<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medsovet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский Совет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-701X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5790</issn><publisher><publisher-name>REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21518/ms2024-227</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medsovet-8452</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ШКОЛА ПЕДИАТРА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PEDIATRICIAN SCHOOL</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Рецидивирующий ацетонемический синдром с циклической рвотой у детей</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Recurrent acetonemic syndrome  with cyclic vomiting in children</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2500-8001</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Таранушенко</surname><given-names>Т. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Taranushenko</surname><given-names>T. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Таранушенко Татьяна Евгеньевна, д.м.н., профессор, заведующая кафедрой педиатрии Института последипломного образования</p><p>660022, Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, д. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatiana E. Taranushenko, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Postgraduate Education</p><p>1, Partizan Zheleznyak St., Krasnoyarsk, 660022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tetar@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Красноярский государственный медицинский университет имени профессора В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Professor Voino-Yasenetsky</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>11</issue><elocation-id>262–267</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Таранушенко Т.Е., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Таранушенко Т.Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Taranushenko T.E.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/8452">https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/8452</self-uri><abstract><p>Рецидивирующий ацетонемический синдром (АС) относится к патологическим состояниям преимущественно детского возраста с периодическими кетотическими кризами с повторной (многократной) рвотой, которые обусловлены повышением в крови кетоновых тел крови свыше 30 мг/л в результате неполного окисления жирных кислот и/или распада кетогенных аминокислот, а также другими метаболическими нарушениями. В русскоязычных источниках состояния повторной рвоты обозначают как идиопатический ацетонемический синдром с циклической рвотой и акцентируют внимание на метаболических нарушениях, из которых к основным относят гиперкетонемию и изменения кислотно-щелочного равновесия (кетоацидоз). Необходимость обсуждения проблемы обусловлена значительной частотой случаев, в том числе требующих госпитализации пациентов, полиэтиологичностью данного состояния, сложными и во многом неоднозначными механизмами развития, трудностями дифференциальной диагностики и неопределенностью прогноза. Предрасположенность к рецидивирующей гиперкетонемии в дошкольном возрасте объясняют рядом особенностей детского организма, к которым относят сниженную толерантность к пищевым жирам, функциональную незрелость печени, высокую интенсивность гликолиза и липолиза при повышенных энергетических потребностях и т.д. В обзорной статье представлены современные литературные данные по рецидивирующему ацетонемическому синдрому с циклической рвотой, при этом обращено внимание на терминологические аспекты проблемы, обсуждаются наиболее значимые этиологические факторы и патогенетические механизмы развития кризисных состояний, а также диагностические и терапевтические стратегии. Статья относится к дискуссионным публикациям и предназначена для педиатров, врачей общей практики, детских эндокринологов, гастроэнтерологов, специалистов по оказанию скорой и неотложной помощи.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Recurrent acetonemic syndrome (AS) refers to pathological conditions predominantly in childhood with periodic ketotic crises with repeated (multiple) vomiting, which are caused by an increase in blood ketone bodies over 30 mg/l as a result of incomplete oxidation of fatty acids. and/or breakdown of ketogenic amino acids, as well as other metabolic disorders. The need to discuss the problem is due to the significant frequency of cases, including those requiring hospitalization of patients, the polyetiology of this condition, the complex and largely ambiguous mechanisms of development, the difficulties of differential diagnosis and the uncertainty of the prognosis. The article presents modern literature data on recurrent acetonemic syndrome with cyclic vomiting, drawing attention to the terminological aspects of the problem, discussing the most significant etiological factors and pathogenetic mechanisms of the development of crisis conditions, as well as diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The article relates to discussion publications and is intended for pediatricians, general practitioners, pediatric endocrinologists, gastroenterologists, and emergency care specialists.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>циклическая рвота</kwd><kwd>ацетонемический синдром</kwd><kwd>недиабетический кетоацидоз</kwd><kwd>гиперкетонемия</kwd><kwd>гипогликемия</kwd><kwd>кетогенез</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>cyclic vomiting</kwd><kwd>acetonemic syndrome</kwd><kwd>non-diabetic ketoacidosis</kwd><kwd>hyperketonemia</kwd><kwd>hypoglycemia</kwd><kwd>ketogenesis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фелинга Ф (ред.). Эндокринология и метаболизм. М.: Медицина; 1985. Т. 2. 