KR, Maris JM. Advances in the translational genomics of neuroblastoma: From improving risk stratification and revealing novel biology to identifying actionable genomic alterations. Cancer. 2016;122(1):20–33. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29706.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bosse KR, Maris JM. Advances in the translational genomics of neuroblastoma: From improving risk stratification and revealing novel biology to identifying actionable genomic alterations. Cancer. 2016;122(1):20–33. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29706.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чернышева ОО, Друй АЕ, Качанов ДЮ, Шаманская ТВ. Основные генетические нарушения в патогенезе нейробластомы. Вопросы гематологии/ онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии. 2021;20(4):178–184. https://doi.org/10.24287/1726-1708-2021-20-4-178-184.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chernysheva OO, Drui AE, Kachanov DYu, Shamanskaya TV. Key genetic disorders in the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma. Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology. 2021;20(4):178–184. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.24287/1726-1708-2021-20-4-178-184.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brodeur GM, Seeger RC, Schwab M, Varmus HE, Bishop JM. Amplification of N-myc in untreated human neuroblastomas correlates with advanced disease stage. Science. 1984;224(4653):1121–1124. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.6719137.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brodeur GM, Seeger RC, Schwab M, Varmus HE, Bishop JM. Amplification of N-myc in untreated human neuroblastomas correlates with advanced disease stage. Science. 1984;224(4653):1121–1124. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.6719137.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клименко ЛО, Мельников МЕ, Кулева СА, Кондратьев ГВ. Молекулярногенетические черты и факторы риска развития нейробластомы. Педиатр. 2023;14(3):97–110. https://doi.org/10.17816/PED14397-110.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klimenko LO, Melnikov ME, Kulyova SA, Kondratiev GV. Molecular genetic traits and risk factors for neuroblastoma. Pediatrician (St Petersburg). 2023;14(3):97–110. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17816/PED14397-110.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maris JM, Kyemba SM, Rebbeck TR, White PS, Sulman EP, Jensen SJ et al. Molecular genetic analysis of familial neuroblastoma. Eur J Cancer. 1997;33(12):1923–1928. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0959-8049(97)00265-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maris JM, Kyemba SM, Rebbeck TR, White PS, Sulman EP, Jensen SJ et al. Molecular genetic analysis of familial neuroblastoma. Eur J Cancer. 1997;33(12):1923–1928. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0959-8049(97)00265-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bolande RP. Neurocristopathy: its growth and development in 20 years. Pediatr Pathol Lab Med. 1997;17(1):1–25. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9050057/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bolande RP. Neurocristopathy: its growth and development in 20 years. Pediatr Pathol Lab Med. 1997;17(1):1–25. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9050057/.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eleveld TF, Oldridge DA, Bernard V, Koster J, Colmet Daage L, Diskin SJ et al. Relapsed neuroblastomas show frequent RAS-MAPK pathway mutations. Nat Genet. 2015;47(8):864–871. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3333.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eleveld TF, Oldridge DA, Bernard V, Koster J, Colmet Daage L, Diskin SJ et al. Relapsed neuroblastomas show frequent RAS-MAPK pathway mutations. Nat Genet. 2015;47(8):864–871. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3333.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Саломатина АС, Качанов ДЮ, Изотова ОЮ, Пухова АА, Лопатина ВА, Терещенко ГВ и др. Врожденная нейробластома: обзор литературы и собственный опыт НМИЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева по пренатальной диагностике, клиническому течению и тактике ведения пациентов. Педиатрия. Журнал имени Г.Н. Сперанского. 2022;101(3):122–133. https://doi.org/10.24110/0031-403X-2022-101-3-122-133.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salomatina AS, Kachanov DYu, Izotova OYu, Pukhova AA, Lopatina VA, Tereshchenko GV et al. Congenital neuroblastoma: a bibliographical review and own experience write-up of the National Scientific and Practical Center for Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology named after Dmitry Rogachev on prenatal diagnosis, clinical course and tactics of patient treatment. Pediatriya – Zhurnal im G.N. Speranskogo. 2022;101(3):122–133. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.24110/0031-403X-2022-101-3-122-133.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brodeur GM, Pritchard J, Berthold F, Carlsen NL, Castel V, Castelberry RP et al. Revisions of the international criteria for neuroblastoma diagnosis, staging, and response to treatment. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11(8):1466–1477. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1993.11.8.1466.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brodeur GM, Pritchard J, Berthold F, Carlsen NL, Castel V, Castelberry RP et al. Revisions of the international criteria for neuroblastoma diagnosis, staging, and response to treatment. