<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medsovet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский Совет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-701X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5790</issn><publisher><publisher-name>REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21518/ms2024-548</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medsovet-8843</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГИНЕКОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>GYNECOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Реалии и перспективы гормональной терапии рецидивирующих инфекций мочевыводящих путей у пациенток с генитоуринарным менопаузальным синдромом</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Realities and prospects of hormonal therapy for recurrent urinary tract infections in patients with genitourinary menopausal syndrome</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6551-4147</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ярмолинская</surname><given-names>М. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yarmolinskaya</surname><given-names>M. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ярмолинская Мария Игоревна, д.м.н., профессор, профессор РАН, заведующая отделом гинекологии и эндокринологии, руководитель Центра диагностики и лечения эндометриоза.</p><p>199034, Санкт-Петербург, Менделеевская линия, д. 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maria I. Yarmolinskaya Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Professor of RAS, Head of the Department of Gynecology and Endocrinology, Head of the Diagnostics and Treatment of Endometriosis Center.</p><p>3, Mendeleyevskaya Line, St Petersburg, 199034</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">m.yarmolinskaya@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7208-3575</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черкашина</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Cherkashina</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Черкашина Софья Андреевна – ординатор.</p><p>199034, Санкт-Петербург, Менделеевская линия, д. 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sofya A. Cherkashina – Resident.</p><p>3, Mendeleyevskaya Line, St Petersburg, 199034</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sonyach@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-исследовательский институт акушерства, гинекологии и репродуктологии имени Д.О. Отта</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>23</issue><fpage>177</fpage><lpage>186</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ярмолинская М.И., Черкашина С.А., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ярмолинская М.И., Черкашина С.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Yarmolinskaya M.I., Cherkashina S.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/8843">https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/8843</self-uri><abstract><p>Проблема роста численности пожилого населения, именуемая «серебряное цунами», становится все более актуальной для современного общества, в т. ч. здравоохранения. Увеличение продолжительности жизни женщин обуславливает в качестве национального приоритета рассматривать повышение качества жизни женщин и активное здоровое долголетие. Генитоуринарный менопаузальный синдром (ГУМС), являющийся следствием в первую очередь эстрогенного дефицита у пациенток в перии постменопаузе и характеризующийся изменениями в мочеполовых органах, диагностируется недостаточно. Самыми частыми жалобами являются сухость, раздражение во влагалище и диспареуния. Одним из компонентов ГУМС являются инфекции мочевыводящих путей (ИМП), имеющие тенденцию к рецидивированию. Примерно 53% женщин в возрасте около 55 лет сообщают о рецидиве в течение одного года. Рецидивирующие ИМП отрицательно влияют на качество жизни пациенток и являются поводом для назначения повторных курсов антибактериальной терапии, что сопровождается изменением лекарственной устойчивости микроорганизмов. Патогенез ИМП ассоциирован с восходящим инфицированием уропатогенными возбудителями, чаще всего Escherichia coli, на фоне эстроген-дефицитных изменений эпителия и нарушенного микробиоценоза урогенитальной зоны. Неполноценность уротелия и недостаток лактобактерий, способных к прямому и опосредованному ингибированию роста патогенных микроорганизмов, приводят к колонизации мочевыводящих путей уропатогенами и рецидивированию ИМП. Следовательно, становится патогенетически обоснованным использование вагинальной комбинации эстриола и лактобактерий в виде длительного интермиттирующего поддерживающего лечения с целью сохранения эффективности и профилактики рецидивов. Данное сочетание содержит минимальную эффективную дозу эстриола (0,03 мг) с незначительной системной абсорбцией и имеет низкий уровень нежелательных явлений, что обуславливает безопасность и высокую приверженность пациенток к терапии. Однако для повышения эффективности терапии необходимы дальнейшие клинические исследования в отношении комбинации эстриола с лактобактериями у пациенток с рецидивами инфекций мочевыводящих путей в постменопаузе.