<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medsovet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский Совет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-701X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5790</issn><publisher><publisher-name>REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21518/ms2025-145</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medsovet-9030</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИНФЕКЦИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INFECTIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Уретральный синдром: причины и последствия</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Urethral syndrome: Causes and consequences</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8062-7775</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кульчавеня</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulchavenya</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кульчавеня Екатерина Валерьевна, д.м.н., профессор, профессор кафедры фтизиопульмонологии, Новосибирский государственный медицинский университет; научный руководитель отдела урологии, Клинический госпиталь «Авиценна» группы компаний «Мать и дитя»</p><p>630091, Новосибирск, Красный проспект, д. 52,</p><p>630132, Новосибирск, проспект Дмитрова, д. 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina V. Kulchavenya, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Professor of the Department of Phthisiopulmonology, Novosibirsk State Medical University; Scientific Director of the Department of Urology, Clinical Hospital “Avicenna” of Group of Companies “Mother and Child”</p><p>52, Krasny Ave., Novosibirsk, 630091, </p><p>7, Dmitrov Ave., Novosibirsk, 630132</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">urotub@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6645-6455</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Холтобин</surname><given-names>Д. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kholtobin</surname><given-names>D. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Холтобин Денис Петрович, д.м.н., профессор кафедры урологии и андрологии с курсом ДПО, Алтайский государственный медицинский университет; заведующий урологическим отделением, Клинический госпиталь «Авиценна» группы компаний «Мать и дитя»</p><p>656038, Барнаул, проспект Ленина, д. 40,</p><p>630132, Новосибирск, проспект Дмитрова, д. 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Denis P. Kholtobin, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor of the Department of Urology and Andrology with a Course of Additional Professional Training, Altai State Medical University; Head of the Urology Department, Clinical Hospital “Avicenna” of Group of Companies “Mother and Child”</p><p>40, Lenin Ave., Barnaul, 656038, </p><p>7, Dmitrov Ave., Novosibirsk, 630132</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">urology-avicenna@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5013-2667</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шевченко</surname><given-names>С. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shevchenko</surname><given-names>S. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шевченко Сергей Юрьевич, заместитель главного врача</p><p>630056, Новосибирск, ул. Мухачева, д. 5/4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey Yu. Shevchenko, Deputy Chief Physician</p><p>5/4, Mukhachev St., Novosibirsk, 630056</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shevchenko_s@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Новосибирский государственный медицинский университет;&#13;
Клинический госпиталь «Авиценна» группы компаний «Мать и дитя»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Novosibirsk State Medical University;&#13;
Clinical Hospital “Avicenna” of Group of Companies “Mother and Child”<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Клинический госпиталь «Авиценна» группы компаний «Мать и дитя»;&#13;
Алтайский государственный медицинский университет<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Clinical Hospital “Avicenna” of Group of Companies “Mother and Child”;&#13;
Altai State Medical University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">Городская больница №3<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">City Hospital No. 3<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>105</fpage><lpage>112</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кульчавеня Е.В., Холтобин Д.П., Шевченко С.Ю., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кульчавеня Е.В., Холтобин Д.П., Шевченко С.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kulchavenya E.V., Kholtobin D.P., Shevchenko S.Y.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/9030">https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/9030</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Синдром уретральной боли (СУБ) является малоизученной проблемой.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Определить роль внутриклеточных инфекций в этиологии СУБ и оценить эффективность азитромицина в лечении СУБ.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В исследование вошли 18 пациенток с СУБ. Помимо стандартных диагностических процедур, проводили пальпацию уретры и исследование ее отделяемого методом полимеразной цепной реакции. Пациентки заполняли анкету SF-36 для оценки качества жизни. Все пациентки наряду с патогенетическими препаратами получали антибактериальную терапию в виде азитромицина (Азитромицин Экспресс) по схеме: 1,0 однократно, затем по 500 мг в день в течение 3 дней (курсовая доза 2,5 г). Эффективность лечения оценивали по уменьшению интенсивности боли через 7 дней. Через 2 мес. после завершения терапии оценивали качество жизни, эрадикацию патогена и интенсивность боли. Также проанализированы 73 отечественные и зарубежные публикации, посвященные проблеме диагностики и лечения СУБ.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. В день обращения у 5 пациенток обнаружена Chlamydia trachomatis, у 12 – Mycoplasma genitalium. Число лейкоцитов моче – в среднем 12,7 ± 2,3. У всех обнаружена бактериурия в титре 102–103 КОЕ/мл. Интенсивность боли в среднем составила 7,2 ± 0,8 балла. Качество жизни по шкале SF-36 – 15,2 ± 1,7 балла. Через неделю интенсивность боли снизилась в среднем до 3,2 ± 1,7. При контрольном обследовании через 2 мес. C. trachomatis в соскобе уретры не определялась, ДНК M. genitalium была обнаружена только у 1 пациентки. Интенсивность боли в уретре составила в среднем 1,4 ± 0,1 балла. Качество жизни, соответственно, существенно возросло (21,7 ± 0,9 балла).