medsovetМедицинский СоветMeditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council2079-701X2658-5790REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.10.21518/ms2024-296medsovet-8513Research ArticleТРИХОЛОГИЯTRICHOLOGYЭффективность применения биотина в терапии алопеции различного генеза, патологии кожи и ногтейThe effectiveness of biotin in therapy alopecia of various origins, pathologies of the skin and nailshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2659-7998ТоршинИ. Ю.TorshinI. Yu.

Торшин Иван Юрьевич, к.ф-м.н., к.х.н., ведущий научный сотрудник

119333, Москва, ул. Вавилова, д. 44, корп. 2

Ivan Yu. Torshin, Cand. Sci. (Physcal. and Mathem.), Cand. Sci. (Chem.), Leading Researcher

44, Bldg. 2, Vavilov St., Moscow, 119333

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7663-710XГромоваО. А.GromovaO. A.

Громова Ольга Алексеевна, д.м.н., профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник

119333, Москва, ул. Вавилова, д. 44, корп. 2

Olga A. Gromova, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Leading Researcher

44, Bldg. 2, Vavilov St., Moscow, 119333

unesco.gromova@gmail.comФедеральный исследовательский центр «Информатика и управление» Российской академии наукРоссияFederal Research Center “Computer Science and Control” of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation202403092024014135144Copyright © Торшин И.Ю., Громова О.А., 20242024Торшин И.Ю., Громова О.А.Torshin I.Y., Gromova O.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/8513

К дефициту биотина приводят воспалительные заболевания кишечника, нарушающие всасывание витамина, особые нарушения диеты с потреблением сырых яиц (избыток авидина – белка блокатора витамина В7), дефицит магния, курение, алкоголь, лечение антибиотиками широкого спектра действия, сульфаниламидами, противосудорожными препаратами. Также гиповитаминоз В7 отмечен у лиц с врожденными генетическими дефектами гена биотинидазы или других генов, вовлеченных в обмен биотина. Дефицит водорастворимого витамина B7 (витамин Н) проявляется сухостью кожи, себорейным дерматитом, дерматитом вокруг глаз, носа, рта, ушей и паха, нарушениями роста ногтей, медленным ранозаживлением порезов кожи, атопическим дерматитом, исчерченностью, расслаиванием, ломкостью ногтей и алопецией (диффузная и андрогенная форма). Алопеция возникает при гибели волосяных фолликулов и приводит к потере волос. В протеоме человека представлен 51 белок, участвующий в обмене биотина. В частности, D-биотин-зависимые карбоксилазы играют важную роль в метаболизме жирных кислот, аминокислот, углеводов, процессах деления и роста клеток, в т. ч. кератиноцитов и клеток волосяного фолликула. Молекулярные механизмы реализации эффектов D-биотина на кожу и ее придатки могут вовлекать различные ростовые факторы: показано регулирование сигнальных путей ростовых факторов (IGF-1, FGF, KGF, HGF, VEGF, SIRT-1, Wnt и бета-катенина). Стволовые клетки волосяного фолликула обуславливают циклический рост волосяных фолликулов. В активации роста стволовых клеток D-биотином участвуют факторы роста, пути активации сигнального каскада Wnt/β-катенина приводят к активации белков циклина D1 (инициируют синтез ДНК и приводят к повышению жизнеспособности волосяных фолликулов). Результаты фундаментальных и клинических исследований подтверждают перспективность применения биотина в дерматологии для терапии заболеваний кожи, волос и ногтей, в т. ч. алопеции различного генеза (андрогенная, очаговая, диффузная). Результаты исследований указали на хорошую переносимость биотина, причем риск гипервитаминоза отсутствует даже в случае приема мегадоз (сотни мг).