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The problem of the growing elderly population, called the “silver tsunami”, is becoming increasingly important for modern society, including healthcare. Increasing women’s life expectancy makes it a national priority to consider improving women’s quality of life and active healthy longevity. GSM (Genitourinary Menopausal Syndrome), which is primarily a consequence of estrogen deficiency in periand postmenopausal patients and is characterized by changes in the genitourinary organs, is underdiagnosed.</p><p>The most common complaints are vaginal dryness, irritation, and dyspareunia. One of the components of GSM is urinary tract infections (UTIs), which tend to recur. Approximately 53% of women aged about 55 years report a relapse within one year. Recurrent UTIs negatively affect the quality of life of patients and are the reason for prescribing repeated courses of antibacterial therapy, which is accompanied by a change in the drug resistance of microorganisms. The pathogenesis of UTIs is associated with ascending infection by uropathogenic microorganisms, most often Escherichia coli, against the background of estrogendeficient changes in the epithelium and impaired microbiocenosis of the urogenital zone. Inadequacy of the urothelium and the lack of lactobacilli capable of direct and indirect inhibition of the growth of pathogenic microorganisms lead to colonization of the urinary tract with uropathogens and recurrence of UTIs. Consequently, the use of a vaginal combination of estriol and lactobacilli in the form of long-term intermittent maintenance treatment in order to maintain effectiveness and prevent relapses becomes pathogenetically justified. This combination contains a minimal effective dose of estriol (0.03 mg) with negligible systemic absorption and has a low level of adverse events, which ensures safety and high patient adherence to therapy. However, further clinical studies of the combination of estriol with lactobacilli in postmenopausal patients with recurrent urinary tract infections are needed to improve the efficacy of therapy.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>генитоуринарный менопаузальный синдром</kwd><kwd>ГУМС</kwd><kwd>рецидивирующие инфекции мочевыводящих путей</kwd><kwd>локальные эстрогены</kwd><kwd>эстриол</kwd><kwd>лактобактерии</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>genitourinary menopausal syndrome</kwd><kwd>GSM</kwd><kwd>recurrent urinary tract infections</kwd><kwd>local estrogens</kwd><kwd>estriol</kwd><kwd>lactobacilli</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fermini B, Bell DC. On the perspective of an aging population and its potential impact on drug attrition and pre-clinical cardiovascular safety assessment. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods. 2022;117:107184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vascn.2022.107184.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fermini B, Bell DC. On the perspective of an aging population and its potential impact on drug attrition and pre-clinical cardiovascular safety assessment. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods. 2022;117:107184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vascn.2022.107184.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Окладников СМ (ред.). Женщины и мужчины России: статистический сборник (2022). М.; 2022. 208 с. Режим доступа: https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Wom-Man%202022.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Окладников СМ (ред.). Женщины и мужчины России: статистический сборник (2022). М.; 2022. 208 с. Режим доступа: https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Wom-Man%202022.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Адамян ЛВ, Андреева ЕН, Аполихина ИА, Артымук НВ, Ашрафян ЛА, Балан ВЕ и др. Менопауза и климактерическое состояние у женщины: клинические рекомендации. М.; 2024. Режим доступа: http://disuria.ru/_ld/11/1199_kr21N95MZ.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Адамян ЛВ, Андреева ЕН, Аполихина ИА, Артымук НВ, Ашрафян ЛА, Балан ВЕ и др. Менопауза и климактерическое состояние у женщины: клинические рекомендации. М.; 2024. Режим доступа: http://disuria.ru/_ld/11/1199_kr21N95MZ.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Portman DJ, Gass ML; Vulvovaginal Atrophy Terminology Consensus Conference Panel. Genitourinary syndrome of menopause: new terminology for vulvovaginal atrophy from the International Society for the Study of Women’s Sexual Health and the North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2014;21(10):1063–1068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.07.013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Portman DJ, Gass ML; Vulvovaginal Atrophy Terminology Consensus Conference Panel. Genitourinary syndrome of menopause: new terminology for vulvovaginal atrophy from the International Society for the Study of Women’s Sexual Health and the North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2014;21(10):1063–1068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.07.013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brady PH, Gin GT, Rosenblum E, Wilkinson LD. Female Pelvic Conditions: Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause. FP Essent. 