</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Назначение антибиотиков при СУБ обосновано. Считать СУБ неосложненной формой хламидиоза нельзя, поэтому мы не ограничились однократной дозой. Необходимы дальнейшие исследования для создания оптимальной схемы лечения, в том числе антибактериального, пациенток с СУБ.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Urethral pain syndrome (UPS) is a little-studied issue.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To determine the role of intracellular infections in the UPS etiology and evaluate the efficacy of azithromycin in the treatment of UPS.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. A total of 18 female patients with UPS were included in the study. In addition to standard diagnostic procedures, urethra palpation and PCR examination of urethral discharge were performed. Quality of life was assessed using the SF-36 questionnaire filled out by the patients. Along with pathogenetic drugs, all patients received antibacterial therapy in the form of azithromycin (Azithromycin Express) according to the following scheme: 1.0 g as a single dose on Day 1, followed by 500 mg once daily for three days (the cycle dose is 2.5 g). The efficacy of treatment was estimated as a decrease in pain intensity after 7 days. The quality of life, pathogen eradication and pain intensity were assessed 2 months after completion of therapy. In addition, 73 domestic and foreign publications devoted to the issue of diagnosis and treatment of UPS were reviewed.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. On the day of presentation, Chlamydia trachomatis was detected in 5 patients, and Mycoplasma genitalium was detected in 12 patients. The leukocyte counts in urine averaged 12.7 ± 2.3. All patients had bacteriuria with a titer of 102–103 CFU/ml. The total pain intensity score averaged 7,2 ± 0,8. The quality of life scores measured by the SF-36 scale was 15.2 ± 1.7. After a week, the pain intensity decreased on average to 3.2 ± 1.7. During a follow-up examination after 2 months, C. trachomatis was not detected in the urethral scraping, and M. genitalium DNA was only detected in 1 patient. The pain intensity in the urethra averaged 1.4 ± 0.1. Therefore, the quality of life increased significantly (21.7 ± 0.9 scores).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The antibiotic prescription in UTS is justified. UTS cannot be considered an uncomplicated chlamydia infection, so we prescribed more than a single dose. Further research is needed to develop an optimal treatment regimen, including antibacterial one, for patients with UTS.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>уретрит</kwd><kwd>синдром болезненной уретры</kwd><kwd>цистит</kwd><kwd>тазовая боль</kwd><kwd>дизурия</kwd><kwd>азитромицин</kwd><kwd>диспергируемые антибиотики</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>urethritis</kwd><kwd>urethral pain syndrome</kwd><kwd>cystitis</kwd><kwd>pelvic pain</kwd><kwd>dysuria</kwd><kwd>azithromycin</kwd><kwd>dispersible antibiotics</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кульчавеня ЕВ, Холтобин ДП, Шевченко СЮ, Потапов ВВ, Зулин ЯВ. Частота хронического простатита в структуре амбулаторного урологического приема. Экспериментальная и клиническая урология. 2015;(1):16–19. Режим доступа: https://ecuro.ru/node/3354.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kulchavenya EV, Holtobin DP, Shevchenko SY, Potapov VV, Zulin VV. The frequency of the chronic prostatitis in the outpatient practice. Experimental and Clinical Urology. 2015;(1):16–19. (In Russ.) Available at: https://ecuro.ru/node/3354.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wagenlehner F, Wullt B, Ballarini S, Zingg D, Naber KG. Social and economic burden of recurrent urinary tract infections and quality of life: a patient web-based study (GESPRIT). Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2018;18(1):107–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737167.2017.1359543.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wagenlehner F, Wullt B, Ballarini S, Zingg D, Naber KG. Social and economic burden of recurrent urinary tract infections and quality of life: a patient web-based study (GESPRIT). Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2018;18(1):107–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737167.2017.1359543.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kranz J, Bartoletti R, Bruyère F, Cai T, Geerlings S, Köves B et al. European Association of Urology Guidelines on Urological Infections: Summary of the 2024 Guidelines. Eur Urol. 2024;86(1):27–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2024.03.035.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kranz J, Bartoletti R, Bruyère F, Cai T, Geerlings S, Köves B et al. European Association of Urology Guidelines on Urological Infections: Summary of the 2024 Guidelines. Eur Urol. 2024;86(1):27–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2024.03.035.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Перепанова ТС, Ходырева ЛА, Зайцев АВ. Цистит у женщин: клинические рекомендации. М.; 2024. 41 с. Режим доступа: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/view-cr/14_3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Перепанова ТС, Ходырева ЛА, Зайцев АВ. Цистит у женщин: клинические рекомендации. М.; 2024. 41 с. Режим доступа: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/view-cr/14_3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Цапкова АА, Михайлова ЛВ, Рафальский ВВ, Коренев СВ, Крюкова НО. Возможность использования данных реальной клинической практики для мониторинга за антимикробной резистентностью возбудителей инфекций мочевыводящих путей. Реальная клиническая практика: данные и доказательства. 2024;4(3):22–32. https://doi.org/10.37489/2782-3784-myrwd-59.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsapkova AA, Mikhailova LV, Rafalskiy VV, Korenev SV, Kryukova NO. Realworld data for monitoring antimicrobial resistance to urinary tract infection pathogens. Real-World Data &amp; Evidence. 2024;4(3):22–32. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.37489/2782-3784-myrwd-59.