Biotin deficiency is caused by inflammatory bowel diseases that impair the absorption of the vitamin, special dietary disorders with the consumption of raw eggs (excess avidin – a vitamin B7 blocker protein), magnesium deficiency, smoking, alcohol, treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics, sulfonamides, and anticonvulsants. Hypovitaminosis B7 has also been noted in individuals with congenital genetic defects of the biotinidase gene or other genes involved in biotin metabolism. Deficiency of water-soluble vitamin B7 (vitamin H) – manifested by dry skin, seborrheic dermatitis, dermatitis around the eyes, nose, mouth, ears and groin, impaired nail growth, slow healing of skin cuts, atopic dermatitis, striations, splitting, brittle nails and alopecia (diffuse and androgenic form). Alopecia occurs when hair follicles die and leads to hair loss. The human proteome contains 51 proteins involved in biotin metabolism. In particular, D-biotin-dependent carboxylases play an important role in the metabolism of fatty acids, amino acids, carbohydrates, cell division and growth, incl. keratinocytes and hair follicle cells. The molecular mechanisms of the effects of D-biotin on the skin and its appendages may involve various growth factors: regulation of the signaling pathways of growth factors (IGF-1, FGF, KGF, HGF, VEGF, SIRT-1, Wnt and beta-catenin) has been shown. Hair follicle stem cells cause the cyclical growth of hair follicles. Growth factors are involved in the activation of stem cell growth by D-biotin; activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade leads to the activation of cyclin D1 proteins (initiates DNA synthesis and leads to increased viability of hair follicles. The results of fundamental and clinical studies confirm the prospects of using biotin in dermatology for the treatment of diseases of the skin, hair and nails, incl. alopecia of various origins (androgenic, focal, diffuse). The results of the studies indicated that biotin was well tolerated, and there was no risk of hypervitaminosis even when taking megadoses (hundreds of milligrams).

