medsovetМедицинский СоветMeditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council2079-701X2658-5790REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.10.21518/ms2024-466medsovet-8650Research ArticleРЕПРОДУКТИВНОЕ ЗДОРОВЬЕ И ВРТREPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND ARTДиагностическая роль Lactobacillus spp. как представителей нормального микробиома нижних отделов урогенитального трактаThe diagnostic role of Lactobacillus spp. as representatives of the normal microbiome of the lower urogenital tracthttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7114-4050БахтияровК. Р.BakhtiyarovK. R.

Бахтияров Камиль Рафаэльевич, д.м.н., профессор кафедры акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии

119435, Москва, ул. Большая Пироговская, д. 2, стр. 4

Kamil R. Bakhtiyarov, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor of the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology

2, Bldg. 4, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya St., Moscow, 119435

doctorbah@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9945-3848ИгнаткоИ. В.IgnatkoI. V.

Игнатко Ирина Владимировна, член-корр. РАН, д.м.н., профессор, заведующая кафедрой акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии Института клинической медицины имени Н.В. Склифосовского

119435, Москва, ул. Большая Пироговская, д. 2, стр. 4

Irina V. Ignatko, Corr. Member RAS, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, SklifosovskyInstitute of Clinical Medicine

2, Bldg. 4, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya St., Moscow, 119435

ignatko_i_v@staff.sechenov.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0009-7469-2971СиняковаЕ. В.SiniakovaE. V.

Синякова Елизавета Владиславовна, студент предпринимательского трека индивидуальной образовательной программы в рамках специализации «врач-исследователь» Института клинической медицины имени И.В. Склифосовского

119435, Москва, ул. Большая Пироговская, д. 2, стр. 4

Elizaveta V. Siniakova, Student of the Entrepreneurial Track of an Individual Educational Program within the Framework of the Specialization “Research Physician”, Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine

2, Bldg. 4, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya St., Moscow, 119435

sinyakova.liza@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0001-9755-2201ЗуеваА. С.ZuevaA. S.

Зуева Алина Сергеевна, студент исследовательского трека индивидуальной образовательной траектории, реализуемой на базе Института клинической медицины имени Н.В. Склифосовского

119435, Москва, ул. Большая Пироговская, д. 2, стр. 4

Alina S. Zueva, Student of the Research Track of an Individual Educational Trajectory, Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine

2, Bldg. 4, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya St., Moscow, 119435

alina-zueva02@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0004-7414-2471КапыринаТ. Д.KapyrinaT. D.

Капырина Татьяна Дмитриевна, аспирант кафедры акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии

119435, Москва, ул. Большая Пироговская, д. 2, стр. 4

Tatyana D. Kapyrina, Postgraduate Student of the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology

2, Bldg. 4, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya St., Moscow, 119435

tatya-kapyri@yandex.ruПервый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)РоссияSechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)Russian Federation202407112024017816Copyright © Бахтияров К.Р., Игнатко И.В., Синякова Е.В., Зуева А.С., Капырина Т.Д., 20242024Бахтияров К.Р., Игнатко И.В., Синякова Е.В., Зуева А.С., Капырина Т.Д.Bakhtiyarov K.R., Ignatko I.V., Siniakova E.V., Zueva A.S., Kapyrina T.D.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/8650

В настоящее время активно расширяются научные знания о различных Lactobacillus spp., представителей резидентной флоры влагалища. Как известно, Lactobacillus spp. являются неотъемлемой составляющей женских половых путей. В настоящее время известно около 20 различных Lactobacillus spp. Большинство из уже изученных Lactobacillus spp. способствуют поддержанию здоровья влагалища, обеспечивая защиту от патогенных микроорганизмов, развития состояния дисбиоза, осложнений беременности, в том числе преждевременных родов (ПР). Защитная функция обеспечивается в первую очередь за счет образования Dи L-форм молочной кислоты, поддерживающей оптимальный кислый pH среды, из гликогена вагинального эпителия. Также Lactobacillus spp. предотвращают адгезию и инвазию патогенов в эпителиальные клетки, синтезируют бактериоцины, ингибируют высвобождение провоспалительных цитокинов. Однако на сегодняшний день уже имеются сведения о том, что не все представители Lactobacillus spp. имеют положительное влияние на здоровье женского организма. Так, пациентки с морфотипом CSTIII, в котором доминируют L. iners, особенно предрасположены к развитию дисбиоза влагалища, а доминирование L. acidophilus у пациенток, вероятно, ассоциировано с бесплодием. В настоящее время не имеется достоверных доказательств положительного и/или отрицательного влияния на женский организм многих Lactobacillus spp., а уже имеющиеся исследования по ряду бактерий ограниченны и противоречивы. В связи с этим актуальным является дальнейшее изучение характеристик и свойств Lactobacillus spp., колонизирующих влагалище, для более точного понимания их роли и применения полученных знаний в клинической практике для лечения и профилактики различных нарушений нормального микробиома влагалища.