2022;515:32–42. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35420405.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brady PH, Gin GT, Rosenblum E, Wilkinson LD. Female Pelvic Conditions: Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause. FP Essent. 2022;515:32–42. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35420405.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rudd AB, Davis A. A Call to Change the Narrative on Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause. Nurs Womens Health. 2020;24(6):399–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nwh.2020.09.007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rudd AB, Davis A. A Call to Change the Narrative on Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause. Nurs Womens Health. 2020;24(6):399–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nwh.2020.09.007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ярмолинская МИ, Колошкина АВ. Алгоритм диагностики и лечения генитоуринарного менопаузального синдрома. Акушерство и гинекология. 2024;(9):22–36. https://doi.org/10.18565/aig.2024.181.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yarmolinskaya MI, Koloshkina AV. Algorithm for diagnosis and treatment of genitourinary menopausal syndrome. Akusherstvo i Ginekologiya. 2024;(9):22–36. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18565/aig.2024.181.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wasnik VB, Acharya N, Mohammad S. Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause: A Narrative Review Focusing on Its Effects on the Sexual Health and Quality of Life of Women. Cureus. 2023;15(11):e48143. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.48143.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wasnik VB, Acharya N, Mohammad S. Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause: A Narrative Review Focusing on Its Effects on the Sexual Health and Quality of Life of Women. Cureus. 2023;15(11):e48143. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.48143.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Panay N, Ang SB, Cheshire R, Goldstein SR, Maki P, Nappi RE; International Menopause Society Board. Menopause and MHT in 2024: addressing the key controversies – an International Menopause Society White Paper. Climacteric. 2024;27(5):441–457. https://doi.org/10.1080/13697137.2024.2394950.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Panay N, Ang SB, Cheshire R, Goldstein SR, Maki P, Nappi RE; International Menopause Society Board. Menopause and MHT in 2024: addressing the key controversies – an International Menopause Society White Paper. Climacteric. 2024;27(5):441–457. https://doi.org/10.1080/13697137.2024.2394950.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chee WT, Maciej PC. Urinary tract infections in adults. Singapore Med J. 2016;57(9):485–490. https://doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2016153.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chee WT, Maciej PC. Urinary tract infections in adults. Singapore Med J. 2016;57(9):485–490. https://doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2016153.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Papp SB, Zimmern PE. Recurrent Urinary tract infections and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review predominantly in women. Front Urol. 2023;3:1275334. https://doi.org/10.3389/fruro.2023.1275334.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Papp SB, Zimmern PE. Recurrent Urinary tract infections and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review predominantly in women. Front Urol. 2023;3:1275334. https://doi.org/10.3389/fruro.2023.1275334.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Muiños Fernández N, Martínez Salamanca JI, Pardo González de Quevedo JI, Diz Morales MP, Palomo Alameda L, Duce Tello S et al. Efficacy and safety of an ultra-low-dose 0.005% estriol vaginal gel in the prevention of urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women with genitourinary syndrome of menopause: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Maturitas. 2024;190:108128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2024.108128.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muiños Fernández N, Martínez Salamanca JI, Pardo González de Quevedo JI, Diz Morales MP, Palomo Alameda L, Duce Tello S et al. Efficacy and safety of an ultra-low-dose 0.005% estriol vaginal gel in the prevention of urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women with genitourinary syndrome of menopause: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Maturitas. 2024;190:108128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2024.108128.