416 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Фелинга Ф (ред.). Эндокринология и метаболизм. М.: Медицина; 1985. Т. 2. 416 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дедов ИИ, Мельниченко ГА (ред.). Эндокринология: национальное руководство. 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2018. 832 с. Режим доступа: https://www.rosmedlib.ru/book/ISBN9785970444962.html.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Дедов ИИ, Мельниченко ГА (ред.). Эндокринология: национальное руководство. 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2018. 832 с. Режим доступа: https://www.rosmedlib.ru/book/ISBN9785970444962.html.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brown LM, Corrado MM, van der Ende RM, Derks TG, Chen MA, Siegel S et al. Evaluation of glycogen storage disease as a cause of ketotic hypoglycemia in children. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2015;38(3):489–493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10545-014-9744-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brown LM, Corrado MM, van der Ende RM, Derks TG, Chen MA, Siegel S et al. Evaluation of glycogen storage disease as a cause of ketotic hypoglycemia in children. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2015;38(3):489–493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10545-014-9744-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рябчук ФН, Пирогова ЗИ. Коэнзимное ацетилирование и уровень свободных жирных кислот крови у детей с ацетонемией и билиарной недостаточностью. Лечащий врач. 2012;(8):42–46. Режим доступа: https://www.lvrach.ru/2012/08/15435503.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ryabchuk FN, Pirogova ZI. Coenzyme acetylation and the level of the free fatty acids of the blood in children with acetonemia and biliar insufficiency. Lechaschi Vrach. 2012;(8):42–46. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.lvrach.ru/2012/08/15435503.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stanghellini V, Chan FK, Hasler WL, JR Malagelada, Suzuki H, Tack J, Talley NJ. Gastroduodenal disorders. Gastroenterology. 2016;150(6): 1380–1392. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stanghellini V, Chan FK, Hasler WL, JR Malagelada, Suzuki H, Tack J, Talley NJ. Gastroduodenal disorders. Gastroenterology. 2016;150(6): 1380–1392. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Drossman DA. Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: History, Pathophysiology, Clinical Features and Rome IV. Gastroenterology. 2016;150(6):1262–1279. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.032.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Drossman DA. Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: History, Pathophysiology, Clinical Features and Rome IV. Gastroenterology. 2016;150(6):1262–1279. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.032.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зрячкин НИ, Хмилевская СА, Зайцева ГВ, Макарова ОА, Каральская ЖЖ. Особенности ацетонемического синдрома у детей. Российский педиатрический журнал. 2013;(3):22–26. Режим доступа: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osobennosti-atsetonemicheskogo-sindroma-u-detey.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zryachkin NI, Khmilevskaya SA, Zaytseva GV, Makarova OA, Karalʹskaya ZhZh. Peculiarities of the course of acetonemic syndrome in children. Russian Pediatric Journal. 2013;(3):22–26. (In Russ.) Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osobennosti-atsetonemicheskogo-sindroma-u-detey.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Решетник ЛА, Парфенова ЕО, Кривицкая НС. Клиническая интерпретация ацетонемической рвоты у детей. Педиатр. 2013;4(3):74–76. https://doi.org/10.17816/PED4374-76.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Решетник ЛА, Парфенова ЕО, Кривицкая НС. Клиническая интерпретация ацетонемической рвоты у детей. Педиатр. 2013;4(3):74–76. https://doi.org/10.17816/PED4374-76. Reshetnik LA, Parfenova YO, Krivickaya NS. Clinical interpretation of acetonemic vomiting in pediatries. Pediatrician (St. Petersburg). 2013;4(3):74–76. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17816/PED4374-76.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frazier R, Venkatesan T. Current understanding of the etiology of cyclic vomiting syndrome and therapeutic strategies in its management. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2022;15(11):1305–1316. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2022.2138341.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frazier R, Venkatesan T. Current understanding of the etiology of cyclic vomiting syndrome and therapeutic strategies in its management. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2022;15(11):1305–1316. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2022.2138341.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gelfand AA, Gallagher RC. Cyclic vomiting syndrome versus inborn errors of metabolism: a review with clinical recommendations. Headache. 2016;56(1):215–221. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.12749.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gelfand AA, Gallagher RC. Cyclic vomiting syndrome versus inborn errors of metabolism: a review with clinical recommendations. Headache. 2016;56(1):215–221. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.12749.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Смирнов ВВ, Симаков АВ. Синдром гиперкетонемии у детей и подростков: патогенез, причины, диагностика (часть 1). Лечащий врач. 2017;(6). Режим доступа: https://www.lvrach.ru/2017/06/15436740.