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11(8):1466–1477. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1993.11.8.1466.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Monclair T, Brodeur GM, Ambros PF, Brisse HJ, Cecchetto G, Holmes K et al. The International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) staging system: an INRG Task Force report. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(2):298–303. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2008.16.6876.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Monclair T, Brodeur GM, Ambros PF, Brisse HJ, Cecchetto G, Holmes K et al. The International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) staging system: an INRG Task Force report. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(2):298–303. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2008.16.6876.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bosse KR, Raman P, Zhu Z, Lane M, Martinez D, Heitzeneder S et al. Identification of GPC2 as an Oncoprotein and Candidate Immunotherapeutic Target in High-Risk Neuroblastoma. Cancer Cell. 2017;32(3):295–309.e12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2017.08.003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bosse KR, Raman P, Zhu Z, Lane M, Martinez D, Heitzeneder S et al. Identification of GPC2 as an Oncoprotein and Candidate Immunotherapeutic Target in High-Risk Neuroblastoma. Cancer Cell. 2017;32(3):295–309.e12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2017.08.003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tonini GP. Growth, progression and chromosome instability of Neuroblastoma: a new scenario of tumorigenesis? BMC Cancer. 2017;17(1):20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-016-2986-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tonini GP. Growth, progression and chromosome instability of Neuroblastoma: a new scenario of tumorigenesis? BMC Cancer. 2017;17(1):20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-016-2986-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Исаков ЮФ (ред.). Хирургические болезни детского возраста. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2006. Т. 2. 584 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Исаков ЮФ (ред.). Хирургические болезни детского возраста. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2006. Т. 2. 584 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шориков ЕВ, Попова ТП, Лемешева ОВ, Вяткин ИН, Вахонина ЛВ, Тупоногов СН и др. Результаты программной терапии пациентов с IVS стадией нейробластомы. Вестник Уральской медицинской академической науки. 2008;(4):29–30. Режим доступа: https://elibrary.ru/sbtvzz.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shorikov EV, Popova TP, Lemesheva OV, Vyatkin IN, Vakhonina LV, Tuponogov SN et al. Efficacy of program treatment in children with IVS stage of neuroblastoma: retrospective analysis. Vestnik Ural’skoi Meditsinskoi Akademicheskoi Nauki. 2008;(4):29–30. (In Russ.) Available at: https://elibrary.ru/sbtvzz.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pearson AD, Pinkerton CR, Lewis IJ, Imeson J, Ellershaw C, Machin D. High-dose rapid and standard induction chemotherapy for patients aged over 1 year with stage 4 neuroblastoma: a randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9(3):247–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70069-X.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pearson AD, Pinkerton CR, Lewis IJ, Imeson J, Ellershaw C, Machin D. High-dose rapid and standard induction chemotherapy for patients aged over 1 year with stage 4 neuroblastoma: a randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9(3):247–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70069-X.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Monclair T, Mosseri V, Cecchetto G, De Bernardi B, Michon J, Holmes K. Influence of image-defined risk factors on the outcome of patients with localised neuroblastoma. A report from the LNESG1 study of the European International Society of Paediatric Oncology Neuroblastoma Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2015;62(9):1536–1542. https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.25460.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Monclair T, Mosseri V, Cecchetto G, De Bernardi B, Michon J, Holmes K. Influence of image-defined risk factors on the outcome of patients with localised neuroblastoma. A report from the LNESG1 study of the European International Society of Paediatric Oncology Neuroblastoma Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2015;62(9):1536–1542. https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.25460.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Максимова СМ, Самойленко ИГ, Бухтияров ЭВ. Пульмонологическая манифестация нейробластомы у детей. Здоровье ребенка. 2013;(6):145–147. Режим доступа: http://www.mif-ua.com/archive/article/37102.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maksimova SM, Samoilenko IG, Bukhtiyarov EV. Pulmonological manifestation of neuroblastoma in children. Child’s Health. 2013;(6):145–147. (In Russ.) Available at: http://www.mif-ua.com/archive/article/37102.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соловьев АЕ. Урология детского возраста. СПб.: Эко-Вектор; 2018. 291 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Соловьев АЕ. Урология детского возраста. СПб.: Эко-Вектор; 2018. 