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Nisco NJ, Neugent M, Mull J, Chen L, Kuprasertkul A, de Souza Santos M et al. Direct Detection of Tissue-Resident Bacteria and Chronic Inflammation in the Bladder Wall of Postmenopausal Women with Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection. J Mol Biol. 2019;431(21):4368–4379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2019.04.008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Nisco NJ, Neugent M, Mull J, Chen L, Kuprasertkul A, de Souza Santos M et al. Direct Detection of Tissue-Resident Bacteria and Chronic Inflammation in the Bladder Wall of Postmenopausal Women with Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection. J Mol Biol. 2019;431(21):4368–4379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2019.04.008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Перепанова ТС, Синякова ЛА, Локшин КЛ. Цистит у женщин: клинические рекомендации. М.; 2021. Режим доступа: http://disuria.ru/_ld/10/1014_kr21N30mz.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Перепанова ТС, Синякова ЛА, Локшин КЛ. Цистит у женщин: клинические рекомендации. М.; 2021. Режим доступа: http://disuria.ru/_ld/10/1014_kr21N30mz.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ших ЕВ, Жукова ОВ. Роль неантибактериальных средств в профилактике рецидивирующих инфекций мочевыводящих путей. Лечащий врач. 2024;(1):27–36. https://doi.org/10.51793/OS.2024.27.1.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shikh EV, Zhukova OV. The role of non-antibacterial agents in the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections. Lechaschi Vrach. 2024;(1):27–36. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.51793/OS.2024.27.1.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sihra N, Goodman A, Zakri R, Sahai A, Malde S et al. Nonantibiotic prevention and management of recurrent urinary tract infection. Nat Rev Urol. 2018;15(12):750–776. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41585-018-0106-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sihra N, Goodman A, Zakri R, Sahai A, Malde S et al. Nonantibiotic prevention and management of recurrent urinary tract infection. Nat Rev Urol. 2018;15(12):750–776. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41585-018-0106-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ammitzbøll N, Bau BPJ, Bundgaard-Nielsen C, Villadsen AB, Jensen AM, Leutscher PDC et al. Preand postmenopausal women have different core urinary microbiota. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):2212. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81790-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ammitzbøll N, Bau BPJ, Bundgaard-Nielsen C, Villadsen AB, Jensen AM, Leutscher PDC et al. Preand postmenopausal women have different core urinary microbiota. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):2212. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81790-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hugenholtz F, van der Veer C, Terpstra ML, Borgdorff H, van Houdt R, Bruisten S et al. Urine and vaginal microbiota compositions of postmenopausal and premenopausal women differ regardless of recurrent urinary tract infection and renal transplant status. Sci Rep. 2022;(12):2698. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06646-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hugenholtz F, van der Veer C, Terpstra ML, Borgdorff H, van Houdt R, Bruisten S et al. Urine and vaginal microbiota compositions of postmenopausal and premenopausal women differ regardless of recurrent urinary tract infection and renal transplant status. Sci Rep. 2022;(12):2698. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06646-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dominoni M, Scatigno AL, La Verde M, Bogliolo S, Melito C, Gritti A et al. Microbiota Ecosystem in Recurrent Cystitis and the Immunological Microenvironment of Urothelium. Healthcare. 2023;11(4):525. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11040525.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dominoni M, Scatigno AL, La Verde M, Bogliolo S, Melito C, Gritti A et al. Microbiota Ecosystem in Recurrent Cystitis and the Immunological Microenvironment of Urothelium. Healthcare. 2023;11(4):525. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11040525.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amabebe E, Anumba DOC. The Vaginal Microenvironment: The Physiologic Role of Lactobacilli. Front Med. 2018;5:181. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2018.00181.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amabebe E, Anumba DOC. The Vaginal Microenvironment: The Physiologic Role of Lactobacilli. Front Med. 2018;5:181. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2018.00181.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stabile G, Topouzova GA, De Seta F. The role of microbiota in the management of genitourinary syndrome of menopause. Climacteric. 2023;26(4):353–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/13697137.2023.2223923.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stabile G, Topouzova GA, De Seta F. The role of microbiota in the management of genitourinary syndrome of menopause. Climacteric. 2023;26(4):353–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/13697137.2023.2223923.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Park MG, Cho S, Oh MM. Menopausal Changes in the Microbiome – A Review Focused on the Genitourinary Microbiome. Diagnostics. 2023;13:1193. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13061193.