Currently, scientific knowledge about various Lactobacillus species, which are representatives of the resident flora of the vagina, is actively expanding. We know, lactobacilli are an integral part of the female genital tract. Currently, about 20 different types of lactobacilli are known. Most of the lactobacilli already studied contribute to maintaining vaginal health by providing protection from pathogenic microorganisms, the development of dysbiosis, pregnancy complications, including premature birth. The protective function is provided primarily by the formation of Dand L-forms of lactic acid, which maintains an optimal  acidic pH, from the glycogen of the vaginal epithelium. Lactobacillus spp. also prevent adhesion and invasion of pathogens into epithelial cells, synthesize bacteriocins, and inhibit the release of proinflammatory cytokines. However, to date, there is already evidence that not all representatives of lactobacilli have a positive effect on the health of the female body. Thus, patients with the CSTIII morphotype, dominated by L. iners, are especially predisposed to the development of vaginal dysbiosis, and the dominance of L. acidophilus in patients is probably associated with infertility. Currently, there is no reliable evidence of the positive and/or negative effects of many lactobacilli on the female body, and existing studies on a number of bacteria are limited and contradictory. In this regard, it is relevant to further study the characteristics and properties of Lactobacillus spp., colonizing the vagina, for a more accurate understanding of the role of lactobacilli in the vagina and the application of the knowledge gained in clinical practice for the treatment and prevention of various disorders of the normal vaginal microbiome.