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Choe HS, Lee SJ, Cho YH, Çek M, Tandoğdu Z, Wagenlehner F, Bjerklund-Johansen TE, Naber K. Aspects of urinary tract infections and antimicrobial resistance in hospitalized urology patients in asia: 10-year results of the global prevalence study of infections in urology (GPIU). J Infect Chemother. 2018;24(4):278–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiac.2017.11.013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Choe HS, Lee SJ, Cho YH, Çek M, Tandoğdu Z, Wagenlehner F, Bjerklund-Johansen TE, Naber K. Aspects of urinary tract infections and antimicrobial resistance in hospitalized urology patients in asia: 10-year results of the global prevalence study of infections in urology (GPIU). J Infect Chemother. 2018;24(4):278–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiac.2017.11.013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Набока ЮЛ, Коган МИ, Гудима ИА, Черницкая МЛ, Ибишев ХС, Хасигов АВ, Митусова ЕВ. Роль неклостридиальных анаэробов в развитии инфекционно-воспалительных заболеваний органов мочевой и половой систем. Урология. 2013;(6):118–121. Режим доступа: https://urologyjournal.ru/ru/archive/article/12848.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Naboka YuL, Kogan MI, Gudima IA, Chernitskaya ML, Ibishev KhS, Khasigov AV, Mitusova EV. Role of nonclostridial anaerobes in the development of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the urinary and reproductive systems. Urologiia. 2013;(6):118–121. (In Russ.) Available at: https://urologyjournal.ru/ru/archive/article/12848.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шатылко ТВ, Гамидов СИ, Попков ВМ, Королев АЮ, Гасанов НГ. Эффективность комбинированных схем лечения инфекций мочевыводящих путей у женщин с применением растительного лекарственного препарата Канефрон® Н. Урология. 2021;(6):51–56. https://doi.org/10.18565/urology.2021.6.51-56.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shatylko TV, Gamidov SI, Popkov VM, Korolev AYu, Gasanov NG. The efficiency of combined regimens for the treatment of urinary tract infections in women using the herbal drug Canephron® N. Urologiia. 2021;(6):51–56. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18565/urology.2021.6.51-56.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кульчавеня ЕВ, Трейвиш ЛС, Телина ЕВ. Альтернативные виды терапии рецидивирующего цистита у женщин в менопаузе. Медицинский совет. 2022;16(14): 164–170. https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2022-16-14-164-170.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kulchavenya EV, Treyvish LS, Telina ЕV. Alternative therapies for recurrent cystitis in menopausal women. Meditsinskiy Sovet. 2022;16(14):164–170. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2022-16-14-164-170.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кульчавеня ЕВ, Неймарк АИ, Цуканов АЮ, Неймарк АБ, Раздорская МВ. Хронический цистит: как продлить безрецидивный период? Урология. 2023;(2):34–41. https://doi.org/10.18565/urology.2023.3.34-41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kulchavenya EV, Neimark AI, Tsukanov AYu, Neimark AB, Razdorskaya MV. Chronic cystitis: how to prolong the relapse-free period? Urologiia. 2023;(2):34–41. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18565/urology.2023.3.34-41.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Давидов МИ, Бунова НЕ. Сравнительная оценка монотерапии препаратами Канефрон Н и ципрофлоксацин острого неосложненного цистита у женщин. Урология. 2018;(4):24–32. https://doi.org/10.18565/urology.2018.4.24-32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davidov MI, Bunova NE. Comparative assessment of Canephron N and ciprofloxacin as monotherapy of acute uncomplicated cystitis in women. Urologiia. 2018;(4):24–32. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18565/urology.2018.4.24-32.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кульчавеня ЕВ, Брижатюк ЕВ, Хомяков ВТ. Туберкулез экстраторакальных локализаций в Сибири и на Дальнем Востоке. Проблемы туберкулеза и болезней легких. 2005;82(6):23–26. Режим доступа: https://elibrary.ru/whbtbj.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kulchavenya EV, Brizhatyuk EV, Khomyakov VT. Tuberculosis of extrathoracic localizations in Siberia and the Far East. Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Problems. 2005;82(6):23–26. (In Russ.) Available at: https://elibrary.ru/whbtbj.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кузьмин ИВ, Слесаревская МН, Ромих ВВ. Гиперактивный мочевой пузырь, воспаление и инфекция мочевыводящих путей: патогенетические параллели. Урологические ведомости. 2024;14(1):65–79. https://doi.org/10.17816/uroved627461.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuzmin IV, Slesarevskaya MN, Romikh VV. Overactive bladder, inflammation and urinary tract infection: pathogenetic parallels. Urology Reports (St Petersburg). 2024;14(1):65–79. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17816/uroved627461.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гаджиева ЗК. Инфекция мочевыводящих путей и гиперактивный мочевой пузырь. Есть ли связь? Урология. 2024;(1):153–161. https://doi.org/10.18565/urology.2024.1.153-161.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gadzhieva ZK. Urinary tract infection and overactive bladder. Is there an association? Urologiia. 2024;(1):153–161. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18565/urology.2024.1.153-161.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hamilton-Miller JM. The urethral syndrome and its management. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1994;33(Suppl A):63–73. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/33.suppl_a.63.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hamilton-Miller JM. The urethral syndrome and its management. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1994;33(Suppl A):63–73. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/33.suppl_a.63.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dreger NM, Degener S, Roth S, Brandt AS, Lazica DA. Urethral pain syndrome: fact or fiction – an update. Urologe A. 2015;54(9):1248–1255. (In German) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-015-3926-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dreger NM, Degener S, Roth S, Brandt AS, Lazica DA. Urethral pain syndrome: fact or fiction – an update. Urologe A. 2015;54(9):1248–1255. (In German) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-015-3926-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaur H, Arunkalaivanan AS. Urethral pain syndrome and its management. