<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medsovet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский Совет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-701X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5790</issn><publisher><publisher-name>REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21518/ms2025-189</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medsovet-9070</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АЛЛЕРГОЛОГИЯ И ИММУНОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ALLERGOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Обеспеченность витамином D, генетические полиморфизмы VDR и фекальные маркеры проницаемости слизистой оболочки кишечника у детей с пищевой аллергией</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vitamin D status, VDR genetic polymorphisms and fecal markers of intestinal mucosal permeability in children with food allergy</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4852-6103</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коваленко</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovalenko</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Коваленко Дарья Вадимовна - ассистент Института педиатрии.</p><p>690002, Владивосток, проспект Острякова, д. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Darya V. Kovalenko - Assistant of the Institute of Pediatrics, Pacific State Medical University.</p><p>2, Ostryakov Ave., Vladivostok, 690002</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sunny.dashu@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2668-8483</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шуматова</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shumatova</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шуматова Татьяна Александровна - д.м.н., профессор, директор Института педиатрии.</p><p>690002, Владивосток, проспект Острякова, д. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatyana A. Shumatova - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Director of the Institute of Pediatrics, Pacific State Medical University.</p><p>2, Ostryakov Ave., Vladivostok, 690002</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shumatov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Тихоокеанский государственный медицинский университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pacific State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>11</issue><fpage>151</fpage><lpage>156</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Коваленко Д.В., Шуматова Т.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Коваленко Д.В., Шуматова Т.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kovalenko D.V., Shumatova T.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/9070">https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/9070</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Витамин D участвует в поддержании целостности кишечного барьера, соответственно, дефицит этого нутриента способен нарушать целостность кишечного барьера, что является важным звеном в патогенезе пищевой аллергии. Зная генетический профиль пациента, можно спрогнозировать вероятность развития пищевой аллергии, в то время как современные методы оценки состоятельности кишечника позволят упростить диагностику данной нозологии.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Провести анализ уровня витамина D, распределения генотипов полиморфных вариантов гена VDR, содержания зонулина, I-FABP и β2-дефензина у детей с аллергической энтеропатией.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Обследовано 2 группы детей: 15 детей с аллергической энтеропатией (основная группа) и 15 здоровых детей (контрольная группа) раннего возраста. В сыворотке крови методом иммуноферментного анализа определяли 25(ОН)D, метод полимеразно-цепной реакции в режиме реального времени использовался для идентификации полиморфизмов гена VDR. Содержание фекальных биомаркеров (зонулин, β2-дефензин, I-FABP) оценивали в копрофильтратах с использованием метода энзим-связанного иммуносорбентного анализа. Для статистической обработки использовались непараметрические методы: критерий Манна – Уитни, коэффициент ранговой корреляции rs Спирмена. Критерий χ2 Пирсона или точный критерий Фишера с поправкой Бенджамини –Хохберга использовался для анализа номинальных переменных. Результаты. У детей с пищевой аллергией уровень 25(ОН)D был статистически ниже, чем у здоровых пациентов (21,4 нг/мл и 32,4 нг/мл соответственно, p = 0,006). Содержание фекальных биомаркеров у детей основной группы было выше по сравнению с группой контроля (зонулин = 1,6 нг/мл и 0,6 нг/мл (p &lt; 0,001), β2-дефензин = 0,3 нг/мл и 0,1 нг/мл (p = 0,003), I-FABP = 0,42 нг/мл, и 0,19 нг/мл (p &lt; 0,001) соответственно). У детей с аллергической энтеропатией зарегистрирована большая частота встречаемости гомозиготного генотипа T/T полиморфизма TaqI (rs731236) гена VDR. Содержание 25(ОН)D находится в обратной корреляционной связи с β2-дефензином и I-FABP (rs = -0,673, p &lt; 0,001 и rs = -0,399, p = 0,029 соответственно).</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. У пациентов с аллергической энтеропатией выявлены недостаточный уровень 25(OH)D, повышение концентрации изучаемых маркеров в кале, повышенная распространенность гомозиготного генотипа T/T полиморфизма TaqI (rs731236) гена VDR.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Knowing the patient’s genetic profile, it is possible to predict the likelihood of developing food allergies.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. The study was to conduct a study in children with allergic enteropathy: vitamin D levels, genotypic distribution of polymorphic variants of the VDR gene, the content of fecal biomarkers (zonulin, I-FABP and b-defensin 2).