medsovetМедицинский СоветMeditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council2079-701X2658-5790REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.10.21518/ms2024-311medsovet-8466Research ArticleКОГНИТИВНЫЕ РАССТРОЙСТВАCOGNITIVE DISRODERSАмбулаторное ведение пациентов с сосудистыми когнитивными нарушениямиOutpatient management of patients with vascular cognitive impairmenthttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7465-0677ПизоваН. В.PizovaN. V.

Пизова Наталия Вячеславовна, д.м.н., профессор кафедры нервных болезней с медицинской генетикой и нейрохирургией

150000, Ярославль, ул. Революционная, д. 5

Nataliia V. Pizova, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor of the Department of Nervous Diseases with Medical Genetics and Neurosurgery

5, Revolutsionnaya St., Yaroslavl, 150000

pizova@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0522-675XПизовА. В.PizovA. V.

Пизов Александр Витальевич, к.б.н., доцент кафедры медицины

150000, Ярославль, ул. Республиканская, д. 108/1

Aleksandr V. Pizov, Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Associate Professor of the Department of Medicine

108/1, Respublikanskaya St., Yaroslavl, 150000

avpizov@yandex.ruЯрославский государственный медицинский университетРоссияYaroslavl State Medical UniversityRussian FederationЯрославский государственный педагогический университет имени К.Д. УшинскогоРоссияYaroslavl State Pedagogical University named after K.D. UshinskyRussian Federation20241408202401231–38Copyright © Пизова Н.В., Пизов А.В., 20242024Пизова Н.В., Пизов А.В.Pizova N.V., Pizov A.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/8466

Возрастные когнитивные нарушения являются одной из основных проблем общественного здравоохранения нашего времени. Сосудистые когнитивные нарушения включают весь спектр когнитивных нарушений, начиная от клинически легких, которые проявляются только при когнитивном тестировании, и заканчивая умеренными и выраженными, доходящими до степени деменции. Сосудистые когнитивные нарушения определяют весь спектр неврологических расстройств, вызванных сосудистыми заболеваниями головного мозга. Неврология когнитивных нарушений в более позднем возрасте часто представляет собой смесь сосудистой патологии, болезни Альцгеймера и других нейродегенеративных заболеваний, которые накладываются друг на друга и увеличивают риск развития когнитивных нарушений. Когнитивные нарушения проявляются в прогрессирующей потере способностей к обучению, ухудшению памяти и внимания, что приводит к росту зависимости и социальной изоляции. Цереброваскулярные факторы риска распространены среди пожилых людей и являются основными факторами, способствующими развитию сосудистых когнитивных нарушений. К наиболее распространенным сосудистым факторам риска относят артериальную гипертензию, высокий уровень холестерина, сахарный диабет и курение, которые широко встречаются в популяции. Основными причинами сосудистых когнитивных нарушений считаются острые нарушения мозгового кровообращения, немые (бессимптомные) инфаркты и микрокровоизлияния в сочетании с изменением структуры и плотности белого вещества или без них. Церебральная болезнь мелких сосудов является одной из наиболее актуальных из-за ее влияния с точки зрения социально-экономического бремени. Определение вклада сосудистых заболеваний в развитие сосудистых когнитивных нарушений значительно облегчается с использованием нейровизуализации, в частности магнитно-резонансной томографии. В настоящее время не существует специфических методов лечения сосудистых когнитивных нарушений, но рекомендуются стандартные меры профилактики инсульта. Мультимодальные вмешательства, включающие модификацию сосудистых факторов риска и образа жизни, в настоящее время являются наиболее перспективной стратегией лечения и профилактики. Холинергические предшественники были одними из первых соединений, использованных для лечения когнитивных нарушений.

Age-related cognitive impairment is one of the top public health challenges nowadays. Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) includes a broad spectrum of cognitive disorders, from clinically mild cognitive impairment, which is revealed only due to  cognitive testing, to moderate and severe ones reaching the level of dementia. Vascular cognitive impairment covers the full spectrum of neurological disorders caused by cerebrovascular diseases. The neuropathology of cognitive impairment in later life is often a mixture of vascular pathology, Alzheimer disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases, which overlap and heighten the risk of cognitive impairment. Cognitive impairment is defined by the presence of a progressive reduction in cognitive abilities, worsening both of memory and attention, which leads to increased dependence and social isolation. Cerebrovascular risk factors are common among older adults and are major contributors to the development of vascular cognitive impairment. The most common vascular risk factors include hypertension, high cholesterol levels, diabetes and smoking, which have high prevalence rates in the population. The main causes of vascular cognitive impairment are considered to be acute cerebrovascular accidents, silent (asymptomatic) infarctions and cerebral microbleeds combined with or without white matter (WM) structural integrity and density changes. Cerebral small vessel disease is one of the most topical due to its effect in terms of socioeconomic burden. The use of neuroimaging, in particular magnetic resonance imaging, greatly improves the ability to identify the contribution of vascular diseases to the development of vascular cognitive impairment. Currently, no specific treatments for vascular cognitive impairment exist, but standard stroke prevention measures are recommended. Multimodal interventions including vascular risk factors and lifestyle modifications is currently the most promising treatment and prevention strategy. Cholinergic precursors were among the first compounds used to treat cognitive impairment.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.