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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medsovet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский Совет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-701X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5790</issn><publisher><publisher-name>REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21518/ms2024-390</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medsovet-8727</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ШКОЛА ПЕДИАТРА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PEDIATRICIAN SCHOOL</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Часто болеющие дети: новый взгляд на старую проблему</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Frequently ill children: A new vision of the old problem</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8290-8674</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Грицинская</surname><given-names>В. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gritsinskaya</surname><given-names>V. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Грицинская Вера Людвиговна - д.м.н., ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории «Медико-социальных проблем в педиатрии» Научно-исследовательского центра, профессор кафедры общей медицинской практики.</p><p>194100, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Литовская, д. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vera L. Gritsinskaya - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Leading Researcher of the Laboratory of Medical and Social Problems in Pediatrics, Research Center, Professor of the Department of General Medical Practice.</p><p>2, Litovskaya St., St Petersburg, 194100</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tryfive@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0992-1709</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новикова</surname><given-names>В. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Novikova</surname><given-names>V. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новикова Валерия Павловна - д.м.н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой пропедевтики детских болезней с курсом общего ухода за детьми, заведующий лабораторией «Медико-социальных проблем в педиатрии» Научно-исследовательского центра.</p><p>194100, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Литовская, д. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Valeriya P. Novikova - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Propaedeutics of Childhood Diseases with a Course in General Child Care, Head of the Laboratory of Medical and Social Problems in Pediatrics, Research Center.</p><p>2, Litovskaya St., St Petersburg, 194100</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">novikova-vp@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>St Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>19</issue><fpage>224</fpage><lpage>229</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Грицинская В.Л., Новикова В.П., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Грицинская В.Л., Новикова В.П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gritsinskaya V.L., Novikova V.P.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/8727">https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/8727</self-uri><abstract><p>Статья посвящена актуальной медико-социальной проблеме рекуррентных респираторных инфекций у детей. В отечественной педиатрической практике в настоящее время нет единых подходов к диагностике, диспансеризации и реабилитации группы часто болеющих детей. В данной публикации приведен адаптированный вариант Межобщественного консенсуса, разработанного итальянскими медицинскими ассоциациями в области педиатрии, детских инфекционных заболеваний, аллергологии, иммунологии и оториноларингологии. В консенсусе предложен алгоритм дифференцированного подхода к определению риска рекуррентной респираторной патологии у детей разных возрастных групп, показания для дополнительного обследования для исключения генетической патологии и хронических заболеваний. Низкая эффективность профилактики повторных острых респираторных инфекций у детей создает предпосылки к поиску методов, способствующих повышению реабилитационного потенциала пациентов. В последние годы перспективным является изучение кишечного микробиома человека как отдельного экстракорпорального органа, оказывающего влияние на все системы организма. При склонности к частым респираторным заболеваниям наиболее важное значение придается оси «кишечник – легкие», поскольку она является двунаправленной и представляет собой перекрестные взаимосвязи дыхательной и пищеварительной системы. Наличие этой оси обосновано структурной гомологией кишечника и легких с точки гистологии и эмбриологии и подтверждено в экспериментальных и клинических исследованиях. В статье приводятся результаты отечественных и зарубежных исследований, посвященных изучению изменений микробиома кишечника и верхних дыхательных путей. В ряде систематических обзоров и метаанализах продемонстрировано наличие взаимосвязанных и взаимозависимых изменений кишечного микробиома при рекуррентных респираторных инфекциях, что позволяет рассмотреть перспективу применения пробиотических препаратов у часто болеющих детей.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article is devoted to an urgent medical and social problem of recurrent respiratory infections in children. In domestic pediatric practice, there are currently no unified approaches to diagnosis, prophylactic medical examination and rehabilitation of a group of sickly children. This article presents an adapted version of the Inter-society Consensus developed by the Italian Medical Associations in the field of pediatrics, pediatric infectious diseases, allergology, immunology, and otorhinolaryngology. The consensus includes an algorithm of a differentiated approach to determining the risk of recurrent respiratory pathology in children in different age groups, markers for additional examination to exclude genetic pathology and chronic diseases. The low effectiveness of prevention of recurrent acute respiratory infections in children creates prerequisites for the search of methods to improve the rehabilitation potential of patients. Over the past few years, the study of the human gut microbiome as a separate extracorporeal organ that affects all body systems is promising. In the case of propensity to frequent respiratory diseases, the most important attention is paid to the “intestine-lung” axis, since this axis is bidirectional and represents the cross-relationships of the respiratory and digestive systems. The presence of this axis is due to the structural homology of the intestine and lungs from the point of view of histology and embryology and confirmed by experimental and clinical studies. The article presents the results of domestic and foreign studies devoted to find the changes in a gut microbiome and microbiome of upper respiratory tract. There is a numberof systematic reviews and meta-analyses demonstrating the presence of interrelated and interdependent changes in the gut microbiome duringrecurrent respiratory infection process, which allows to consider the prospect of using probiotics in sickly children.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рекуррентные респираторные инфекции</kwd><kwd>часто болеющие дети</kwd><kwd>микробиом кишечника</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>recurrent respiratory infections</kwd><kwd>sickly children</kwd><kwd>gut microbiome</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Моисеева ИЕ. Острые респираторные вирусные инфекции у детей. Российский семейный врач. 2019;23(3):19–22. https://doi.org/10.17816/RFD2019319-22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moiseeva IE. Acute respiratory viral infections in children. 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