Lactobacillusмикробиом влагалищабактериоцинLactobacillus crispatusпробиотикнормоценозбесплодиепреждевременные родыLactobacillusvaginal microbiomebacteriocinLactobacillus crispatusprobioticnormocenosisinfertilityprematureReferencesТихомиров АЛ, Казенашев ВВ. Восстановление микробиоты влагалища у пациенток с бактериальным вагинозом. Медицинский совет. 2022;16(5):25–30. https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2022-16-5-25-30.Tikhomirov AL, Kazenashev VV. Restoration of the vaginal microbiota in patients with bacterial vaginosis. Meditsinskiy Sovet. 2022;16(5):25–30. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2022-16-5-25-30.Юсупова НА, Негмаджонов ББ, Бердиярова ШШ. Роль сбалансированной микрофлоры в поддержании гомеостаза влагалища. Достижения науки и образования. 2020;14(68):73–76. Режим доступа: https://scientifictext.ru/images/PDF/2020/68/DNO-14-68-.pdf.Yusupova NA, Negmadzhonov BB, Berdiyarova SHSH. The role of balanced microflora in maintaining vaginal homeostasis. Dostizheniya nauki i obrazovaniya. 2020;14(68):73–76. (In Russ.) Available at: https://scientifictext.ru/images/PDF/2020/68/DNO-14-68-.pdf.Бахарева ИВ. Роль вагинальной микробиоты в сохранении женского репродуктивного здоровья: обзор литературы (часть 2). Репродуктивная медицина. 2022;2(51):45–54. https://doi.org/10.37800/RM.2.2022.45-54.Bahareva IV. The role of vaginal microbiota in maintaining women’s reproductive health: literature review (part 2). Reproductive Medicine. 2022;2(51):45–54. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.37800/RM.2.2022.45-54.Доброхотова ЮЭ, Казанцева ВД, Озолиня ЛА. Бактериальный вагиноз: современные аспекты патогенеза, диагностики и лечения. Архив акушерства и гинекологии им. В.Ф. Снегирева. 2023;10(3):209–218. https://doi.org/10.17816/2313-8726-2023-10-3-209-218.Dobrokhotova YuE, Kazantseva VD, Ozolinya LA. Bacterial vaginosis: modern aspects of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. V.F. Snegirev Archives of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2023;10(3):209–218. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17816/2313-8726-2023-10-3-209-218.France MT, MaB, Gajer P, Brown S, Humphrys MS, Holm JB et al. VALENCIA: a nearest centroid classification method for vaginal microbial communities based on composition. Microbiome. 2020;8(1):166. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-020-00934-6.France MT, MaB, Gajer P, Brown S, Humphrys MS, Holm JB et al. VALENCIA: a nearest centroid classification method for vaginal microbial communities based on composition. Microbiome. 2020;8(1):166. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-020-00934-6.Созонова ЕА, Чапова НЕ, Буданова ЕВ. Динамические изменения микробиоты влагалища женщины. Вопросы гинекологии, акушерства и перинатологии. 2021;20(4):106–114. https://doi.org/10.20953/1726-1678-2021-4-106-114.Sozonova EA, Chapova NE, Budanova EV. Dynamic changes in the women’s vaginal microbiota. Gynecology, Obstetrics and Perinatology. 2021;20(4): 106–114. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.20953/1726-1678-2021-4-106-114.Доброхотова ЮЭ, Шадрова ПА, Комагоров ВИ. Микробиота влагалища в период менопаузального перехода: роль лактобактерий. Гинекология. 2021;23(3):214–221. https://doi.org/10.26442/20795696.2021.3.200905.Dobrokhotova YuE, Shadrova PA, Komagorov VI. Vaginal microbiota during the menopausal transition: the role of lactobacilli. Gynecology. 2021;23(3): 214–221. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.26442/20795696.2021.3.200905.Moosa Y, Kwon D, de Oliveira T, Wong EB. Determinants of Vaginal Microbiota Composition. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:467. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.00467.Moosa Y, Kwon D, de Oliveira T, Wong EB. Determinants of Vaginal Microbiota Composition. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:467. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.00467.Song SD, Acharya KD, Zhu JE, Deveney CM, Walther-Antonio MRS, Tetel MJ, Chia N. Daily Vaginal Microbiota Fluctuations Associated with Natural Hormonal Cycle, Contraceptives, Diet, and Exercise. mSphere. 2020;5(4):e00593-20. https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00593-20.Song SD, Acharya KD, Zhu JE, Deveney CM, Walther-Antonio MRS, Tetel MJ, Chia N. Daily Vaginal Microbiota Fluctuations Associated with Natural Hormonal Cycle, Contraceptives, Diet, and Exercise. mSphere. 2020;5(4):e00593-20. https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00593-20.Доброхотова ЮЭ, Бондаренко КР, Шадрова ПА. Роль лактобактерий в восстановлении нормальной микробиоты влагалища. Вопросы гинекологии, акушерства и перинатологии. 2021;20(2):126–132. https://doi.org/10.20953/1726-1678-2021-2-126-132.Dobrokhotova YuE, Bondarenko KR, Shadrova PA. The role of lactobacilli in restoring normal vaginal microbiota. Gynecology, Obstetrics and Perinatology. 2021;20(2):126–132. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.20953/1726-1678-2021-2-126-132.Chee WJY, Chew SY, Than LTL. Vaginal microbiota and the potential of Lactobacillus derivatives in maintaining vaginal health. Microb Сell Fact. 2020;19(1):203. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-020-01464-4.Chee WJY, Chew SY, Than LTL. Vaginal microbiota and the potential of Lactobacillus derivatives in maintaining vaginal health. Microb Сell Fact. 2020;19(1):203. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-020-01464-4.Yoshimura K, Ogawa M, Saito M. In vitro characteristics of intravaginal Lactobacilli; why is L. iners detected in abnormal vaginal microbial flora? Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2020;302(3):671–677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-020-05634-y.Yoshimura K, Ogawa M, Saito M. In vitro characteristics of intravaginal Lactobacilli; why is L. iners detected in abnormal vaginal microbial flora? Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2020;302(3):671–677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-020-05634-y.Argentini C, Fontana F, Alessandri G, Lugli GA, Mancabelli L, Ossiprandi MC et al. Evaluation of Modulatory Activities of Lactobacillus crispatus Strains in the Context of the Vaginal Microbiota. Microbiol Spectr. 2022;10(2):e0273321. https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.02733-21.Argentini C, Fontana F, Alessandri G, Lugli GA, Mancabelli L, Ossiprandi MC et al. Evaluation of Modulatory Activities of Lactobacillus crispatus Strains in the Context of the Vaginal Microbiota. Microbiol Spectr. 2022;10(2):e0273321. https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.02733-21.De Gregorio PR, Parolin C, Abruzzo A, Luppi B, Protti M, Mercolini L et al. Bi osurfactant from vaginal Lactobacillus crispatus BC1 as a promising agent to interfere with Candida adhesion. Microb Cell Fact. 2020;19(1):133. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-020-01390-5.De Gregorio PR, Parolin C, Abruzzo A, Luppi B, Protti M, Mercolini L et al. Bi osurfactant from vaginal Lactobacillus crispatus BC1 as a promising agent to interfere with Candida adhesion. Microb Cell Fact. 2020;19(1):133. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-020-01390-5.Kumar S, Kumari N, Talukdar D, Kothidar A, Sarkar M, Mehta O et al. The Vaginal Microbial Signatures of Preterm Birth Delivery in Indian Women. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:622474. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.622474.Kumar S, Kumari N, Talukdar D, Kothidar A, Sarkar M, Mehta O et al. The Vaginal Microbial Signatures of Preterm Birth Delivery in Indian Women. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:622474. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.622474.Zhang J, Li K, Cao T, Duan Z. Characterization of a Lactobacillus gasseri strain as a probiotic for female vaginitis. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):14426. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-65550-y.Zhang J, Li K, Cao T, Duan Z. Characterization of a Lactobacillus gasseri strain as a probiotic for female vaginitis. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):14426. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-65550-y.Qi F, Fan S, Fang C, Ge L, Lyu J, Huang Z et al. Orally administrated Lactobacillus gasseri TM13 and Lactobacillus crispatus LG55 can restore the vaginal health of patients recovering from bacterial vaginosis. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1125239. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1125239.Qi F, Fan S, Fang C, Ge L, Lyu J, Huang Z et al. Orally administrated Lactobacillus gasseri TM13 and Lactobacillus crispatus LG55 can restore the vaginal health of patients recovering from bacterial vaginosis. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1125239. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1125239.Gao Q, Fan T, Luo S, Zheng J, Zhang L, Cao L et al. Lactobacillus gasseri LGV03 isolated from the cervico-vagina of HPV-cleared women modulates epithelial innate immune responses and suppresses the growth of HPVpositive human cervical cancer cells. Transl Oncol. 2023;35:101714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranon.2023.101714.Gao Q, Fan T, Luo S, Zheng J, Zhang L, Cao L et al. Lactobacillus gasseri LGV03 isolated from the cervico-vagina of HPV-cleared women modulates epithelial innate immune responses and suppresses the growth of HPVpositive human cervical cancer cells. Transl Oncol. 2023;35:101714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranon.2023.101714.Zhang Z, Zhao L, Wu J, Pan Y, Zhao G, Li Z, Zhang L. The Effects of Lactobacillus johnsonii on Diseases and Its Potential Applications. Microorganisms. 2023;11(10):2580. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11102580.Zhang Z, Zhao L, Wu J, Pan Y, Zhao G, Li Z, Zhang L. The Effects of Lactobacillus johnsonii on Diseases and Its Potential Applications. Microorganisms. 2023;11(10):2580. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11102580.Ahire JJ, Sahoo S, Kashikar MS, Heerekar A, Lakshmi SG, Madempudi RS. In Vitro Assessment of Lactobacillus crispatus UBLCp01, Lactobacillus gasseri UBLG36, and Lactobacillus johnsonii UBLJ01 as a Potential Vaginal Probiotic Candidate. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2023;15(2):275–286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-021-09838-9.Ahire JJ, Sahoo S, Kashikar MS, Heerekar A, Lakshmi SG, Madempudi RS. In Vitro Assessment of Lactobacillus crispatus UBLCp01, Lactobacillus gasseri UBLG36, and Lactobacillus johnsonii UBLJ01 as a Potential Vaginal Probiotic Candidate. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2023;15(2):275–286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-021-09838-9.ElFeky DS, Awad AR, Shamseldeen AM, Mowafy HL, Hosny SA. Comparing the therapeutic potentials of Lactobacillus johnsonii vs. Lactobacillus acidophilus against vulvovaginal candidiasis in female rats: an in vivo study. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1222503 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1222503.ElFeky DS, Awad AR, Shamseldeen AM, Mowafy HL, Hosny SA. Comparing the therapeutic potentials of Lactobacillus johnsonii vs. Lactobacillus acidophilus against vulvovaginal candidiasis in female rats: an in vivo study. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1222503 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1222503.He Y, Na R, Niu X, Xiao B, Yang H. Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus casei Affect Various Stages of Gardnerella Species Biofilm Formation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:568178. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.568178.He Y, Na R, Niu X, Xiao B, Yang H. Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus casei Affect Various Stages of Gardnerella Species Biofilm Formation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:568178. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.568178.Zheng N, Guo R, Wang J, Zhou W, Ling Z. Contribution of Lactobacillus iners to Vaginal Health and Diseases: A Systematic Review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:792787. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.792787.Zheng N, Guo R, Wang J, Zhou W, Ling Z. Contribution of Lactobacillus iners to Vaginal Health and Diseases: A Systematic Review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:792787. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.792787.He Y, Niu X, Wang B, Na R, Xiao B, Yang H. Evaluation of the Inhibitory Effects of Lactobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus crispatus on the Adhesion of Seven Common Lower Genital Tract Infection-Causing Pathogens to Vaginal Epithelial Cells. Front Med. 2020;7:284. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.00284.He Y, Niu X, Wang B, Na R, Xiao B, Yang H. Evaluation of the Inhibitory Effects of Lactobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus crispatus on the Adhesion of Seven Common Lower Genital Tract Infection-Causing Pathogens to Vaginal Epithelial Cells. Front Med. 2020;7:284. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.00284.Dong YH, Fu Z, Zhang NN, Shao JY, Shen J, Yang E et al. Urogenital tract and rectal microbiota composition and its influence on reproductive outcomes in infertile patients. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1051437. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1051437.Dong YH, Fu Z, Zhang NN, Shao JY, Shen J, Yang E et al. Urogenital tract and rectal microbiota composition and its influence on reproductive outcomes in infertile patients. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1051437. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1051437.Molina MA, Melchers WJG, Núñez-Samudio V, Landires I. The emerging role of Lactobacillus acidophilus in the cervicovaginal microenvironment. Lancet Microbe. 2024;5(1):e6–e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-5247(23)00315-4.Molina MA, Melchers WJG, Núñez-Samudio V, Landires I. The emerging role of Lactobacillus acidophilus in the cervicovaginal microenvironment. Lancet Microbe. 2024;5(1):e6–e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-5247(23)00315-4.Flaviani F, Hezelgrave NL, Kanno T, Prosdocimi EM, Chin-Smith E, Ridout AE et al. Cervicovaginal microbiota and metabolome predict preterm birth risk in an ethnically diverse cohort. JCI Insight. 2021;6(16):e149257. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.149257.Flaviani F, Hezelgrave NL, Kanno T, Prosdocimi EM, Chin-Smith E, Ridout AE et al. Cervicovaginal microbiota and metabolome predict preterm birth risk in an ethnically diverse cohort. JCI Insight. 2021;6(16):e149257. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.149257.Pacha-Herrera D, Erazo-Garcia MP, Cueva DF, Orellana M, Borja-Serrano P, Arboleda C et al. Clustering Analysis of the Multi-Microbial Consortium by Lactobacillus Species Against Vaginal Dysbiosis Among Ecuadorian Women. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022;12:863208. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.863208.Pacha-Herrera D, Erazo-Garcia MP, Cueva DF, Orellana M, Borja-Serrano P, Arboleda C et al. Clustering Analysis of the Multi-Microbial Consortium by Lactobacillus Species Against Vaginal Dysbiosis Among Ecuadorian Women. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022;12:863208. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.863208.Andralojc KM, Molina MA, Qiu M, Spruijtenburg B, Rasing M, Pater B et al. Novel high-resolution targeted sequencing of the cervicovaginal microbiome. BMC Biol. 2021;19(1):267. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-021-01204-z.Andralojc KM, Molina MA, Qiu M, Spruijtenburg B, Rasing M, Pater B et al. Novel high-resolution targeted sequencing of the cervicovaginal microbiome. BMC Biol. 2021;19(1):267. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-021-01204-z.Shazadi K, Ahmad SZ, Ahmad SS, Arshad N. In vivo prophylactic efficacy of Lactobacillus reuteri MT180537 against aerobic vaginitis. Microb Pathog. 2021;160:105197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105197.Shazadi K, Ahmad SZ, Ahmad SS, Arshad N. In vivo prophylactic efficacy of Lactobacillus reuteri MT180537 against aerobic vaginitis. Microb Pathog. 2021;160:105197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105197.Paniágua AL, Correia AF, Pereira LC, de Alencar BM, Silva FBA, Almeida RM, de Medeiros Nóbrega YK. Inhibitory effects of Lactobacillus casei Shirota against both Candida auris and Candida spp. isolates that cause vulvovaginal candidiasis and are resistant to antifungals. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2021;21(1):237. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-021-03405-z.Paniágua AL, Correia AF, Pereira LC, de Alencar BM, Silva FBA, Almeida RM, de Medeiros Nóbrega YK. Inhibitory effects of Lactobacillus casei Shirota against both Candida auris and Candida spp. isolates that cause vulvovaginal candidiasis and are resistant to antifungals. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2021;21(1):237. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-021-03405-z.Baek MG, Kim KW, Yi H. Subspecies-level genome comparison of Lactobacillus delbrueckii. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):3171. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29404-3.Baek MG, Kim KW, Yi H. Subspecies-level genome comparison of Lactobacillus delbrueckii. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):3171. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29404-3.Bnfaga AA, Lee KW, Than LTL, Amin-Nordin S. Antimicrobial and immunoregulatory effects of Lactobacillus delbrueckii 45E against genitourinary pathogens. J Biomed Sci. 2023;30(1):19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-023-00913-7.Bnfaga AA, Lee KW, Than LTL, Amin-Nordin S. Antimicrobial and immunoregulatory effects of Lactobacillus delbrueckii 45E against genitourinary pathogens. J Biomed Sci. 2023;30(1):19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-023-00913-7.Cocomazzi G, De Stefani S, Del Pup L, Palini S, Buccheri M, Primiterra M et al. The Impact of the Female Genital Microbiota on the Outcome of Assisted Reproduction Treatments. Microorganisms. 2023;11(6):1443. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11061443.Cocomazzi G, De Stefani S, Del Pup L, Palini S, Buccheri M, Primiterra M et al. The Impact of the Female Genital Microbiota on the Outcome of Assisted Reproduction Treatments. Microorganisms. 2023;11(6):1443. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11061443.Bi Z, Wang Q, Yang T, Liu Y, Yuan J, Li L, Guo Y. Effect of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis on vaginal radiotherapy for gynecological cancer. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):10105. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-37241-7.Bi Z, Wang Q, Yang T, Liu Y, Yuan J, Li L, Guo Y. Effect of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis on vaginal radiotherapy for gynecological cancer. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):10105. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-37241-7.Kim JY, Moon EC, Kim JY, Kim HJ, Heo K, Shim JJ, Lee JL. Lactobacillus helveticus HY7801 ameliorates bacterial vaginosis by inhibiting biofilm formation and epithelial cell adhesion of Gardnerella vaginalis. Food Sci Biotechnol. 2022;32(4):507–515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-022-01208-7.Kim JY, Moon EC, Kim JY, Kim HJ, Heo K, Shim JJ, Lee JL. Lactobacillus helveticus HY7801 ameliorates bacterial vaginosis by inhibiting biofilm formation and epithelial cell adhesion of Gardnerella vaginalis. Food Sci Biotechnol. 2022;32(4):507–515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-022-01208-7.Vasundhara D, Raju VN, Hemalatha R, Nagpal R, Kumar M. Vaginal & gut microbiota diversity in pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis & effect of oral probiotics: An exploratory study. Indian J Med Res. 2021;153(4):492–502. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_350_19.Vasundhara D, Raju VN, Hemalatha R, Nagpal R, Kumar M. Vaginal & gut microbiota diversity in pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis & effect of oral probiotics: An exploratory study. Indian J Med Res. 2021;153(4):492–502. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_350_19.Basavaprabhu HN, Sonu KS, Prabha R. Mechanistic insights into the action of probiotics against bacterial vaginosis and its mediated preterm birth: An overview. Microb Pathog. 2020;141:104029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104029.Basavaprabhu HN, Sonu KS, Prabha R. Mechanistic insights into the action of probiotics against bacterial vaginosis and its mediated preterm birth: An overview. Microb Pathog. 2020;141:104029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104029.Lee S, Oh KY, Hong H, Jin CH, Shim E, Kim SH, Kim BY. Community State Types of Vaginal Microbiota and Four Types of Abnormal Vaginal Microbiota in Pregnant Korean Women. Front Public Health. 2020;8:507024. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.507024.Lee S, Oh KY, Hong H, Jin CH, Shim E, Kim SH, Kim BY. Community State Types of Vaginal Microbiota and Four Types of Abnormal Vaginal Microbiota in Pregnant Korean Women. Front Public Health. 2020;8:507024. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.507024.Chen Y, Yu L, Qiao N, Xiao Y, Tian F, Zhao J et al. Latilactobacillus curvatus: A Candidate Probiotic with Excellent Fermentation Properties and Health Benefits. Foods. 2020;9(10):1366. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9101366.Chen Y, Yu L, Qiao N, Xiao Y, Tian F, Zhao J et al. Latilactobacillus curvatus: A Candidate Probiotic with Excellent Fermentation Properties and Health Benefits. Foods. 2020;9(10):1366. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9101366.Skowron K, Katarzyna, Grudlewska-Buda K, Wiktorczyk-Kapischke N, Wałecka-Zacharska E, Kraszewska Z et al. Effect of intimate hygiene fluids on the number of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from women. Med Res J. 2022;7(1):24–31. https://doi.org/10.5603/mrj.a2022.0005.Skowron K, Katarzyna, Grudlewska-Buda K, Wiktorczyk-Kapischke N, Wałecka-Zacharska E, Kraszewska Z et al. Effect of intimate hygiene fluids on the number of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from women. Med Res J. 2022;7(1):24–31. https://doi.org/10.5603/mrj.a2022.0005.Lyon LM, Doran KS, Horswill AR. Staphylococcus aureus Fibronectin-Binding Proteins Contribute to Colonization of the Female Reproductive Tract. Infect Immun. 2023;91(1):e0046022. https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.00460-22.Lyon LM, Doran KS, Horswill AR. Staphylococcus aureus Fibronectin-Binding Proteins Contribute to Colonization of the Female Reproductive Tract. Infect Immun. 2023;91(1):e0046022. https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.00460-22.Bwanga F, Mukashyaka C, Kateete DP, Tumuhamye J, Okeng A, Aboce E et al. Vaginal colonization with virulent and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among Ugandan women in Labour. BMC Microbiol. 2024;24(1):307. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-024-03460-9.Bwanga F, Mukashyaka C, Kateete DP, Tumuhamye J, Okeng A, Aboce E et al. Vaginal colonization with virulent and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among Ugandan women in Labour. BMC Microbiol. 2024;24(1):307. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-024-03460-9.Hyun JH, Woo IK, Kim KT, Park YS, Kang DK, Lee NK, Paik HD. Heat-Treated Paraprobiotic Latilactobacillus sakei KU15041 and Latilactobacillus curvatus KU15003 Show an Antioxidant and Immunostimulatory Effect. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2024;34(2):358–366. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.2309.09007.Hyun JH, Woo IK, Kim KT, Park YS, Kang DK, Lee NK, Paik HD. Heat-Treated Paraprobiotic Latilactobacillus sakei KU15041 and Latilactobacillus curvatus KU15003 Show an Antioxidant and Immunostimulatory Effect. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2024;34(2):358–366. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.2309.09007.Tajdozian H, Seo H, Kim S, Rahim MA, Lee S, Song HY. Efficacy of Lactobacillus fermentum Isolated from the Vagina of a Healthy Woman against Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella Infections In Vivo. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2021;31(10):1383–1392. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.2103.03014.Tajdozian H, Seo H, Kim S, Rahim MA, Lee S, Song HY. Efficacy of Lactobacillus fermentum Isolated from the Vagina of a Healthy Woman against Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella Infections In Vivo. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2021;31(10):1383–1392. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.2103.03014.Deidda F, Amoruso A, Nicola S, Graziano T, Pane M, Allesina S et al. The In Vitro Effectiveness of Lactobacillus fermentum Against Different Candida Species Compared With Broadly Used Azoles. J Clin Exp Gastroente rol. 2016;50(Suppl. 