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Park MG, Cho S, Oh MM. Menopausal Changes in the Microbiome – A Review Focused on the Genitourinary Microbiome. Diagnostics. 2023;13:1193. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13061193.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lüthje P, Brauner H, Ramos NL, Ovregaard A, Gläser R, Hirschberg AL et al. Estrogen supports urothelial defense mechanisms. Sci Transl Med. 2013;5(190):190ra80. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3005574.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lüthje P, Brauner H, Ramos NL, Ovregaard A, Gläser R, Hirschberg AL et al. Estrogen supports urothelial defense mechanisms. Sci Transl Med. 2013;5(190):190ra80. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3005574.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Naji A, Siskin D, Woodworth MH, Lee JR, Kraft CS, Mehta N. The Role of the Gut, Urine, and Vaginal Microbiomes in the Pathogenesis of Urinary Tract Infection in Women and Consideration of Microbiome Therapeutics. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2024;11(9):ofae471. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofae471.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Naji A, Siskin D, Woodworth MH, Lee JR, Kraft CS, Mehta N. The Role of the Gut, Urine, and Vaginal Microbiomes in the Pathogenesis of Urinary Tract Infection in Women and Consideration of Microbiome Therapeutics. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2024;11(9):ofae471. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofae471.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Caretto M, Giannini A, Russo E, Simoncini T. Preventing urinary tract infections after menopause without antibiotics. Maturitas. 2017;99:43–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.02.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Caretto M, Giannini A, Russo E, Simoncini T. Preventing urinary tract infections after menopause without antibiotics. Maturitas. 2017;99:43–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.02.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neugent ML, Kumar A, Hulyalkar NV, Lutz KC, Nguyen VH, Fuentes JL et al. Recurrent urinary tract infection and estrogen shape the taxonomic ecology and function of the postmenopausal urogenital microbiome. Cell Rep Med. 2022;3(10):100753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100753.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neugent ML, Kumar A, Hulyalkar NV, Lutz KC, Nguyen VH, Fuentes JL et al. Recurrent urinary tract infection and estrogen shape the taxonomic ecology and function of the postmenopausal urogenital microbiome. Cell Rep Med. 2022;3(10):100753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100753.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baber RJ, Panay N, Fenton A. IMS Recommendations on women’s midlife health and menopause hormone therapy. Climacteric. 2016;19(2):109–150. https://doi.org/10.3109/13697137.2015.1129166.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baber RJ, Panay N, Fenton A. IMS Recommendations on women’s midlife health and menopause hormone therapy. Climacteric. 2016;19(2):109–150. https://doi.org/10.3109/13697137.2015.1129166.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Donders GGG, Donders FHWV. New developments in the management of vulvovaginal atrophy: a comprehensive overview. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2023;24(5):599–616. https://doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2023.2194017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Donders GGG, Donders FHWV. New developments in the management of vulvovaginal atrophy: a comprehensive overview. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2023;24(5):599–616. https://doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2023.2194017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kolokythas A, Betschart C, Wunder D, Janka H, Stute P. Impact of vaginal estriol on serum hormone levels: a systematic review. Climacteric. 2024;27(2):137–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/13697137.2023.2287624.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolokythas A, Betschart C, Wunder D, Janka H, Stute P. Impact of vaginal estriol on serum hormone levels: a systematic review. Climacteric. 2024;27(2):137–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/13697137.2023.2287624.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Palacios S. Sequential treatment in vulvovaginal atrophy. Climacteric. 2023;26(4):292–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/13697137.2023.2197588.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Palacios S. Sequential treatment in vulvovaginal atrophy. Climacteric. 2023;26(4):292–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/13697137.2023.2197588.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nappi RE, Tiranini L, Martini E, Bosoni D, Cassani C, Cucinella L. Different local estrogen therapies for a tailored approach to GSM. Climacteric. 2023;26(4):361–366. https://doi.org/10.1080/13697137.2023.2218998.