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smirnov VV, Simakov AV. Hyperketonemia syndrome in children and adolescents: pathogenesis, reasons, diagnostics (part 1). Lechaschi Vrach. 2017;(6). (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.lvrach.ru/2017/06/15436740.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Смирнов ВВ, Симаков АВ. Синдром гиперкетонемии у детей и подростков: патогенез, причины, диагностика (часть 2). Лечащий врач. 2017;(7). Режим доступа: https://www.lvrach.ru/2017/07/15436770.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smirnov VV, Simakov AV. Hyperketonemia syndrome in children and adolescents: pathogenesis, reasons, diagnostics (part 2). Lechaschi Vrach. 2017;(7). (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.lvrach.ru/2017/07/15436770.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boles R, Chun N, Senadheera D, Wong L-JC. Cyclic vomiting syndrome and mitochondrial DNA mutations. Lancet. 1997;350(9087):1299–1300. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)62477-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boles R, Chun N, Senadheera D, Wong L-JC. Cyclic vomiting syndrome and mitochondrial DNA mutations. Lancet. 1997;350(9087):1299–1300. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)62477-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salpietro CD, Briuglia S, Merlino MV, Di Bella C, Rigoli L. A mitochondrial DNA mutation (A3243 G mtDNA) in a family with cyclic vomiting. Am J Pediatr. 2003;162(10):727–728. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-003-1280-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salpietro CD, Briuglia S, Merlino MV, Di Bella C, Rigoli L. A mitochondrial DNA mutation (A3243 G mtDNA) in a family with cyclic vomiting. Am J Pediatr. 2003;162(10):727–728. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-003-1280-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meoli M, Lava SAG, Bronz G, Goeggel-Simonetti B, Simonetti GD, Alberti I et al. Eu- or hypoglycemic ketosis and ketoacidosis in children: a review. Pediatr Nephrol. 2024;39(4):1033–1040. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-023-06115-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meoli M, Lava SAG, Bronz G, Goeggel-Simonetti B, Simonetti GD, Alberti I et al. Eu- or hypoglycemic ketosis and ketoacidosis in children: a review. Pediatr Nephrol. 2024;39(4):1033–1040. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-023-06115-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schillaci LP, DeBrosse SD, McCandless SE. Inborn errors of metabolism with acidosis: organic acidemias and defects of pyruvate and ketone body metabolism. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2018;65(2):209–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2017.11.003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schillaci LP, DeBrosse SD, McCandless SE. Inborn errors of metabolism with acidosis: organic acidemias and defects of pyruvate and ketone body metabolism. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2018;65(2):209–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2017.11.003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Laffel L. Ketone bodies: a review of physiology, pathophysiology and application of monitoring to diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 1999;15(6):412–426. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-7560(199911/12)15:6&lt;412::aiddmrr72&gt;3.0.co;2-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laffel L. Ketone bodies: a review of physiology, pathophysiology and application of monitoring to diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 1999;15(6):412–426. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-7560(199911/12)15:6&lt;412::aiddmrr72&gt;3.0.co;2-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cartwright MM, Hajja W, Al-Khatib S, Hazeghazam M, Sreedhar D, Li RN et al. Toxigenic and metabolic causes of ketosis and ketoacidotic syndromes. Crit Care Clin. 2012;28(4):601–631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cartwright MM, Hajja W, Al-Khatib S, Hazeghazam M, Sreedhar D, Li RN et al. Toxigenic and metabolic causes of ketosis and ketoacidotic syndromes. Crit Care Clin. 2012;28(4):601–631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kolb H, Kempf K, Röhling M, Lenzen-Schulte M, Schloot NC, Martin S. Ketone bodies: from enemy to friend and guardian angel. BMC Med. 2021;19(1):313. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-021-02185-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolb H, Kempf K, Röhling M, Lenzen-Schulte M, Schloot NC, Martin S. Ketone bodies: from enemy to friend and guardian angel. BMC Med. 2021;19(1):313. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-021-02185-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bonora BM, Avogaro A, Fadini GP. Euglycemic ketoacidosis. Curr Diab Rep. 2020;20(7):25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-020-01307-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bonora BM, Avogaro A, Fadini GP. Euglycemic ketoacidosis. Curr Diab Rep. 2020;20(7):25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-020-01307-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fukao T, Mitchell G, Sass JO, Hori T, Orii K, Aoyama Y. Ketone body metabolism and its defects. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2014;37(4):541–551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10545-014-9704-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fukao T, Mitchell G, Sass JO, Hori T, Orii K, Aoyama Y. Ketone body metabolism and its defects. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2014;37(4):541–551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10545-014-9704-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Cosmi V, Milani GP, Mazzocchi A, D’Oria V, Silano M, Calderini E, Agostoni C. The metabolic response to stress and infection in critically ill children: the opportunity of an individualized approach. Nutrients. 2017;9(9):1032. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9091032.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Cosmi V, Milani GP, Mazzocchi A, D’Oria V, Silano M, Calderini E, Agostoni C. The metabolic response to stress and infection in critically ill children: the opportunity of an individualized approach. Nutrients. 2017;9(9):1032. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9091032.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Drachmann D, Hoffmann E, Carrigg A, Davis-Yates B, Weaver V, Thornton P et al. Towards enhanced understanding of idiopathic ketotic hypoglycemia: a literature review and introduction of the patient organization, Ketotic Hypoglycemia International. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2021;16(1):173. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13023-021-01797-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Drachmann D, Hoffmann E, Carrigg A, Davis-Yates B, Weaver V, Thornton P et al. Towards enhanced understanding of idiopathic ketotic hypoglycemia: a literature review and introduction of the patient organization, Ketotic Hypoglycemia International. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2021;16(1):173. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13023-021-01797-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wolfsdorf JI, Derks TGJ, Drachmann D, Shah P, Thornton PS, Weinstein DA. Idiopathic pathological ketotic hypoglycemia: finding the needle in a haystack. Horm Res Paediatr. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1159/000538483.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wolfsdorf JI, Derks TGJ, Drachmann D, Shah P, Thornton PS, Weinstein DA. Idiopathic pathological ketotic hypoglycemia: finding the needle in a haystack. Horm Res Paediatr. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1159/000538483.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alhaidan Y, Larsen MJ, Schou AJ, Stenlid MH, Al Balwi MA, Christesen HT, Brusgaard K. Exome sequencing revealed DNA variants in NCOR1, IGF2BP1, SGLT2 and NEK11 as potential novel causes of ketotic hypoglycemia in children. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):2114. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58845-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alhaidan Y, Larsen MJ, Schou AJ, Stenlid MH, Al Balwi MA, Christesen HT, Brusgaard K. Exome sequencing revealed DNA variants in NCOR1, IGF2BP1, SGLT2 and NEK11 as potential novel causes of ketotic hypoglycemia in children. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):2114. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58845-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Williams HE. Alcoholic hypoglycemia and ketoacidosis. Med Clin North Am. 1984;68(1):33–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0025-7125(16)31239-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Williams HE. Alcoholic hypoglycemia and ketoacidosis. Med Clin North Am. 1984;68(1):33–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0025-7125(16)31239-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pigeaud L, de Veld L, van der Lely N. Elevated creatinine kinase levels amongst Dutch adolescents with acute alcohol intoxication. Eur J Pediatr. 2023;182(3):1371–1375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-023-04820-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pigeaud L, de Veld L, van der Lely N. Elevated creatinine kinase levels amongst Dutch adolescents with acute alcohol intoxication. Eur J Pediatr. 2023;182(3):1371–1375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-023-04820-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Casertano A, Rossi A, Fecarotta S, Rosanio FM, Moracas C, Di Candia F et al. An Overview of Hypoglycemia in Children Including a Comprehensive Practical Diagnostic Flowchart for Clinical Use. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:684011. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.684011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Casertano A, Rossi A, Fecarotta S, Rosanio FM, Moracas C, Di Candia F et al. An Overview of Hypoglycemia in Children Including a Comprehensive Practical Diagnostic Flowchart for Clinical Use. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:684011. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.684011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тепаев РФ, Ластовка ВА, Пыталь АВ, Савлук ЮВ. Метаболический ацидоз: диагностика и лечение у детей. Педиатрическая фармакология. 2016;13(4):384–389. https://doi.org/10.15690/pf.v13i4.1612.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tepaev RF, Lastovka VV, Pytal AV, Savluk JV. Metabolic Acidosis: Diagnostics and Treatment. Pediatric pharmacology. 2016;13(4):384–389. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.15690/pf.v13i4.1612.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ivannikova T, Milovanova N, Zakharova E, Gubayeva D, Kareva M, Melikyan Molecular Mechanisms of Idiopathic Ketotic Hypoglycemia in Children. ESPE2019. 2019;92:1–69. Available at: https://abstracts.eurospe.org/hrp/0092/hrp0092p1-69.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivannikova T, Milovanova N, Zakharova E, Gubayeva D, Kareva M, Melikyan Molecular Mechanisms of Idiopathic Ketotic Hypoglycemia in Children. ESPE2019. 2019;92:1–69. Available at: https://abstracts.eurospe.org/hrp/0092/hrp0092p1-69.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