систематический анализалопециярост волосногтигиповитаминозD-биотинфармакологияsystematic analysisalopeciahair growthnailshypovitaminosisD-biotinpharmacologyReferencesОлисова ОЮ, Егорова КГ. Богатая тромбоцитами плазма в терапии нерубцовых алопеций. Российский журнал кожных и венерических болезней. 2014;17(6):60–62. Режим доступа: https://journals.eco-vector.com/1560-9588/article/view/36950.Olisova OYu, Egorova KG. Platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of nonscarring alopecia. Russian Journal of Skin and Venereal Diseases. 2014;17(6):60– 62. (In Russ.) Available at: https://journals.eco-vector.com/1560-9588/article/view/36950.Ablon G. A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study Evaluating the Efficacy of an Oral Supplement in Women with Self-perceived Thinning Hair. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2012;5(11):28–34. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23198010/.Ablon G. A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study Evaluating the Efficacy of an Oral Supplement in Women with Self-perceived Thinning Hair. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2012;5(11):28–34. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23198010/.Ho CH, Sood T, Zito PM. Androgenetic Alopecia. In: StatPearls. 2024. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28613674/.Ho CH, Sood T, Zito PM. Androgenetic Alopecia. In: StatPearls. 2024. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28613674/.Fu S, Song X. The clinical and immunological features of alopecia areata following SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 vaccines. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2024;28(4):273–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/14728222.2024.2344696.Fu S, Song X. The clinical and immunological features of alopecia areata following SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 vaccines. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2024;28(4):273–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/14728222.2024.2344696.Bukhari AE, AlDosari DA, AlDosari MA, Muqrin RF, Moazin OM, Almutlq MM et al. COVID-19-induced hair shedding and related risk factors: A Saudi perspective. J Family Med Prim Care. 2023;12(12):3304–3311. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_314_23.Bukhari AE, AlDosari DA, AlDosari MA, Muqrin RF, Moazin OM, Almutlq MM et al. COVID-19-induced hair shedding and related risk factors: A Saudi perspective. J Family Med Prim Care. 2023;12(12):3304–3311. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_314_23.Kanti V, Röwert-Huber J, Vogt A, Blume-Peytavi U. Cicatricial alopecia. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2018;16(4):435–461. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddg.13498.Kanti V, Röwert-Huber J, Vogt A, Blume-Peytavi U. Cicatricial alopecia. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2018;16(4):435–461. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddg.13498.Kanti V, Constantinou A, Reygagne P, Vogt A, Kottner J, Blume-Peytavi U. Frontal fibrosing alopecia: demographic and clinical characteristics of 490 cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2019;33(10):1976–1983. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.15735.Kanti V, Constantinou A, Reygagne P, Vogt A, Kottner J, Blume-Peytavi U. Frontal fibrosing alopecia: demographic and clinical characteristics of 490 cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2019;33(10):1976–1983. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.15735.Jeon JJ, Jung SW, Kim YH, Parisi R, Lee JY, Kim MH et al. Global, Regional, and National Epidemiology of Alopecia Areata: A Systematic Review and Modelling Study. Br J Dermatol. 2024;191(3):325–335. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjd/ljae058.Jeon JJ, Jung SW, Kim YH, Parisi R, Lee JY, Kim MH et al. Global, Regional, and National Epidemiology of Alopecia Areata: A Systematic Review and Modelling Study. Br J Dermatol. 2024;191(3):325–335. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjd/ljae058.Lai VWY, Chen G, Gin D, Sinclair R. Systemic treatments for alopecia areata: A systematic review. Australas J Dermatol. 2019;60(1):e1-e13. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajd.12913.Lai VWY, Chen G, Gin D, Sinclair R. Systemic treatments for alopecia areata: A systematic review. Australas J Dermatol. 2019;60(1):e1-e13. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajd.12913.Гаджигороева АГ. Клиническая трихология. М.: Практическая медицина; 2014. 184 с.Гаджигороева АГ. Клиническая трихология. М.: Практическая медицина; 2014. 184 с.Аравийская ЕР, Михеев ГН, Мошкалова ИА, Соколовский ЕВ. Облысение. Дифференциальный диагноз. Методы терапии. СПб.: СОТИС; 2003. 176 с.Аравийская ЕР, Михеев ГН, Мошкалова ИА, Соколовский ЕВ. Облысение. Дифференциальный диагноз. Методы терапии. СПб.: СОТИС; 2003. 176 с.Almohanna HM, Ahmed AA, Tsatalis JP, Tosti A. The Role of Vitamins and Minerals in Hair Loss: A Review. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2019;9(1):51–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13555-018-0278-6.Almohanna HM, Ahmed AA, Tsatalis JP, Tosti A. The Role of Vitamins and Minerals in Hair Loss: A Review. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2019;9(1):51–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13555-018-0278-6.Lipner SR. Update on Biotin Therapy in Dermatology: Time for a Change. J Drugs Dermatol. 2020;19(12):1264–1265. https://doi.org/10.36849/JDD.2020.4946.Lipner SR. Update on Biotin Therapy in Dermatology: Time for a Change. J Drugs Dermatol. 2020;19(12):1264–1265. https://doi.org/10.36849/JDD.2020.4946.Zempleni J, Hassan YI, Wijeratne SK. Biotin and biotinidase deficiency. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab. 2008;3(6):715–724. https://doi.org/10.1586/17446651.3.6.715.Zempleni J, Hassan YI, Wijeratne SK. Biotin and biotinidase deficiency. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab. 2008;3(6):715–724. https://doi.org/10.1586/17446651.3.6.715.Daniells S, Hardy G. Hair loss in long-term or home parenteral nutrition: are micronutrient deficiencies to blame? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2010;13(6):690–697. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0b013e32833ece02.Daniells S, Hardy G. Hair loss in long-term or home parenteral nutrition: are micronutrient deficiencies to blame? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2010;13(6):690–697. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0b013e32833ece02.Schulpis KH, Nyalala JO, Papakonstantinou ED, Leondiadis L, Livaniou E, Ithakisios D, Georgala S. Biotin recycling impairment in phenylketonuric children with seborrheic dermatitis. Int J Dermatol. 1998;37(12):918–921. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-4362.1998.00603.x.Schulpis KH, Nyalala JO, Papakonstantinou ED, Leondiadis L, Livaniou E, Ithakisios D, Georgala S. Biotin recycling impairment in phenylketonuric children with seborrheic dermatitis. Int J Dermatol. 1998;37(12):918–921. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-4362.1998.00603.x.Piraccini BM, Berardesca E, Fabbrocini G, Micali G, Tosti A. Biotin: overview of the treatment of diseases of cutaneous appendages and of hyperseborrhea. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2019;154(5):557–566. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0392-0488.19.06434-4.Piraccini BM, Berardesca E, Fabbrocini G, Micali G, Tosti A. Biotin: overview of the treatment of diseases of cutaneous appendages and of hyperseborrhea. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2019;154(5):557–566. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0392-0488.19.06434-4.Mock DM. Skin manifestations of biotin deficiency. Semin Dermatol. 1991;10(4):296–302. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1764357.Mock DM. Skin manifestations of biotin deficiency. Semin Dermatol. 1991;10(4):296–302. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1764357.Trueb RM. Serum Biotin Levels in Women Complaining of Hair Loss. Int J Trichology. 2016;8(2):73–77. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-7753.188040.Trueb RM. Serum Biotin Levels in Women Complaining of Hair Loss. Int J Trichology. 2016;8(2):73–77. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-7753.188040.El-Esawy FM, Hussein MS, Ibrahim Mansour A. Serum biotin and zinc in male androgenetic alopecia. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2019;18(5):1546–1549. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12865.El-Esawy FM, Hussein MS, Ibrahim Mansour A. Serum biotin and zinc in male androgenetic alopecia. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2019;18(5):1546–1549. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12865.Bahmer FA, Bader M. Skin changes in chronic alcoholism with special reference to the zinc and biotin content of the serum. Z Hautkr. 1987;62(9):691–695. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3617866.Bahmer FA, Bader M. Skin changes in chronic alcoholism with special reference to the zinc and biotin content of the serum. Z Hautkr. 1987;62(9):691–695. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3617866.Watanabe T, Yasumura S, Shibata H, Fukui T. Biotin status and its correlation with other biochemical parameters in the elderly people of Japan. J Am Coll Nutr. 1998;17(1):48–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.1998.10720454.Watanabe T, Yasumura S, Shibata H, Fukui T. Biotin status and its correlation with other biochemical parameters in the elderly people of Japan. J Am Coll Nutr. 1998;17(1):48–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.1998.10720454.Funghini S, Tonin R, Malvagia S, Caciotti A, Donati MA, Morrone A, la Marca G. High frequency of biotinidase deficiency in Italian population identified by newborn screening. Mol Genet Metab Rep. 2020;25:100689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymgmr.2020.100689.Funghini S, Tonin R, Malvagia S, Caciotti A, Donati MA, Morrone A, la Marca G. High frequency of biotinidase deficiency in Italian population identified by newborn screening. Mol Genet Metab Rep. 2020;25:100689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymgmr.2020.100689.Wolf B, Adam MP, Feldman J, Mirzaa GH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE et al. Biotinidase Deficiency. 2000 Mar 24 [updated 2023 May 25]. In: Adam MP, Feldman J, Mirzaa GM, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Gripp KW, Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993–2024. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20301497.Wolf B, Adam MP, Feldman J, Mirzaa GH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE et al. Biotinidase Deficiency. 2000 Mar 24 [updated 2023 May 25]. In: Adam MP, Feldman J, Mirzaa GM, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Gripp KW, Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993–2024. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20301497.Tankeu AT, Van Winckel G, Elmers J, Jaccard E, Superti-Furga A, Wolf B, Tran C. Biotinidase deficiency: What have we learned in forty years? Mol Genet Metab. 2023;138(4):107560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymgme.2023.107560.Tankeu AT, Van Winckel G, Elmers J, Jaccard E, Superti-Furga A, Wolf B, Tran C. Biotinidase deficiency: What have we learned in forty years? Mol Genet Metab. 2023;138(4):107560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymgme.2023.107560.Saleem F, Soos MP. Biotin Deficiency. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31613531/.Saleem F, Soos MP. Biotin Deficiency. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31613531/.Waldrop GL, Holden HM, St Maurice M. The enzymes of biotin dependent CO2 metabolism: what structures reveal about their reaction mechanisms. Protein Sci. 2012;21(11):1597–1619. https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.2156.Waldrop GL, Holden HM, St Maurice M. The enzymes of biotin dependent CO2 metabolism: what structures reveal about their reaction mechanisms. Protein Sci. 2012;21(11):1597–1619. https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.2156.Zempleni J, Hassan YI, Wijeratne SS. Biotin and biotinidase deficiency. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab. 2008;3(6):715–724. https://doi.org/10.1586/17446651.3.6.715.Zempleni J, Hassan YI, Wijeratne SS. Biotin and biotinidase deficiency. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab. 2008;3(6):715–724. https://doi.org/10.1586/17446651.3.6.715.Снарская ЕС, Гришина ВБ. Диффузная алопеция и метод ее комплексной коррекции. Российский журнал кожных и венерических болезней. 2015;18(4):49–55. Режим доступа: https://med-click.ru/uploads/files/docs/diffuznaya-alopetsiya-i-metod-ee-kompleksnoy-korrektsii.pdf.Snarskaya ES, Grishina VB. Diffuse alopecia and a method for its complex correction. Russian Journal of Skin and Venereal Diseases. 2015;18(4):49–55. (In Russ.) Available at: https://med-click.ru/uploads/files/docs/diffuznaya-alopetsiya-i-metod-ee-kompleksnoy-korrektsii.pdf.Whitehead CC, Bannister DW. Aspects of metabolism related to the occurrence of skin lesions in biotin-deficient chicks. Br Poult Sci. 1981;22(5):467–472. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071688108447911.Whitehead CC, Bannister DW. Aspects of metabolism related to the occurrence of skin lesions in biotin-deficient chicks. Br Poult Sci. 1981;22(5):467–472. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071688108447911.Grafe F, Wohlrab W, Neubert RH, Brandsch M. Transport of biotin in human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 2003;120(3):428–433. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12058.x.Grafe F, Wohlrab W, Neubert RH, Brandsch M. Transport of biotin in human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 2003;120(3):428–433. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12058.x.Duchi S, Rebollo Torregrosa P, Hajuj A, Molho D, Shkoor R, Saada NA et al. The formulation and in vitro evaluation of WS Biotin, a novel encapsulated form of D-Biotin with improved water solubility for hair and skin treatment applications. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2024;46(1):119–129. https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12914.Duchi S, Rebollo Torregrosa P, Hajuj A, Molho D, Shkoor R, Saada NA et al. The formulation and in vitro evaluation of WS Biotin, a novel encapsulated form of D-Biotin with improved water solubility for hair and skin treatment applications. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2024;46(1):119–129. https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12914.Frigg M, Schulze J, Volker L. Clinical study on the effect of biotin on skin conditions in dogs. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 1989;131(10):621–625. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2602924/.Frigg M, Schulze J, Volker L. Clinical study on the effect of biotin on skin conditions in dogs. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 1989;131(10):621–625. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2602924/.Ogawa Y, Kinoshita M, Sato T, Shimada S, Kawamura T. Biotin Is Required for the Zinc Homeostasis in the Skin. Nutrients. 2019;11(4):919. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040919.Ogawa Y, Kinoshita M, Sato T, Shimada S, Kawamura T. Biotin Is Required for the Zinc Homeostasis in the Skin. Nutrients. 2019;11(4):919. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040919.Misir R, Blair R. Effect of biotin supplementation of a barley-wheat diet on restoration of healthy feet, legs and skin of biotin deficient sows. Res Vet Sci. 1986;40(2):212–218. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3704339/.Misir R, Blair R. Effect of biotin supplementation of a barley-wheat diet on restoration of healthy feet, legs and skin of biotin deficient sows. Res Vet Sci. 1986;40(2):212–218. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3704339/.Harms RH, Simpson CF. Biotin deficiency as a possible cause of swelling and ulceration of foot pads. Poult Sci. 1975;54(5):1711–1713. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0541711.Harms RH, Simpson CF. Biotin deficiency as a possible cause of swelling and ulceration of foot pads. Poult Sci. 1975;54(5):1711–1713. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0541711.Demir B, Cicek D, Orhan C, Er B, Erten F, Tuzcu M et al. Effects of a Combination of Arginine Silicate Inositol Complex and a Novel Form of Biotin on Hair and Nail Growth in a Rodent Model. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2023;201(2):751–765. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-022-03176-9.Demir B, Cicek D, Orhan C, Er B, Erten F, Tuzcu M et al. Effects of a Combination of Arginine Silicate Inositol Complex and a Novel Form of Biotin on Hair and Nail Growth in a Rodent Model. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2023;201(2):751–765. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-022-03176-9.Hu XM, Li ZX, Zhang DY, Yang YC, Fu SA, Zhang ZQ et al. A systematic summary of survival and death signalling during the life of hair follicle stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2021;12(1):453. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-021-02527-y.Hu XM, Li ZX, Zhang DY, Yang YC, Fu SA, Zhang ZQ et al. A systematic summary of survival and death signalling during the life of hair follicle stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2021;12(1):453. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-021-02527-y.Patel DP, Swink SM, Castelo-Soccio L. A Review of the Use of Biotin for Hair Loss. Skin Appendage Disord. 2017;(3):166–169. https://doi.org/10.1159/000462981.Patel DP, Swink SM, Castelo-Soccio L. A Review of the Use of Biotin for Hair Loss. Skin Appendage Disord. 2017;(3):166–169. https://doi.org/10.1159/000462981.Mock DM, Dyken ME. Biotin catabolism is accelerated in adults receiving long-term therapy with anticonvulsants. Neurology. 1997;49(5):1444–1447. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.49.5.1444.Mock DM, Dyken ME. Biotin catabolism is accelerated in adults receiving long-term therapy with anticonvulsants. Neurology. 1997;49(5):1444–1447. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.49.5.1444.Said HM, Redha R, Nylander W. Biotin transport in the human intestine: inhibition by anticonvulsant drugs. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989;49(1):127–131. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/49.1.127.Said HM, Redha R, Nylander W. Biotin transport in the human intestine: inhibition by anticonvulsant drugs. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989;49(1):127–131. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/49.1.127.Frigg M, Straub OC, Hartmann D. The bioavailability of supplemental biotin in cattle. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1993;63(2):122–128. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8407161/.Frigg M, Straub OC, Hartmann D. The bioavailability of supplemental biotin in cattle. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1993;63(2):122–128. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8407161/.Sawamura H, Fukuwatari T, Shibata K. Effects of excess biotin administration on the growth and urinary excretion of water-soluble vitamins in young rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2007;71(12):2977–2984. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.70381.Sawamura H, Fukuwatari T, Shibata K. Effects of excess biotin administration on the growth and urinary excretion of water-soluble vitamins in young rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2007;71(12):2977–2984. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.70381.Saint Paul LP, Debruyne D, Bernard D, Mock DM, Defer GL Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of MD1003 (high-dose biotin) in the treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2016;12(3):327–344. https://doi.org/10.1517/17425255.2016.1136288.Saint Paul LP, Debruyne D, Bernard D, Mock DM, Defer GL Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of MD1003 (high-dose biotin) in the treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2016;12(3):327–344. https://doi.org/10.1517/17425255.2016.1136288.Zempleni J, Mock DM. Bioavailability of biotin given orally to humans in pharmacologic doses. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(3):504–508. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/69.3.504.Zempleni J, Mock DM. Bioavailability of biotin given orally to humans in pharmacologic doses. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(3):504–508. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/69.3.504.Zempleni J, Mock DM. Utilization of biotin in proliferating human lymphocytes. J Nutr. 2000;130(2):335S–337S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/130.2.335S.Zempleni J, Mock DM. Utilization of biotin in proliferating human lymphocytes. J Nutr. 2000;130(2):335S–337S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/130.2.335S.Подколзин АА, Гуревич КГ. Действие биологически активных веществ в малых дозах. М.: КМК; 2002. 