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2007;62(5):348–351. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ogx.0000261645.12099.2a.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaur H, Arunkalaivanan AS. Urethral pain syndrome and its management. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2007;62(5):348–351. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ogx.0000261645.12099.2a.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ivarsson LB, Lindström BE, Olovsson M, Lindström AK. Treatment of Urethral Pain Syndrome (UPS) in Sweden. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(11):e0225404. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225404.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivarsson LB, Lindström BE, Olovsson M, Lindström AK. Treatment of Urethral Pain Syndrome (UPS) in Sweden. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(11):e0225404. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225404.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Phillip H, Okewole I, Chilaka V. Enigma of urethral pain syndrome: Why are there so many ascribed etiologies and therapeutic approaches? Int J Urol. 2014;21(6):544–548. https://doi.org/10.1111/iju.12396.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Phillip H, Okewole I, Chilaka V. Enigma of urethral pain syndrome: Why are there so many ascribed etiologies and therapeutic approaches? Int J Urol. 2014;21(6):544–548. https://doi.org/10.1111/iju.12396.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gallagher DJ, Montgomerie JZ, North JD. Acute Infections of the Urinary Tract and the Urethral Syndrome in General Practice. Br Med J. 1965;1(5435):622–626. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.5435.622.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gallagher DJ, Montgomerie JZ, North JD. Acute Infections of the Urinary Tract and the Urethral Syndrome in General Practice. Br Med J. 1965;1(5435):622–626. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.5435.622.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Youngblood VH, Tomlin EM, Davis JB. Senile urethritis in women. J Urol. 1957;78(2):150–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)66413-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Youngblood VH, Tomlin EM, Davis JB. Senile urethritis in women. J Urol. 1957;78(2):150–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)66413-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M, Griffiths D, Rosier P, Ulmsten U et al. The standardisation of terminology in lower urinary tract function: report from the standardisation sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Urology. 2003;61(1):37–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0090-4295(02)02243-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M, Griffiths D, Rosier P, Ulmsten U et al. The standardisation of terminology in lower urinary tract function: report from the standardisation sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Urology. 2003;61(1):37–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0090-4295(02)02243-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Parsons CL. Prostatitis, interstitial cystitis, chronic pelvic pain, and urethral syndrome share a common pathophysiology: lower urinary dysfunctional epithelium and potassium recycling. Urology. 2003;62(6):976–982. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0090-4295(03)00774-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parsons CL. Prostatitis, interstitial cystitis, chronic pelvic pain, and urethral syndrome share a common pathophysiology: lower urinary dysfunctional epithelium and potassium recycling. Urology. 2003;62(6):976–982. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0090-4295(03)00774-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Urethral syndrome. Br Med J. 1968;2(5599):192. Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1985940/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urethral syndrome. Br Med J. 1968;2(5599):192. Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1985940/.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gürel H, Gürel SA, Atilla MK. Urethral syndrome and associated risk factors related to obstetrics and gynecology. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1999;83(1):5–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0301-2115(98)00153-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gürel H, Gürel SA, Atilla MK. Urethral syndrome and associated risk factors related to obstetrics and gynecology. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1999;83(1):5–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0301-2115(98)00153-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baldoni F, Baldaro B, Ercolani M, Emili E, Trombini G. Urethral syndrome: a study in psychosomatic urology. Psychother Psychosom. 1989;52(1-3):114–118. https://doi.org/10.1159/000288310.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baldoni F, Baldaro B, Ercolani M, Emili E, Trombini G. Urethral syndrome: a study in psychosomatic urology. Psychother Psychosom. 1989;52(1-3):114–118. https://doi.org/10.1159/000288310.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sumners D, Kelsey M, Chait I. Psychological aspects of lower urinary tract infections in women. BMJ. 1992;304(6818):17–19. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.304.6818.17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sumners D, Kelsey M, Chait I. Psychological aspects of lower urinary tract infections in women. BMJ. 1992;304(6818):17–19. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.304.6818.17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baldoni F, Ercolani M, Baldaro B, Trombini G. Stressful events and psychological symptoms in patients with functional urinary disorders. Percept Mot Skills. 1995;80(2):605–606. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.80.2.605.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baldoni F, Ercolani M, Baldaro B, Trombini G. Stressful events and psychological symptoms in patients with functional urinary disorders. Percept Mot Skills. 1995;80(2):605–606. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.80.2.605.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bodner DR. The urethral syndrome. Urol Clin North Am. 1988;15(4):699–704. Available at: https://www.urologic.theclinics.com/article/S0094-0143(21)01785-7/abstract.