291 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Federico SM, Brady SL, Pappo A, Wu J, Mao S, McPherson VJ et al. The role of chest computed tomography (CT) as a surveillance tool in children with high-risk neuroblastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2015;62(6):976–981. https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.25400.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Federico SM, Brady SL, Pappo A, Wu J, Mao S, McPherson VJ et al. The role of chest computed tomography (CT) as a surveillance tool in children with high-risk neuroblastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2015;62(6):976–981. https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.25400.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berthold F, Spix C, Kaatsch P, Lampert F. Incidence, Survival, and Treatment of Localized and Metastatic Neuroblastoma in Germany 1979–2015. Paediatr Drugs. 2017;19(6):577–593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40272-017-0251-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berthold F, Spix C, Kaatsch P, Lampert F. Incidence, Survival, and Treatment of Localized and Metastatic Neuroblastoma in Germany 1979–2015. Paediatr Drugs. 2017;19(6):577–593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40272-017-0251-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu KX, Joshi S. “Re-educating” Tumor Associated Macrophages as a Novel Immunotherapy Strategy for Neuroblastoma. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1947. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01947.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu KX, Joshi S. “Re-educating” Tumor Associated Macrophages as a Novel Immunotherapy Strategy for Neuroblastoma. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1947. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01947.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brisse HJ, McCarville MB, Granata C, Krug KB, Wootton-Gorges SL, Kanegawa K et al. Guidelines for imaging and staging of neuroblastic tumors: consensus report from the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group Project. Radiology. 2011;261(1):243–257. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.11101352.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brisse HJ, McCarville MB, Granata C, Krug KB, Wootton-Gorges SL, Kanegawa K et al. Guidelines for imaging and staging of neuroblastic tumors: consensus report from the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group Project. Radiology. 2011;261(1):243–257. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.11101352.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соловьев АЕ, Моргун ВВ, Пахольчук АП. Особенности нейробластом у детей. Онкопедиатрия. 2015;2(2):145–148. Режим доступа: https://elibrary.ru/udebin.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Solovev AE, Morgun VV, Pakholchuk AP. Features of neuroblastomas in children. Oncopediatria. 2015;2(2):145–148. (In Russ.) Available at: https://elibrary.ru/udebin.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ikram F, Ackermann S, Kahlert Y, Volland R, Roels F, Engesser A et al. Transcription factor activating protein 2 beta (TFAP2B) mediates noradrenergic neuronal differentiation in neuroblastoma. Mol Oncol. 2016;10(2):344–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molonc.2015.10.020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ikram F, Ackermann S, Kahlert Y, Volland R, Roels F, Engesser A et al. Transcription factor activating protein 2 beta (TFAP2B) mediates noradrenergic neuronal differentiation in neuroblastoma. Mol Oncol. 2016;10(2):344–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molonc.2015.10.020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белогурова МБ (ред.). Детская онкология: руководство для врачей. СПб.: СпецЛит; 2002. 351 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Белогурова МБ (ред.). Детская онкология: руководство для врачей. СПб.: СпецЛит; 2002. 351 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дурнов ЛА, Голдобенко ГВ. Детская онкология. М.: Медицина; 2002. 608 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Дурнов ЛА, Голдобенко ГВ. Детская онкология. М.: Медицина; 2002. 608 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Киргизов КИ. Поздние осложнения у детей, перенесших трансплантацию гемопоэтических стволовых клеток (обзор литературы). Российский журнал детской гематологии и онкологии. 2017;4(2):29–39. https://doi.org/10.17650/2311-1267-2017-4-2-29-39.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kirgizov KI. Late effects in children who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (review). Russian Journal of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. 2017;4(2):29–39. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17650/2311-1267-2017-4-2-29-39.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berthold F. NB2004 Trial Protocol for Risk Adapted Treatment of Children with Neuroblastoma. Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Onkologie und Hämatologie; 2004. 264 p. Available at: https://nodgo.org/sites/default/files/protokol_neuroblastoma-1.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berthold F. NB2004 Trial Protocol for Risk Adapted Treatment of Children with Neuroblastoma. Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Onkologie und Hämatologie; 2004. 264 p. Available at: https://nodgo.org/sites/default/files/protokol_neuroblastoma-1.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Баранов АА (ред.). Педиатрия. М: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2009. 