2):S171–S174. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0000000000000686.Deidda F, Amoruso A, Nicola S, Graziano T, Pane M, Allesina S et al. The In Vitro Effectiveness of Lactobacillus fermentum Against Different Candida Species Compared With Broadly Used Azoles. J Clin Exp Gastroente rol. 2016;50(Suppl. 2):S171–S174. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0000000000000686.Jang SJ, Lee K, Kwon B, You HJ, Ko G. Vaginal lactobacilli inhibit growth and hyphae formation of Candida albicans. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):8121. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44579-4.Jang SJ, Lee K, Kwon B, You HJ, Ko G. Vaginal lactobacilli inhibit growth and hyphae formation of Candida albicans. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):8121. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44579-4.Koirala R, Gargari G, Arioli S, Taverniti V, Fiore W, Grossi E et al. Effect of oral consumption of capsules containing Lactobacillus paracasei LPC-S01 on the vaginal microbiota of healthy adult women: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2020;96(6):fiaa084. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiaa084.Koirala R, Gargari G, Arioli S, Taverniti V, Fiore W, Grossi E et al. Effect of oral consumption of capsules containing Lactobacillus paracasei LPC-S01 on the vaginal microbiota of healthy adult women: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2020;96(6):fiaa084. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiaa084.Moon EC, Park MS, Lim T, Kim RH, Ji GE, Kim SY, Hwang KT. Antibacterial effect of cell-free supernatant fraction from Lactobacillus paracasei CH88 against Gardnerella vaginalis. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):4763. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-08808-7.Moon EC, Park MS, Lim T, Kim RH, Ji GE, Kim SY, Hwang KT. Antibacterial effect of cell-free supernatant fraction from Lactobacillus paracasei CH88 against Gardnerella vaginalis. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):4763. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-08808-7.Pramanick R, Nathani N, Warke H, Mayadeo N, Aranha C. Vaginal Dysbiotic Microbiome in Women With No Symptoms of Genital Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022;11:760459. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.760459.Pramanick R, Nathani N, Warke H, Mayadeo N, Aranha C. Vaginal Dysbiotic Microbiome in Women With No Symptoms of Genital Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022;11:760459. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.760459.Nikolaitchouk N, Wacher C, Falsen E, Andersch B, Collins MD, Lawson PA. Lactobacillus coleohominis sp. nov., isolated from human sources. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2001;51(6):2081–2085. https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-51-6-2081.Nikolaitchouk N, Wacher C, Falsen E, Andersch B, Collins MD, Lawson PA. Lactobacillus coleohominis sp. nov., isolated from human sources. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2001;51(6):2081–2085. https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-51-6-2081.Ayala NAM. Characterization of an S-Layer-Like Protein and Select Antimicrobial Factors of the Novel Species Lactobacillus Coleohominis. Theses & Dissertations. 2011;63. Режим доступа: https://athenaeum.uiw.edu/uiw_etds/63.Ayala NAM. Characterization of an S-Layer-Like Protein and Select Antimicrobial Factors of the Novel Species Lactobacillus Coleohominis. Theses & Dissertations. 2011;63. Режим доступа: https://athenaeum.uiw.edu/uiw_etds/63.Navarro S, Abla H, Colmer-Hamood JA, Ventolini G, Hamood AN. Under conditions closely mimicking vaginal fluid, Lactobacillus jensenii strain 62B produces a bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance that targets and eliminates Gardnerella species. Microbiology (Reading). 2023;169(11):001409. https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.001409.Navarro S, Abla H, Colmer-Hamood JA, Ventolini G, Hamood AN. Under conditions closely mimicking vaginal fluid, Lactobacillus jensenii strain 62B produces a bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance that targets and eliminates Gardnerella species. Microbiology (Reading). 2023;169(11):001409. https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.001409.Nori SRC, McGuire TK, Lawton EM, McAuliffe FM, Sinderen DV, Walsh CJ et al. Profiling of vaginal Lactobacillus jensenii isolated from preterm and full-term pregnancies reveals strain-specific factors relating to host interaction. Microb Genom. 2023;9(11):001137. https://doi.org/10.1099/mgen.0.001137.Nori SRC, McGuire TK, Lawton EM, McAuliffe FM, Sinderen DV, Walsh CJ et al. Profiling of vaginal Lactobacillus jensenii isolated from preterm and full-term pregnancies reveals strain-specific factors relating to host interaction. Microb Genom. 2023;9(11):001137. https://doi.org/10.1099/mgen.0.001137.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.