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bodner DR. The urethral syndrome. Urol Clin North Am. 1988;15(4):699–704. Available at: https://www.urologic.theclinics.com/article/S0094-0143(21)01785-7/abstract.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsukanov YT, Tsukanov AY, Levdanskiy EG. Secondary Varicose Small Pelvic Veins and Their Treatment with Micronized Purified Flavonoid Fraction. Int J Angiol. 2016;25(2):121–127. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1570118.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsukanov YT, Tsukanov AY, Levdanskiy EG. Secondary Varicose Small Pelvic Veins and Their Treatment with Micronized Purified Flavonoid Fraction. Int J Angiol. 2016;25(2):121–127. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1570118.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Цуканов ЮТ, Цуканов АЮ, Левданский ЕГ. Поражение тазовых органов при вторичном варикозном расширении вен малого таза. Ангиология и сосудистая хирургия. 2015;21(2):94–100. Режим доступа: https://www.angiolsurgery.org/magazine/2015/2/13.htm.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsukanov YuT, Tsukanov AYu, Levdansky EG. Lesion of pelvic organs in secondary varicose veins of the small pelvis. Angiologiia i sosudistaia khirurgiia = Angiology and Vascular Surgery. 2015;21(2):94–100. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.angiolsurgery.org/magazine/2015/2/13.htm.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gittes RF, Nakamura RM. Female urethral syndrome. A female prostatitis? West J Med. 1996;164(5):435–438. Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1303542/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gittes RF, Nakamura RM. Female urethral syndrome. A female prostatitis? West J Med. 1996;164(5):435–438. Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1303542/.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Delavierre D, Rigaud J, Sibert L, Labat JJ. Symptomatic approach to chronic urethral pain. Prog Urol. 2010;20(12):954–957. (In French) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.purol.2010.08.068.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Delavierre D, Rigaud J, Sibert L, Labat JJ. Symptomatic approach to chronic urethral pain. Prog Urol. 2010;20(12):954–957. (In French) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.purol.2010.08.068.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Russell IJ, Raphael KG. Fibromyalgia syndrome: presentation, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and vulnerability. CNS Spectr. 2008;13(3 Suppl. 5):6–11. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900026778.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Russell IJ, Raphael KG. Fibromyalgia syndrome: presentation, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and vulnerability. CNS Spectr. 2008;13(3 Suppl. 5):6–11. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900026778.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Srisajjakul S, Prapaisilp P, Bangchokdee S. I saw the “female prostate”. Clin Imaging. 2024;113:110227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2024.110227.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Srisajjakul S, Prapaisilp P, Bangchokdee S. I saw the “female prostate”. Clin Imaging. 2024;113:110227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2024.110227.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang D, Xu Z. Female prostatitis. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue. 2004;10(7):547–548, 550. (In Chinese) Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15354532/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang D, Xu Z. Female prostatitis. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue. 2004;10(7):547–548, 550. (In Chinese) Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15354532/.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heller DS. Lesions of Skene glands and periurethral region: a review. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2015;19(2):170–174. https://doi.org/10.1097/LGT.0000000000000059.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heller DS. Lesions of Skene glands and periurethral region: a review. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2015;19(2):170–174. https://doi.org/10.1097/LGT.0000000000000059.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bernstein AM, Philips HC, Linden W, Fenster H. A psychophysiological evaluation of female urethral syndrome: evidence for a muscular abnormality. J Behav Med. 1992;15(3):299–312. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00845358.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bernstein AM, Philips HC, Linden W, Fenster H. A psychophysiological evaluation of female urethral syndrome: evidence for a muscular abnormality. J Behav Med. 1992;15(3):299–312. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00845358.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Streltsova O, Kuyarov A, Molvi MSAM, Zubova S, Lazukin V, Tararova E, Kiseleva E. New Approaches in the Study of the Pathogenesis of Urethral Pain Syndrome. Diagnostics. 2020;10(11):860. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10110860.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Streltsova O, Kuyarov A, Molvi MSAM, Zubova S, Lazukin V, Tararova E, Kiseleva E. New Approaches in the Study of the Pathogenesis of Urethral Pain Syndrome. Diagnostics. 2020;10(11):860. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10110860.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Стрельцова ОС, Болдырева МН, Киселева ЕБ, Молви МА, Лазукин ВФ. Изучение структуры и микрофлоры тканей уретры при уретральном болевом синдроме. Урология. 2021;(5):41–49. https://doi.org/10.18565/urology.2021.5.41-49.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Streltsova OS, Boldyreva MN, Kiseleva EB, Molvi MA, Lazukin VF. Study of the structure and microflora of urethral tissues in urethral pain syndrome. Urologiia. 2021;(5):41–49. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18565/urology.2021.5.41-49.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stamm WE, Wagner KF, Amsel R, Alexander ER, Turck M, Counts GW, Holmes KK. Causes of the acute urethral syndrome in women. N Engl J Med. 1980;303(8):409–415. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198008213030801.