2048 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Баранов АА (ред.). Педиатрия. М: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2009. 2048 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алиев МД, Поляков ВГ, Менткевич ГЛ, Маяков СА (ред.). Детская онкология. Национальное руководство. М.: Издательская группа РОНЦ. Практическая медицина; 2012. 684 с. Режим доступа: https://fnkc.ru/ppp/ps009.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Алиев МД, Поляков ВГ, Менткевич ГЛ, Маяков СА (ред.). Детская онкология. Национальное руководство. М.: Издательская группа РОНЦ. Практическая медицина; 2012. 684 с. Режим доступа: https://fnkc.ru/ppp/ps009.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wolmer-Solberg N, Baryawno N, Rahbar A, Fuchs D, Odeberg J, Taher C et al. Frequent detection of human cytomegalovirus in neuroblastoma: a novel therapeutic target? Int J Cancer. 2013;133(10):2351–2361. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.28265.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wolmer-Solberg N, Baryawno N, Rahbar A, Fuchs D, Odeberg J, Taher C et al. Frequent detection of human cytomegalovirus in neuroblastoma: a novel therapeutic target? Int J Cancer. 2013;133(10):2351–2361. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.28265.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nissim I, Horyn O, Daikhin Y, Nissim I, Luhovyy B, Phillips PC, Yudkoff M. Ifosfamide-induced nephrotoxicity: mechanism and prevention. Cancer Res. 2006;66(15):7824–7831. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-1043.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nissim I, Horyn O, Daikhin Y, Nissim I, Luhovyy B, Phillips PC, Yudkoff M. Ifosfamide-induced nephrotoxicity: mechanism and prevention. Cancer Res. 2006;66(15):7824–7831. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-1043.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xia J, Zhang H, Hu Q, Liu SY, Zhang LQ, Zhang A, et al. Comparison of diagnosing and staging accuracy of PET (CT) and MIBG on patients with neuroblastoma: Systemic review and meta-analysis. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2017;37(5):649–660. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11596-017-1785-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xia J, Zhang H, Hu Q, Liu SY, Zhang LQ, Zhang A, et al. Comparison of diagnosing and staging accuracy of PET (CT) and MIBG on patients with neuroblastoma: Systemic review and meta-analysis. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2017;37(5):649–660. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11596-017-1785-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Piccardo A, Lopci E, Conte M, Foppiani L, Garaventa A, Cabria M et al. PET/CT imaging in neuroblastoma. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2013;57(1):29–39. Available at: https://www.minervamedica.it/en/journals/nuclear-medmolecular-imaging/article.php?cod=R39Y2013N01A0029.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Piccardo A, Lopci E, Conte M, Foppiani L, Garaventa A, Cabria M et al. PET/CT imaging in neuroblastoma. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2013;57(1):29–39. Available at: https://www.minervamedica.it/en/journals/nuclear-medmolecular-imaging/article.php?cod=R39Y2013N01A0029.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fascetti-Leon F, Scotton G, Pio L, Beltrà R, Caione P, Esposito C et al. Minimally invasive resection of adrenal masses in infants and children: results of a European multi-center survey. Surg Endosc. 2017;31(11):4505–4512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-017-5506-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fascetti-Leon F, Scotton G, Pio L, Beltrà R, Caione P, Esposito C et al. Minimally invasive resection of adrenal masses in infants and children: results of a European multi-center survey. Surg Endosc. 2017;31(11):4505–4512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-017-5506-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hero B, Simon T, Spitz R, Ernestus K, Gnekow AK, Scheel-Walter HG et al. Localized infant neuroblastomas often show spontaneous regression: results of the prospective trials NB95-S and NB97. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(9):1504–1510. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2007.12.3349.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hero B, Simon T, Spitz R, Ernestus K, Gnekow AK, Scheel-Walter HG et al. Localized infant neuroblastomas often show spontaneous regression: results of the prospective trials NB95-S and NB97. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(9):1504–1510. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2007.12.3349.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cheung NK, Dyer MA. Neuroblastoma: developmental biology, cancer genomics and immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2013;13(6):397–411. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc3526.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cheung NK, Dyer MA. Neuroblastoma: developmental biology, cancer genomics and immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2013;13(6):397–411. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc3526.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Strother DR, London WB, Schmidt ML, Brodeur GM, Shimada H, Thorner P et al. Outcome after surgery alone or with restricted use of chemotherapy for patients with low-risk neuroblastoma: results of Children’s Oncology Group study P9641. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(15):1842–1848. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.37.9990.