</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The study included 30 toddlers: 15 children with allergic enteropathy (main group) and 15 healthy children (control group). In the blood serum, 25(OH)D was determined by enzyme immunoassay, and the real-time polymerase chain reaction method was used to identify VDR gene polymorphisms. The content of fecal biomarkers (zonulin, b-defensin 2, I-FABP) was estimated in coprofiltrates using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. There was a statistically significant decrease in the level of 25(OH)D in children of the main group compared with healthy children (21.4 ng/ml and 32.4 ng/ml, respectively, p = 0.006). In the coprofiltrates of children in the main group, an increase in the concentration of zonulin, b-defensin 2 and I-FABP was noted compared to the control (1.6 ng/ml and 0.6 ng/ml (p &lt; 0.001), 0.3 ng/ml and 0.1 ng/ml (p = 0.003), 0.42 ng/ml, and 0.19 ng/ml (p &lt; 0.001), respectively). In children with allergic enteropathy, a high frequency of occurrence of the homozygous genotype T/T polymorphism TaqI (rs731236) of the VDR gene has been recorded. The content of 25(OH)D is inversely correlated with b-defensin 2 and I-FABP (rs = – 0.673, p &lt; 0.001 and rs = – 0.399, p = 0.029, respectively).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. In patients with allergic enteropathy, insufficient levels of 25(OH)D, increased concentrations of the studied markers in feces, and an increased prevalence of the homozygous T/T genotype of the TaqI polymorphic variant (rs731236) of the VDR gene were detected.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>аллергическая энтеропатия</kwd><kwd>витамин D</kwd><kwd>полиморфизм</kwd><kwd>ген</kwd><kwd>зонулин</kwd><kwd>кишечная фракция белка</kwd><kwd>связывающего жирные кислоты</kwd><kwd>β2-дефензин</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>allergic enteropathy</kwd><kwd>polymorphism</kwd><kwd>gene</kwd><kwd>vitamin D</kwd><kwd>zonulin</kwd><kwd>intestinal fraction of fatty acid binding protein</kwd><kwd>β2-defensins</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Warren CM, Sehgal S, Sicherer SH, Gupta RS. Epidemiology and the Growing Epidemic of Food Allergy in Children and Adults Across the Globe. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2024;24(3):95–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-023-01120-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Warren CM, Sehgal S, Sicherer SH, Gupta RS. Epidemiology and the Growing Epidemic of Food Allergy in Children and Adults Across the Globe. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2024;24(3):95–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-023-01120-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. Food allergy: A review and update on epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and management. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141(1):41–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.11.003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. Food allergy: A review and update on epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and management. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141(1):41–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.11.003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lyons SA, Clausen M, Knulst AC, Ballmer-Weber BK, Fernandez-Rivas M, Barreales L et al. Prevalence of Food Sensitization and Food Allergy in Children Across Europe. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(8):2736–2746. e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2020.04.020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lyons SA, Clausen M, Knulst AC, Ballmer-Weber BK, Fernandez-Rivas M, Barreales L et al. Prevalence of Food Sensitization and Food Allergy in Children Across Europe. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(8):2736–2746. e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2020.04.020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Calvani M, Anania C, Caffarelli C, Martelli A, Miraglia Del Giudice M, Cravidi C et al. Food allergy: an updated review on pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and management. Acta Biomed. 2020;91(11-S):e2020012. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v91i11-S.10316.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Calvani M, Anania C, Caffarelli C, Martelli A, Miraglia Del Giudice M, Cravidi C et al. Food allergy: an updated review on pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and management. Acta Biomed. 2020;91(11-S):e2020012. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v91i11-S.10316.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bouillon R, Marcocci C, Carmeliet G, Bikle D, White JH, Dawson-Hughes B et al. Skeletal and Extraskeletal Actions of Vitamin D: Current Evidence and Outstanding Questions. Endocr Rev. 2019;40(4):1109–1151. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2018-00126.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bouillon R, Marcocci C, Carmeliet G, Bikle D, White JH, Dawson-Hughes B et al. Skeletal and Extraskeletal Actions of Vitamin D: Current Evidence and Outstanding Questions. Endocr Rev. 2019;40(4):1109–1151. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2018-00126.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fakhoury HMA, Kvietys PR, AlKattan W, Anouti FA, Elahi MA, Karras SN, Grant WB. Vitamin D and intestinal homeostasis: Barrier, microbiota, and immune modulation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2020;200:105663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105663.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fakhoury HMA, Kvietys PR, AlKattan W, Anouti FA, Elahi MA, Karras SN, Grant WB. Vitamin D and intestinal homeostasis: Barrier, microbiota, and immune modulation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2020;200:105663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105663.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu J, Zhong Y, Shen X, Yang K, Cai W. Maternal and early-life vitamin D deficiency enhances allergic reaction in an ovalbumin-sensitized BALB/c mouse model. Food Nutr Res. 2018;62:1401. https://doi.org/10.29219/fnr.v62.1401.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu J, Zhong Y, Shen X, Yang K, Cai W. Maternal and early-life vitamin D deficiency enhances allergic reaction in an ovalbumin-sensitized BALB/c mouse model. Food Nutr Res. 2018;62:1401. https://doi.org/10.29219/fnr.v62.1401.