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stamm WE, Wagner KF, Amsel R, Alexander ER, Turck M, Counts GW, Holmes KK. Causes of the acute urethral syndrome in women. N Engl J Med. 1980;303(8):409–415. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198008213030801.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brumfitt W, Smith GW, Hamilton-Miller JMT. Management of recurrent urinary infection; the place of a urinary infection clinic. In: Asscher AW, Brumfitt W (eds.). Microbiological Diseases in Nephrology. John Wiley, Chichester; 1986, pp. 291–308.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brumfitt W, Smith GW, Hamilton-Miller JMT. Management of recurrent urinary infection; the place of a urinary infection clinic. In: Asscher AW, Brumfitt W (eds.). Microbiological Diseases in Nephrology. John Wiley, Chichester; 1986, pp. 291–308.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kyndel A, Elmér C, Källman O, Altman D. Mycoplasmataceae Colonizations in Women With Urethral Pain Syndrome: A Case-Control Study. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2016;20(3):272–274. https://doi.org/10.1097/LGT.0000000000000216.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kyndel A, Elmér C, Källman O, Altman D. Mycoplasmataceae Colonizations in Women With Urethral Pain Syndrome: A Case-Control Study. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2016;20(3):272–274. https://doi.org/10.1097/LGT.0000000000000216.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Parsons CL, Zupkas P, Parsons KJ. Intravesical potassium sensitivity in patients with interstitial cystitis and urethral syndrome. Urology. 2001;57(3):428–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0090-4295(00)01110-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parsons CL, Zupkas P, Parsons KJ. Intravesical potassium sensitivity in patients with interstitial cystitis and urethral syndrome. Urology. 2001;57(3):428–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0090-4295(00)01110-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Parsons CL. The role of a leaky epithelium and potassium in the generation of bladder symptoms in interstitial cystitis/overactive bladder, urethral syndrome, prostatitis and gynaecological chronic pelvic pain. BJU Int. 2011;107(3):370–375. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09843.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parsons CL. The role of a leaky epithelium and potassium in the generation of bladder symptoms in interstitial cystitis/overactive bladder, urethral syndrome, prostatitis and gynaecological chronic pelvic pain. BJU Int. 2011;107(3):370–375. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09843.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bogart LM, Berry SH, Clemens JQ. Symptoms of interstitial cystitis, painful bladder syndrome and similar diseases in women: a systematic review. J Urol. 2007;177(2):450–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2006.09.032.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bogart LM, Berry SH, Clemens JQ. Symptoms of interstitial cystitis, painful bladder syndrome and similar diseases in women: a systematic review. J Urol. 2007;177(2):450–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2006.09.032.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barbalis GA, Meares EM. Female urethral syndrome: clinical and urodynamic perspectives. Urology. 1984;23(2):208–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-4295(84)90024-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barbalis GA, Meares EM. Female urethral syndrome: clinical and urodynamic perspectives. Urology. 1984;23(2):208–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-4295(84)90024-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yoon SM, Jung JK, Lee SB, Lee T. Treatment of female urethral syndrome refractory to antibiotics. Yonsei Med J. 2002;43(5):644–651. https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2002.43.5.644.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yoon SM, Jung JK, Lee SB, Lee T. Treatment of female urethral syndrome refractory to antibiotics. Yonsei Med J. 2002;43(5):644–651. https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2002.43.5.644.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Doggweiler R, Reitz A, Kirschner-Hermanns R. Urethral Syndrome and Urethral Pain: Do we Treat People or Diagnoses? Aktuelle Urol. 2016;47(4):315–320. (In German). https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-106662.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Doggweiler R, Reitz A, Kirschner-Hermanns R. Urethral Syndrome and Urethral Pain: Do we Treat People or Diagnoses? Aktuelle Urol. 2016;47(4):315–320. (In German). https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-106662.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lindström BE, Hellberg D, Lindström AK. Urethral instillations of clobetasol propionate and lidocaine: a promising treatment of urethral pain syndrome. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2016;43(6):803–807. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29944227/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lindström BE, Hellberg D, Lindström AK. Urethral instillations of clobetasol propionate and lidocaine: a promising treatment of urethral pain syndrome. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2016;43(6):803–807. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29944227/.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bazi T, Abou-Ghannam G, Khauli R. Female urethral dilation. Int Urogynecol J. 2013;24(9):1435–1444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00192-013-2055-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bazi T, Abou-Ghannam G, Khauli R. Female urethral dilation. Int Urogynecol J. 2013;24(9):1435–1444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00192-013-2055-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li T, Feng XY, Feng XM, Lv JW, Lv TT, Wang SY. The short-term efficacy of electrical pudendal nerve stimulation versus intravesical instillation for the urethral pain syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. World J Urol. 2021;39(10):3993–3998. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-021-03698-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li T, Feng XY, Feng XM, Lv JW, Lv TT, Wang SY. The short-term efficacy of electrical pudendal nerve stimulation versus intravesical instillation for the urethral pain syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. World J Urol. 2021;39(10):3993–3998. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-021-03698-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schmidt RA. The urethral syndrome. Urol Clin North Am. 1985;12(2):349–354. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3873129/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schmidt RA. The urethral syndrome. Urol Clin North Am. 1985;12(2):349–354. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3873129/.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cakici ÖU, Hamidi N, Ürer E, Okulu E, Kayigil O. Efficacy of sertraline and gabapentin in the treatment of urethral pain syndrome: retrospective results of a single institutional cohort. Cent European J Urol. 2018;71(1):78–83. https://doi.org/10.5173/ceju.2018.1574.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cakici ÖU, Hamidi N, Ürer E, Okulu E, Kayigil O. Efficacy of sertraline and gabapentin in the treatment of urethral pain syndrome: retrospective results of a single institutional cohort. Cent European J Urol. 2018;71(1):78–83. https://doi.org/10.5173/ceju.2018.1574.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Costantini E, Zucchi A, Del Zingaro M, Mearini L. Treatment of urethral syndrome: a prospective randomized study with Nd:YAG laser. Urol Int. 2006;76(2):134–138. https://doi.org/10.1159/000090876.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Costantini E, Zucchi A, Del Zingaro M, Mearini L. Treatment of urethral syndrome: a prospective randomized study with Nd:YAG laser. Urol Int. 2006;76(2):134–138. https://doi.org/10.1159/000090876.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lambrinoudaki I, Mili N, Augoulea A, Armeni E, Vakas P, Panoulis K et al. Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Greek Women After Menopause: The LADY Study. Int Urogynecol J. 2024;35(3):627–636. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00192-024-05724-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lambrinoudaki I, Mili N, Augoulea A, Armeni E, Vakas P, Panoulis K et al. Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Greek Women After Menopause: The LADY Study. Int Urogynecol J. 2024;35(3):627–636. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00192-024-05724-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akiyama Y, Luo Y, Hanno PM, Maeda D, Homma Y. Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome: The evolving landscape, animal models and future perspectives. Int J Urol. 2020;27(6):491–503. https://doi.org/10.1111/iju.14229.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akiyama Y, Luo Y, Hanno PM, Maeda D, Homma Y. Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome: The evolving landscape, animal models and future perspectives. Int J Urol. 2020;27(6):491–503. https://doi.org/10.1111/iju.14229.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chowdhury ML J N, Ghoniem Gamal M. Urethral Pain Syndrome: A Systematic Review. Curr Bladder Dysfunct Rep. 2019;14(4):75–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11884-019-00509-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chowdhury ML J N, Ghoniem Gamal M. Urethral Pain Syndrome: A Systematic Review. Curr Bladder Dysfunct Rep. 2019;14(4):75–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11884-019-00509-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Swamy S, Kupelian AS, Khasriya R, Dharmasena D, Toteva H, Dehpour T et al. Cross-over data supporting long-term antibiotic treatment in patients with painful lower urinary tract symptoms, pyuria and negative urinalysis. Int Urogynecol J. 2019;30(3):409–414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00192-018-3846-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Swamy S, Kupelian AS, Khasriya R, Dharmasena D, Toteva H, Dehpour T et al. Cross-over data supporting long-term antibiotic treatment in patients with painful lower urinary tract symptoms, pyuria and negative urinalysis. Int Urogynecol J. 2019;30(3):409–414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00192-018-3846-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Набока ЮЛ, Гудима ИА, Морданов СВ, Крахоткин ДВ, Ильяш АВ, Коган МИ и др. Вирусурия как составляющая микробиоты мочи и ее значение для оценки состояния здоровья мочевого тракта: описательное клиническое исследование. Урология. 2020;(1):12–18. https://doi.org/10.18565/urology.2020.1.12-18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Naboka YuL, Gudima IA, Mordanov SV, Krakhotkin DV, Il’yash AV, Kogan MI et al. Virusuria as a component of the urine microbiota and its significance for assessing the health of the urinary tract: a descriptive clinical study. Urologiia. 2020;(1):12–18. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18565/urology.2020.1.12-18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кадыров ЗА, Степанов ВН, Фаниев МВ, Рамишвили ШВ. Микробиота органов урогенитальной системы: обзор литературы. Урология. 2020;(1):116–120. https://doi.org/10.18565/urology.2020.1.116-120.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kadyrov ZA, Stepanov VN, Faniev MV, Ramishvili SV. Microbiota of the urogenital organs. Urologiia. 2020;(1):116–120. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18565/urology.2020.1.116-120.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чередниченко АГ, Кульчавеня ЕВ, Евдокимова ЛС, Холтобин ДП. Микробиом уретры у мужчин, больных туберкулезом легких. Урология. 2021;(6):66–71. https://doi.org/10.18565/urology.2021.6.66-71.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cherednichenko AG, Kulchavenya EV, Evdokimova LS, Kholtobin DP. Urethral microbiome in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Urologiia. 2021;(6):66–71. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18565/urology.2021.6.66-71.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nickel JC. Prostatitis. Can Urol Assoc J. 2011;5(5):306–315. Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3202001/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nickel JC. Prostatitis. Can Urol Assoc J. 2011;5(5):306–315. Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3202001/.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Осипов ГА, Родионов ГГ. Микроэкология человека в норме и патологии по данным масс-спектрометрии микробных маркеров. Медикобиологические и социально-психологические проблемы безопасности в чрезвычайных ситуациях. 