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strother DR, London WB, Schmidt ML, Brodeur GM, Shimada H, Thorner P et al. Outcome after surgery alone or with restricted use of chemotherapy for patients with low-risk neuroblastoma: results of Children’s Oncology Group study P9641. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(15):1842–1848. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.37.9990.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кулева СА, Абаджева АА, Михайлова ЕА, Кулев МА, Федюкова ЮГ, Хабарова РИ. Тандемная высокодозная полихимиотерапия с трансплантацией аутологичных гемопоэтических стволовых клеток у детей с нейробластомой группы высокого риска рецидива: опыт одного Центра. Российский журнал детской гематологии и онкологии. 2023;10(1):25–32. https://doi.org/10.21682/2311-1267-2023-10-1-25-32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kulyova SA, Abadjeva AA, Mikhailova EA, Kulyov MA, Fedukova YuG, Khabarova RI. Tandem high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in pediatric patients with high-risk neuroblastoma: single-center experience. Russian Journal of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. 2023;10(1):25–32. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21682/2311-1267-2023-10-1-25-32.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Park JR, Kreissman SG, London WB, Naranjo A, Cohn SL, Hogarty MD et al. Effect of Tandem Autologous Stem Cell Transplant vs Single Transplant on Event-Free Survival in Patients With High-Risk Neuroblastoma: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2019;322(8):746–755. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.11642.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Park JR, Kreissman SG, London WB, Naranjo A, Cohn SL, Hogarty MD et al. Effect of Tandem Autologous Stem Cell Transplant vs Single Transplant on Event-Free Survival in Patients With High-Risk Neuroblastoma: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2019;322(8):746–755. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.11642.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Depuydt P, Boeva V, Hocking TD, Cannoodt R, Ambros IM, Ambros PF et al. Genomic Amplifications and Distal 6q Loss: Novel Markers for Poor Survival in High-risk Neuroblastoma Patients. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2018;110(10):1084–1093. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djy022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Depuydt P, Boeva V, Hocking TD, Cannoodt R, Ambros IM, Ambros PF et al. Genomic Amplifications and Distal 6q Loss: Novel Markers for Poor Survival in High-risk Neuroblastoma Patients. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2018;110(10):1084–1093. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djy022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gupta M, Dhasmana A. Radiation Therapy in Metastatic Neuroblastoma. In: Shahzad A, Bashir S (eds.). Nuclear Medicine Physics. IntechOpen; 2019. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80892.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gupta M, Dhasmana A. Radiation Therapy in Metastatic Neuroblastoma. In: Shahzad A, Bashir S (eds.). Nuclear Medicine Physics. IntechOpen; 2019. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80892.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boztug K, Kiely E, Roebuck DJ, Gaze M, Begent J, Brock P, Michalski A. Successful treatment of MYCN amplified, progressive stage 4S neuroblastoma in a neonate with hepatic artery embolization in addition to multimodality treatment. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2006;46(2):253–257. https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.20407.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boztug K, Kiely E, Roebuck DJ, Gaze M, Begent J, Brock P, Michalski A. Successful treatment of MYCN amplified, progressive stage 4S neuroblastoma in a neonate with hepatic artery embolization in addition to multimodality treatment. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2006;46(2):253–257. https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.20407.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McGahren ED, Rodgers BM, Waldron PE. Successful management of stage 4S neuroblastoma and severe hepatomegaly using absorbable mesh in an infant. J Pediatr Surg. 1998;33(10):1554–1557. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3468(98)90497-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McGahren ED, Rodgers BM, Waldron PE. Successful management of stage 4S neuroblastoma and severe hepatomegaly using absorbable mesh in an infant. J Pediatr Surg. 1998;33(10):1554–1557. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3468(98)90497-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roberts S, Creamer K, Shoupe B, Flores Y, Robie D. Unique management of stage 4S neuroblastoma complicated by massive hepatomegaly: case report and review of the literature. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2002;24(2):142–144. https://doi.org/10.1097/00043426-200202000-00017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roberts S, Creamer K, Shoupe B, Flores Y, Robie D. Unique management of stage 4S neuroblastoma complicated by massive hepatomegaly: case report and review of the literature. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2002;24(2):142–144. https://doi.org/10.1097/00043426-200202000-00017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reynolds CP, Matthay KK, Villablanca JG, Maurer BJ. Retinoid therapy of high-risk neuroblastoma. Cancer Lett. 2003;197(1-2):185–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3835(03)00108-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reynolds CP, Matthay KK, Villablanca JG, Maurer BJ. Retinoid therapy of high-risk neuroblastoma. Cancer Lett. 2003;197(1-2):185–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3835(03)00108-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thole TM, Lodrini M, Fabian J, Wuenschel J, Pfeil S, Hielscher T et al. Neuroblastoma cells depend on HDAC11 for mitotic cell cycle progression and survival. Cell Death Dis. 2017;8(3):e2635. https://doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2017.49.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thole TM, Lodrini M, Fabian J, Wuenschel J, Pfeil S, Hielscher T et al. Neuroblastoma cells depend on HDAC11 for mitotic cell cycle progression and survival. Cell Death Dis. 2017;8(3):e2635. https://doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2017.49.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Курникова ЕЕ, Кумукова ИБ, Гуз ИВ, Хисматуллина РД, Шаманская ТВ, Фадеева МС и др. Результаты мобилизации, афереза и аутореинфузии гемопоэтических стволовых клеток у детей с нейробластомой: роль мониторинга количества CD34+ клеток в периферической крови. Вопросы гематологии/онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии. 2017;16(1):28–39. Режим доступа: https://www.hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/78.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kurnikova EE, Kumukova IB, Guz IV, Khismatullina RD, Shamanskaya TV, Fadeeva MS et al. Results of mobilization, apheresis and autoreinfusion of hematopoietic stem cells in children with neuroblastoma: role of monitoring the count of CD34+ cells in peripheral blood. Pediatric Hematology/ Oncology and Immunopathology. 2017;16(1):28–39. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.hemoncim.com/jour/article/view/78.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matthay KK, Reynolds CP, Seeger RC, Shimada H, Adkins ES, Haas-Kogan D et al. Long-term results for children with high-risk neuroblastoma treated on a randomized trial of myeloablative therapy followed by 13-cis-retinoic acid: a children’s oncology group study. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(7):1007–1013. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2007.13.8925.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matthay KK, Reynolds CP, Seeger RC, Shimada H, Adkins ES, Haas-Kogan D et al. Long-term results for children with high-risk neuroblastoma treated on a randomized trial of myeloablative therapy followed by 13-cis-retinoic acid: a children’s oncology group study. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(7):1007–1013. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2007.13.8925.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simon T, Hero B, Bongartz R, Schmidt M, Müller RP, Berthold F. Intensified external-beam radiation therapy improves the outcome of stage 4 neuroblastoma in children &gt; 1 year with residual local disease. Strahlenther Onkol. 2006;182(7):389–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00066-006-1498-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simon T, Hero B, Bongartz R, Schmidt M, Müller RP, Berthold F. Intensified external-beam radiation therapy improves the outcome of stage 4 neuroblastoma in children &gt; 1 year with residual local disease. Strahlenther Onkol. 2006;182(7):389–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00066-006-1498-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Васильева ЕС, Вашура АЮ, Литвинов ДВ. Нутритивный статус детей с онкологическими и гематологическими заболеваниями, находящихся на лечении в ФГБУ «ФНКЦ ДГОИ им. Дмитрия Рогачева» (результаты скринингового исследования). Современная онкология. 2016;18(4):48–52. Режим доступа: https://modernonco.orscience.ru/1815-1434/article/view/27094.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasilyeva ES, Vashura AYu, Litvinov DV. Nutritional status of children with cancer and hematological malignancies during treatment in FSBI Federal Scientific Clinical Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology named after Dmitry Rogachev (screening results). Journal of Modern Oncology. 2016;18(4):48–52. Available at: https://modernonco.orscience.ru/1815-1434/article/view/27094.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arends J, Bachmann P, Baracos V, Barthelemy N, Bertz H, Bozzetti F et al. ESPEN guidelines on nutrition in cancer patients. Clin Nutr. 2017;36(1):11–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2016.07.015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arends J, Bachmann P, Baracos V, Barthelemy N, Bertz H, Bozzetti F et al. ESPEN guidelines on nutrition in cancer patients. Clin Nutr. 2017;36(1):11–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2016.07.015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tanner L, Keppner K, Lesmeister D, Lyons K, Rock K, Sparrow J. Cancer Rehabilitation in the Pediatric and Adolescent/Young Adult Population. Semin Oncol Nurs. 2020;36(1):150984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soncn.2019.150984.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tanner L, Keppner K, Lesmeister D, Lyons K, Rock K, Sparrow J. Cancer Rehabilitation in the Pediatric and Adolescent/Young Adult Population. Semin Oncol Nurs. 2020;36(1):150984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soncn.2019.150984.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