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wollenberg A, Seba A, Antal AS. Immunological and molecular targets of atopic dermatitis treatment. Br J Dermatol. 2014;170(1):7–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.12975.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wollenberg A, Seba A, Antal AS. Immunological and molecular targets of atopic dermatitis treatment. Br J Dermatol. 2014;170(1):7–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.12975.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seethaler B, Basrai M, Neyrinck AM, Nazare JA, Walter J, Delzenne NM, Bischoff SC. Biomarkers for assessment of intestinal permeability in clinical practice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2021;321(1):G11–G17. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00113.2021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seethaler B, Basrai M, Neyrinck AM, Nazare JA, Walter J, Delzenne NM, Bischoff SC. Biomarkers for assessment of intestinal permeability in clinical practice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2021;321(1):G11–G17. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00113.2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schoultz I, Keita ÅV. The Intestinal Barrier and Current Techniques for the Assessment of Gut Permeability. Cells. 2020;9(8):1909. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9081909.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schoultz I, Keita ÅV. The Intestinal Barrier and Current Techniques for the Assessment of Gut Permeability. Cells. 2020;9(8):1909. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9081909.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schroeder F, Jolly CA, Cho TH, Frolov A. Fatty acid binding protein isoforms: structure and function. Chem Phys Lipids. 1998;92(1):1–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-3084(98)00003-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schroeder F, Jolly CA, Cho TH, Frolov A. Fatty acid binding protein isoforms: structure and function. Chem Phys Lipids. 1998;92(1):1–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-3084(98)00003-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rehman N, Pandey A. Insight of Intestinal Fatty Acid Binding Protein as a Potential Biomarker in the Biology of Epithelial Damage of Gastrointestinal Membrane. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2025;26(5):321–333. https://doi.org/10.2174/0113892037311290240930054913.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rehman N, Pandey A. Insight of Intestinal Fatty Acid Binding Protein as a Potential Biomarker in the Biology of Epithelial Damage of Gastrointestinal Membrane. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2025;26(5):321–333. https://doi.org/10.2174/0113892037311290240930054913.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Звягин АА, Бавыкина ИА, Настаушева ТЛ, Бавыкин ДВ. Интестинальный белок, связывающий жирные кислоты, как перспективный маркер проницаемости тонкой кишки. Российский вестник перинатологии и педиатрии. 2020;65(6):29–33. https://doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2020-65-6-29-33.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zvyagin AA, Bavykina IA, Nastausheva TL, Bavykin DV. Intestinal Fatty Acid Binding Protein as the Promising Marker of Small Intestine Permeability. Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics. 2020;65(6):29–33. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2020-65-6-29-33.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tripathi A, Lammers KM, Goldblum S, Shea-Donohue T, Netzel-Arnett S, Buzza MS et al. Identification of human zonulin, a physiological modulator of tight junctions, as prehaptoglobin-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106(39):16799–804. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0906773106.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tripathi A, Lammers KM, Goldblum S, Shea-Donohue T, Netzel-Arnett S, Buzza MS et al. Identification of human zonulin, a physiological modulator of tight junctions, as prehaptoglobin-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106(39):16799–804. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0906773106.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sturgeon C, Fasano A. Zonulin, a regulator of epithelial and endothelial barrier functions, and its involvement in chronic inflammatory diseases. Tissue Barriers. 2016;4(4):e1251384. https://doi.org/10.1080/21688370.2016.1251384.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sturgeon C, Fasano A. Zonulin, a regulator of epithelial and endothelial barrier functions, and its involvement in chronic inflammatory diseases. Tissue Barriers. 2016;4(4):e1251384. https://doi.org/10.1080/21688370.2016.1251384.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tajik N, Frech M, Schulz O, Schälter F, Lucas S, Azizov V et al. Targeting zonulin and intestinal epithelial barrier function to prevent onset of arthritis. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):1995. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15831-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tajik N, Frech M, Schulz O, Schälter F, Lucas S, Azizov V et al. Targeting zonulin and intestinal epithelial barrier function to prevent onset of arthritis. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):1995. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15831-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cieślik M, Bagińska N, Górski A, Jończyk-Matysiak E. Human β-Defensin 2 and Its Postulated Role in Modulation of the Immune Response. Cells. 2021;10(11):2991. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10112991.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cieślik M, Bagińska N, Górski A, Jończyk-Matysiak E. Human β-Defensin 2 and Its Postulated Role in Modulation of the Immune Response. Cells. 2021;10(11):2991. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10112991.