2013;(2):43–53. https://doi.org/10.25016/2541-7487-2013-0-2-43-53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Osipov GA, Rodionov GG. Microenvironment in human health and disease by mass spectrometry of microbial markers. Medicо-Biological and SocioPsychological Issues of Safety in Emergency Situations. 2013;(2):43–53. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.25016/2541-7487-2013-0-2-43-53.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heidary M, Ebrahimi Samangani A, Kargari A, Kiani Nejad A, Yashmi I, Motahar M et al. Mechanism of action, resistance, synergism, and clinical implications of azithromycin. J Clin Lab Anal. 2022;36(6):e24427. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.24427.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heidary M, Ebrahimi Samangani A, Kargari A, Kiani Nejad A, Yashmi I, Motahar M et al. Mechanism of action, resistance, synergism, and clinical implications of azithromycin. J Clin Lab Anal. 2022;36(6):e24427. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.24427.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рахматулина МР, Соколовский ЕВ, Малова ИО, Аполихина ИА, Мелкумян АГ. Федеральные клинические рекомендации по ведению больных хламидийной инфекцией. М.; 2015. 17 с. Режим доступа: https://www.ismos.ru/guidelines/doc/KHlamidijnaja_infektsija.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Рахматулина МР, Соколовский ЕВ, Малова ИО, Аполихина ИА, Мелкумян АГ. Федеральные клинические рекомендации по ведению больных хламидийной инфекцией. М.; 2015. 17 с. Режим доступа: https://www.ismos.ru/guidelines/doc/KHlamidijnaja_infektsija.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lau A, Kong FYS, Fairley CK, Templeton DJ, Amin J, Phillips S et al. Azithromycin or Doxycycline for Asymptomatic Rectal Chlamydia trachomatis. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(25):2418–2427. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2031631.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lau A, Kong FYS, Fairley CK, Templeton DJ, Amin J, Phillips S et al. Azithromycin or Doxycycline for Asymptomatic Rectal Chlamydia trachomatis. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(25):2418–2427. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2031631.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit68"><label>68</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peuchant O, Lhomme E, Krêt M, Ghezzoul B, Roussillon C, Bébéar C et al. Randomized, open-label, multicenter study of azithromycin compared with doxycycline for treating anorectal Chlamydia trachomatis infection concomitant to a vaginal infection (CHLAZIDOXY study). Medicine. 2019;98(7):e14572. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000014572.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peuchant O, Lhomme E, Krêt M, Ghezzoul B, Roussillon C, Bébéar C et al. Randomized, open-label, multicenter study of azithromycin compared with doxycycline for treating anorectal Chlamydia trachomatis infection concomitant to a vaginal infection (CHLAZIDOXY study). Medicine. 2019;98(7):e14572. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000014572.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit69"><label>69</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Geisler WM, Uniyal A, Lee JY, Lensing SY, Johnson S, Perry RC et al. Azithromycin versus Doxycycline for Urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis Infection. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(26):2512–2521. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1502599.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Geisler WM, Uniyal A, Lee JY, Lensing SY, Johnson S, Perry RC et al. Azithromycin versus Doxycycline for Urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis Infection. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(26):2512–2521. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1502599.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit70"><label>70</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abellanosa-Tacan I, Abu-Raddad L, Adu-Sarkodie Y, Akolo C, Amato A, Betiu M et al. Guidelines for the management of symptomatic sexually transmitted infections. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572659/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abellanosa-Tacan I, Abu-Raddad L, Adu-Sarkodie Y, Akolo C, Amato A, Betiu M et al. Guidelines for the management of symptomatic sexually transmitted infections. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572659/.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit71"><label>71</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, Johnston CM, Muzny CA, Park I et al. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021;70(4):1–187; https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr7004a1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, Johnston CM, Muzny CA, Park I et al. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021;70(4):1–187; https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr7004a1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit72"><label>72</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hufstetler K, Llata E, Miele K, Quilter LAS. Clinical Updates in Sexually Transmitted Infections, 2024. J Womens Health. 2024;33(6):827–837. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2024.0367.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hufstetler K, Llata E, Miele K, Quilter LAS. Clinical Updates in Sexually Transmitted Infections, 2024. J Womens Health. 2024;33(6):827–837. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2024.0367.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit73"><label>73</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Horner P, Ingle SM, Garrett F, Blee K, Kong F, Muir P, Moi H. Which azithromycin regimen should be used for treating Mycoplasma genitalium? A meta-analysis. Sex Transm Infect. 2018;94(1):14–20. https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2016-053060.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Horner P, Ingle SM, Garrett F, Blee K, Kong F, Muir P, Moi H. Which azithromycin regimen should be used for treating Mycoplasma genitalium? A meta-analysis. Sex Transm Infect. 2018;94(1):14–20. https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2016-053060.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