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nappi RE, Tiranini L, Martini E, Bosoni D, Cassani C, Cucinella L. Different local estrogen therapies for a tailored approach to GSM. Climacteric. 2023;26(4):361–366. https://doi.org/10.1080/13697137.2023.2218998.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Christmas MM, Iyer S, Daisy C, Maristany S, Letko J, Hickey M. Menopause hormone therapy and urinary symptoms: a systematic review. Menopause. 2023;30(6):672–685. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000002187.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Christmas MM, Iyer S, Daisy C, Maristany S, Letko J, Hickey M. Menopause hormone therapy and urinary symptoms: a systematic review. Menopause. 2023;30(6):672–685. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000002187.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raz R, Stamm WE. A controlled trial of intravaginal estriol in postmenopausal women with recurrent urinary tract infections. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(11):753–756. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199309093291102.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raz R, Stamm WE. A controlled trial of intravaginal estriol in postmenopausal women with recurrent urinary tract infections. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(11):753–756. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199309093291102.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dessole S, Rubattu G, Ambrosini G, Gallo O, Capobianco G, Cherchi PL et al. Efficacy of low-dose intravaginal estriol on urogenital aging in postmeno pausal women. Menopause. 2004;11(1):49–56. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.GME.0000077620.13164.62.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dessole S, Rubattu G, Ambrosini G, Gallo O, Capobianco G, Cherchi PL et al. Efficacy of low-dose intravaginal estriol on urogenital aging in postmeno pausal women. Menopause. 2004;11(1):49–56. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.GME.0000077620.13164.62.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cardozo L, Benness C, Abbott D. Low dose oestrogen prophylaxis for recurrent urinary tract infections in elderly women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1998;105(4):403–407. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1998.tb10124.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cardozo L, Benness C, Abbott D. Low dose oestrogen prophylaxis for recurrent urinary tract infections in elderly women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1998;105(4):403–407. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1998.tb10124.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kirkengen AL, Andersen P, Gjersøe E, Johannessen GR, Johnsen N, Bodd E et al. Oestriol in the prophylactic treatment of recurrent urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women. Scand J Prim Health Care. 1992;10(2):139–142. https://doi.org/10.3109/02813439209014051.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kirkengen AL, Andersen P, Gjersøe E, Johannessen GR, Johnsen N, Bodd E et al. Oestriol in the prophylactic treatment of recurrent urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women. Scand J Prim Health Care. 1992;10(2):139–142. https://doi.org/10.3109/02813439209014051.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agrawal P, Singh SM, Able C, Dumas K, Kohn J, Kohn TP, Clifton M. Safety of Vaginal Estrogen Therapy for Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause in Women With a History of Breast Cancer. Obstet Gynecol. 2023;142(3):660–668. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000005294.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agrawal P, Singh SM, Able C, Dumas K, Kohn J, Kohn TP, Clifton M. Safety of Vaginal Estrogen Therapy for Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause in Women With a History of Breast Cancer. Obstet Gynecol. 2023;142(3):660–668. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000005294.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McVicker L, Labeit AM, Coupland CAC, Hicks B, Hughes C, McMenamin Ú et al. Vaginal Estrogen Therapy Use and Survival in Females With Breast Cancer. JAMA Oncol. 2024;10(1):103–108. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2023.4508.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McVicker L, Labeit AM, Coupland CAC, Hicks B, Hughes C, McMenamin Ú et al. Vaginal Estrogen Therapy Use and Survival in Females With Breast Cancer. JAMA Oncol. 2024;10(1):103–108. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2023.4508.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Donders G, Bellen G, Neven P, Grob P, Prasauskas V, Buchholz S, Ortmann O. Effect of ultra-low-dose estriol and lactobacilli vaginal tablets (Gynoflor®) on inflammatory and infectious markers of the vaginal ecosystem in postmenopausal women with breast cancer on aromatase inhibitors. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015;34(10):2023–2028. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-015-2447-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Donders G, Bellen G, Neven P, Grob P, Prasauskas V, Buchholz S, Ortmann O. Effect of ultra-low-dose estriol and lactobacilli vaginal tablets (Gynoflor®) on inflammatory and infectious markers of the vaginal ecosystem in postmenopausal women with breast cancer on aromatase inhibitors. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015;34(10):2023–2028. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-015-2447-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Адамян ЛВ, Андреева ЕН, Аполихина ИА, Артымук НВ, Ашрафян ЛА, Балан ВЕ и др. Менопауза и климактерическое состояние у женщины: клинические рекомендации. М.; 2021. Режим доступа: http://disuria.ru/_ld/11/1199_kr21N95MZ.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Адамян ЛВ, Андреева ЕН, Аполихина ИА, Артымук НВ, Ашрафян ЛА, Балан ВЕ и др. Менопауза и климактерическое состояние у женщины: клинические рекомендации. М.; 2021. Режим доступа: http://disuria.ru/_ld/11/1199_kr21N95MZ.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Trémollieres FA, Chabbert-Buffet N, Plu-Bureau G, Rousset-Jablonski C, Lecerf JM, Duclos M et al. Management of postmenopausal women: Collège National des Gynécologues et Obstétriciens Français (CNGOF) and Groupe d’Etude sur la Ménopause et le Vieillissement (GEMVi) Clinical Practice Guidelines. Maturitas. 2022;163:62–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2022.05.008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trémollieres FA, Chabbert-Buffet N, Plu-Bureau G, Rousset-Jablonski C, Lecerf JM, Duclos M et al. Management of postmenopausal women: Collège National des Gynécologues et Obstétriciens Français (CNGOF) and Groupe d’Etude sur la Ménopause et le Vieillissement (GEMVi) Clinical Practice Guidelines. Maturitas. 2022;163:62–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2022.05.008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mueck AO, Ruan X, Prasauskas V, Grob P, Ortmann O. Treatment of vaginal atrophy with estriol and lactobacilli combination: a clinical review. Climacteric. 2018;21(2):140–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/13697137.2017.1421923.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mueck AO, Ruan X, Prasauskas V, Grob P, Ortmann O. Treatment of vaginal atrophy with estriol and lactobacilli combination: a clinical review. Climacteric. 2018;21(2):140–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/13697137.2017.1421923.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ruan X, Mueck AO. Hormonal treatment of vulvar vaginal atrophy (VVA): Are there options to reduce or avoid systemic adverse effects and risks? Clin Res Trials. 2018;4(6):1–9. Available at: https://www.oatext.com/pdf/CRT-4-239.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ruan X, Mueck AO. Hormonal treatment of vulvar vaginal atrophy (VVA): Are there options to reduce or avoid systemic adverse effects and risks? Clin Res Trials. 2018;4(6):1–9. Available at: https://www.oatext.com/pdf/CRT-4-239.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu LY, Yang TH, Ou YC, Lin H. The role of probiotics in women’s health: An update narrative review. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2024;63(1):29–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjog.2023.09.018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu LY, Yang TH, Ou YC, Lin H. The role of probiotics in women’s health: An update narrative review. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2024;63(1):29–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjog.2023.09.018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Capobianco G, Wenger JM, Meloni GB, Dessole M, Cherchi PL, Dessole S. Triple therapy with Lactobacilli acidophili, estriol plus pelvic floor rehabilitation for symptoms of urogenital aging in postmenopausal women. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2014;289(3):601–608. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-013-3030-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Capobianco G, Wenger JM, Meloni GB, Dessole M, Cherchi PL, Dessole S. Triple therapy with Lactobacilli acidophili, estriol plus pelvic floor rehabilitation for symptoms of urogenital aging in postmenopausal women. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2014;289(3):601–608. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-013-3030-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Генитоуринарный менопаузальный синдром – междисциплинарная проблема. Гинекология. 2018;20(5):9–14. https://doi.org/10.26442/2079-5696_2018.5.9-14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clinical Conference Genitourinary menopausal syndrome – interdisciplinary problem. Gynecology. 2018;20(5):9–14. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.26442/2079-5696_2018.5.9-14.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Orazov МR. Combination Local Therapy of Genitourinary Menopausal Syndrome Symptoms. W J Gynecol Women’s Health. 2020;3(5). https://doi.org/10.33552/WJGWH.2020.03.000575.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Orazov МR. Combination Local Therapy of Genitourinary Menopausal Syndrome Symptoms. W J Gynecol Women’s Health. 2020;3(5). https://doi.org/10.33552/WJGWH.2020.03.000575.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