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Štrajtenberger M, Stipić-Marković A, Barac E, Artuković M, Lugović-Mihić L. Human β-defensin 2: a connection between infections and allergic skin diseases. Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat. 2024;33(3):135–139. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39324351.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Štrajtenberger M, Stipić-Marković A, Barac E, Artuković M, Lugović-Mihić L. Human β-defensin 2: a connection between infections and allergic skin diseases. Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat. 2024;33(3):135–139. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39324351.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hossein-Nezhad A, Eshaghi SM, Maghbooli Z, Mirzaei K, Shirzad M, Curletto B, Chen TC. The role of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin d receptor genotypes on the degree of collateralization in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:304250. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/304250.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hossein-Nezhad A, Eshaghi SM, Maghbooli Z, Mirzaei K, Shirzad M, Curletto B, Chen TC. The role of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin d receptor genotypes on the degree of collateralization in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:304250. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/304250.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baker AR, McDonnell DP, Hughes M. Cloning and expression of full-length cDNA encoding human vitamin D receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;85(10):3294–3298. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.85.10.3294.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baker AR, McDonnell DP, Hughes M. Cloning and expression of full-length cDNA encoding human vitamin D receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;85(10):3294–3298. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.85.10.3294.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жумина АГ, Ходков АВ, Сакенова ЗТ, Погосян ГП. Экспрессия гена VDR и развитие лейкозов. Научное обозрение. Биологические науки. 2016;(4): 21–25. Режим доступа: https://science-biology.ru/ru/article/view?id=1008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhumina AG, Khodkov AV, Sakenova ZT, Pogosyan GP. VDR gene expression and leukemia development. Scientific Review. Biological Science. 2016;(4):21–25. (In Russ.) Available at: https://science-biology.ru/ru/article/view?id=1008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Козлов АИ, Вершубская ГГ, Негашева МА. Полиморфизм гена рецептора витамина D (VDR) в выборках населения европейской России и Приуралья. Пермский медицинский журнал. 2016;33(5):60–66. Режим доступа: https://permmedjournal.ru/PMJ/article/view/5711/4486.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozlov AI, Vershubskaya GG, Negasheva MA. Polymorphism of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene in sampling of European Russia and Priuraliye population. Perm Medical Journal. 2016;33(5):60–66. (In Russ.) Available at: https://permmedjournal.ru/PMJ/article/view/5711/4486.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Valdivielso JM, Fernandez E. Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and diseases. Clin Chim Acta. 2006;371(1-2):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2006.02.016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Valdivielso JM, Fernandez E. Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and diseases. Clin Chim Acta. 2006;371(1-2):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2006.02.016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Allen KJ, Koplin JJ, Ponsonby AL, Gurrin LC, Wake M, Vuillermin P et al. Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with challenge-proven food allergy in infants. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;131(4):1109–1116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.01.017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Allen KJ, Koplin JJ, Ponsonby AL, Gurrin LC, Wake M, Vuillermin P et al. Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with challenge-proven food allergy in infants. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;131(4):1109–1116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.01.017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matsui T, Tanaka K, Nakagawa T, Sasaki K, Nakata J, Sugiura S et al. Sun exposure inversely related to food sensitization during infancy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2015;26(7):628–633. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.12445.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matsui T, Tanaka K, Nakagawa T, Sasaki K, Nakata J, Sugiura S et al. Sun exposure inversely related to food sensitization during infancy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2015;26(7):628–633. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.12445.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guerini FR, Bolognesi E, Chiappedi M, Mensi MM, Fumagalli O, Rogantini C et al. Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphisms Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism Res. 2020;13(5):680–690. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2279.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guerini FR, Bolognesi E, Chiappedi M, Mensi MM, Fumagalli O, Rogantini C et al. Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphisms Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism Res. 2020;13(5):680–690. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2279.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whitfield GK, Remus LS, Jurutka PW, Zitzer H, Oza AK, Dang HT et al. Functionally relevant polymorphisms in the human nuclear vitamin D receptor gene. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2001;177(1-2):145–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0303-7207(01)00406-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whitfield GK, Remus LS, Jurutka PW, Zitzer H, Oza AK, Dang HT et al. Functionally relevant polymorphisms in the human nuclear vitamin D receptor gene. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2001;177(1-2):145–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0303-7207(01)00406-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шуматова ТА, Коваленко ДВ, Приходченко НГ. Витамин D и заболевания кишечника. Международный журнал прикладных и фундаментальных исследований. 2023;(8):24–28. https://doi.org/10.17513/mjpfi.13566.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shumatova TA, Kovalenko DV, Prikhodchenko NG. Vitamin D and intestinal diseases. International Journal of Applied and Basic Research. 2023;(8):24–28. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17513/mjpfi.13566.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsukita S, Tanaka H, Tamura A. The Claudins: From Tight Junctions to Biological Systems. Trends Biochem Sci. 2019;44(2):141–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2018.09.008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsukita S, Tanaka H, Tamura A. The Claudins: From Tight Junctions to Biological Systems. Trends Biochem Sci. 2019;44(2):141–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2018.09.008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Capaldo CT, Powell DN, Kalman D. Layered defense: how mucus and tight junctions seal the intestinal barrier. J Mol Med. 2017;95(9):927–934. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-017-1557-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Capaldo CT, Powell DN, Kalman D. Layered defense: how mucus and tight junctions seal the intestinal barrier. J Mol Med. 2017;95(9):927–934. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-017-1557-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang L, Zhang S, He C, Wang X. VDR Gene Polymorphisms and Allergic Diseases: Evidence from a Meta-analysis. Immunol Invest. 2020;49(1-2):166–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/08820139.2019.1674325.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang L, Zhang S, He C, Wang X. VDR Gene Polymorphisms and Allergic Diseases: Evidence from a Meta-analysis. Immunol Invest. 2020;49(1-2):166–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/08820139.2019.1674325.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">DaFonte TM, Valitutti F, Kenyon V, Locascio JJ, Montuori M, Francavilla R et al. Zonulin as a Biomarker for the Development of Celiac Disease. Pediatrics. 2024;153(1):e2023063050. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2023-063050.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">DaFonte TM, Valitutti F, Kenyon V, Locascio JJ, Montuori M, Francavilla R et al. Zonulin as a Biomarker for the Development of Celiac Disease. Pediatrics. 2024;153(1):e2023063050. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2023-063050.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Drago S, El Asmar R, Di Pierro M, Grazia Clemente M, Tripathi A, Sapone A et al. Gliadin, zonulin and gut permeability: Effects on celiac and non-celiac intestinal mucosa and intestinal cell lines. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2006;41(4):408–419. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365520500235334.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Drago S, El Asmar R, Di Pierro M, Grazia Clemente M, Tripathi A, Sapone A et al. Gliadin, zonulin and gut permeability: Effects on celiac and non-celiac intestinal mucosa and intestinal cell lines. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2006;41(4):408–419. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365520500235334.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meisch JP, Nishimura M, Vogel RM, Sung HC, Bednarchik BA, Ghosh SK et al. Human β-defensin 3 peptide is increased and redistributed in Crohn’s ileitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19(5):942–953. https://doi.org/10.1097/ MIB.0b013e318280b11a.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meisch JP, Nishimura M, Vogel RM, Sung HC, Bednarchik BA, Ghosh SK et al. Human β-defensin 3 peptide is increased and redistributed in Crohn’s ileitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19(5):942–953. https://doi.org/10.1097/ MIB.0b013e318280b11a.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang X, Zhou Y, Sun Y, Wang Q. Intestinal fatty acid binding protein: A rising therapeutic target in lipid metabolism. Prog Lipid Res. 2022;87:101178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101178.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang X, Zhou Y, Sun Y, Wang Q. Intestinal fatty acid binding protein: A rising therapeutic target in lipid metabolism. Prog Lipid Res. 2022;87:101178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101178.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Terrin G, Stronati L, Cucchiara S, De Curtis M. Serum Markers of Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Systematic Review. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017;65(6):e120–e132. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000001588.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Terrin G, Stronati L, Cucchiara S, De Curtis M. Serum Markers of Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Systematic Review. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017;65(6):e120–e132. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000001588.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Быкова СВ, Сабельникова ЕА, Новиков АА, Бауло ЕВ, Хомерики СГ, Парфенов АИ. Зонулин и I-FABP – маркеры повреждения энтероцитов при целиакии. Терапевтический архив. 2022;94(4):511–516. https://doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2022.04.201480.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bykova SV, Sabelnikova EA, Novikov AA, Baulo EV, Khomeriki SG, Parfenov AI. Zonulin and I-FABP are markers of enterocyte damage in celiac disease. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv. 2022;94(4):511–516. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2022.04.201480.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