170 с.Подколзин АА, Гуревич КГ. Действие биологически активных веществ в малых дозах. М.: КМК; 2002. 170 с.Fiume MZ; Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. Final report on the safety assessment of biotin. Int J Toxicol. 2001;20(4 Suppl):1–12. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11800048/.Fiume MZ; Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. Final report on the safety assessment of biotin. Int J Toxicol. 2001;20(4 Suppl):1–12. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11800048/.Watanabe T. Morphological and biochemical effects of excessive amounts of biotin on embryonic development in mice. Experientia. 1996;52(2):149–154. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01923361.Watanabe T. Morphological and biochemical effects of excessive amounts of biotin on embryonic development in mice. Experientia. 1996;52(2):149–154. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01923361.Sedel F, Papeix C, Bellanger A, Touitou V, Lebrun-Frenay C, Galanaud D et al High doses of biotin in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: A pilot study. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2015;4(2):159–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2015.01.005.Sedel F, Papeix C, Bellanger A, Touitou V, Lebrun-Frenay C, Galanaud D et al High doses of biotin in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: A pilot study. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2015;4(2):159–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2015.01.005.Samadi A, Ketabi Y, Firooz R, Firooz A. Efficacy of intramuscular injections of biotin and dexpanthenol in the treatment of diffuse hair loss: A randomized, double-blind controlled study comparing two brands. Dermatol Ther. 2022;35(9):e15695. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.15695.Samadi A, Ketabi Y, Firooz R, Firooz A. Efficacy of intramuscular injections of biotin and dexpanthenol in the treatment of diffuse hair loss: A randomized, double-blind controlled study comparing two brands. Dermatol Ther. 2022;35(9):e15695. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.15695.Khare S. Efficacy of Dr. SKS Hair Booster Serum in the Treatment of Female Pattern Alopecia in Patients With PCOS: An Open-Label, Non-randomized, Prospective Study. Cureus. 2023;15(9):e44941. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.44941.Khare S. Efficacy of Dr. SKS Hair Booster Serum in the Treatment of Female Pattern Alopecia in Patients With PCOS: An Open-Label, Non-randomized, Prospective Study. Cureus. 2023;15(9):e44941. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.44941.Schulpis KH, Karikas GA, Tjamouranis J, Tsakiris S. Low serum biotinidase activity in children with valproic acid monotherapy. Epilepsia. 2001;42(10):1359–1362. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1528-1157.2001.47000.x.Schulpis KH, Karikas GA, Tjamouranis J, Tsakiris S. Low serum biotinidase activity in children with valproic acid monotherapy. Epilepsia. 2001;42(10):1359–1362. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1528-1157.2001.47000.x.Schulpis KH, Georgala S, Papakonstantinou ED, Michas T, Karikas GA. The effect of isotretinoin on biotinidase activity. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 1999;12(1-2):28–33. https://doi.org/10.1159/000029843.Schulpis KH, Georgala S, Papakonstantinou ED, Michas T, Karikas GA. The effect of isotretinoin on biotinidase activity. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 1999;12(1-2):28–33. https://doi.org/10.1159/000029843.Aksac SE, Bilgili SG, Yavuz GO, Yavuz IH, Aksac M, Karadag AS. Evaluation of biophysical skin parameters and hair changes in patients with acne vulgaris treated with isotretinoin, and the effect of biotin use on these parameters. Int J Dermatol. 2021;60(8):980–985. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.15485.Aksac SE, Bilgili SG, Yavuz GO, Yavuz IH, Aksac M, Karadag AS. Evaluation of biophysical skin parameters and hair changes in patients with acne vulgaris treated with isotretinoin, and the effect of biotin use on these parameters. Int J Dermatol. 2021;60(8):980–985. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.15485.Lipner SR, Scher RK. Biotin for the treatment of nail disease: what is the evidence? J Dermatolog Treat. 2018;29(4):411–414. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546634.2017.1395799.Lipner SR, Scher RK. Biotin for the treatment of nail disease: what is the evidence? J Dermatolog Treat. 2018;29(4):411–414. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546634.2017.1395799.Chiavetta A, Mazzurco S, Secolo MP, Tomarchio G, Milani M. Treatment of brittle nail with a hydroxypropyl chitosan-based lacquer, alone or in combination with oral biotin: A randomized, assessor-blinded trial. Dermatol Ther. 2019;32(5):e13028. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13028.Chiavetta A, Mazzurco S, Secolo MP, Tomarchio G, Milani M. Treatment of brittle nail with a hydroxypropyl chitosan-based lacquer, alone or in combination with oral biotin: A randomized, assessor-blinded trial. Dermatol Ther. 2019;32(5):e13028. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13028.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.