<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medsovet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский Совет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-701X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5790</issn><publisher><publisher-name>REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21518/ms2025-098</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medsovet-9169</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯ БИЛИАРНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ И ПЕЧЕНИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>DISEASES OF THE BILIARY SYSTEM AND LIVER</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Метаболически ассоциированная жировая болезнь печени у больных пожилого возраста: неинвазивная диагностика и методы оценки фиброза печени</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: Noninvasive diagnosis and assessment of liver fibrosis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9077-7679</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каршина</surname><given-names>О. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karshina</surname><given-names>O. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Каршина Олеся Олеговна, старший преподаватель, кафедра терапии № 2</p><p>720000, Бишкек, ул. Киевская, д. 44</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olesia O. Karshina, Senior Lecturer, Department of Therapy № 2</p><p>44, Kievskaya St., Bishkek, 720000</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">karshinapoliklinika@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8387-5800</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сабиров</surname><given-names>И. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sabirov</surname><given-names>I. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сабиров Ибрагим Самижонович, д.м.н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой терапии №2</p><p>720000, Бишкек, ул. Киевская, д. 44</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ibragim S. Sabirov,  Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head Department of Therapy № 2</p><p>44, Kievskaya St., Bishkek, 720000</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sabirov_is@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Кыргызско-Российский Славянский университет имени Б.Н. Ельцина</institution><country>Кыргызстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kyrgyz Russian Slavic University named after B.N. Yeltsin</institution><country>Kyrgyzstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>72</fpage><lpage>78</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Каршина О.О., Сабиров И.С., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Каршина О.О., Сабиров И.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Karshina O.O., Sabirov I.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/9169">https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/9169</self-uri><abstract><p>Метаболически ассоциированная жировая болезнь печени является одной из самых распространенных патологий печени в мире, которая варьирует от простого стеатоза до более тяжелых форм, таких как стеатогепатит, который может прогрессировать до фиброза печени, цирроза и гепатоцеллюлярной карциномы. Степень фиброза в печеночной ткани связана с повышенным риском общей смертности, сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний, гепатоцеллюлярной карциномы и внепеченочных злокачественных новообразований, особенно у лиц пожилого возраста, когда увеличивается предрасположенность к метаболическим расстройствам, что может привести к развитию жировой дистрофии печени и прогрессированию фиброза. Гистологические методы исследования печени, в том числе биопсии печени, обладают высокой информативностью и благодаря чему этот способ диагностики патологии печени имеет решающее значение в верификации диагноза, однако данные процедуры могут иметь редкие, но потенциально серьезные осложнения. В связи с этим не вызывает сомнения актуальность использования различных неинвазивных методов оценки выраженности фибротических процессов в печеночной ткани, включая существующие шкалы и алгоритмы, такие как FIB-4 и NAFLD Fibrosis Score, шкалы BARD и BAAT, индекс APRI и ультразвуковую эластографию. В данном обзорном исследовании рассматриваются возможности использования современных неинвазивных подходов оценки степени фиброза у пациентов с метаболически ассоциированной жировой болезнью печени, в том числе и у больных пожилого возраста. Таким образом, в качестве первого шага весьма актуальным является использование расчетных индексов фиброза, таких как индекс FIB-4, шкала NFS, с последующим при необходимости применением ультразвуковых методов диагностики особенно эластографии печени.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Metabolically associated fatty liver disease as one of the most common liver pathologies in the world, which ranges from simple steatosis to more severe forms such as steatohepatitis, which can progress to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The stage of fibrosis in hepatic tissue is associated with an increased risk of overall mortality, cardiovascular disease, hepatocellular carcinoma and extrahepatic malignancies, especially in the elderly, when there is an increased predisposition to metabolic disorders, which may lead to the development of fatty liver dystrophy and progression of fibrosis. Histologic methods of liver examination, including liver biopsies are highly informative, making this method of diagnosing liver pathology crucial in verifying the diagnosis; however, these procedures may have rare but potentially serious complications. In this regard, the relevance of using various non-invasive methods to assess the severity of fibrotic processes in liver tissue, including existing scales and algorithms such as FIB-4 and NAFLD Fibrosis Score, BARD and BAAT scales, APRI index and ultrasound elastography is undeniable. This review study examines the use of modern non-invasive approaches to assess the degree of fibrosis in patients with metabolically associated fatty liver disease, including elderly patients. Thus, as a first step the use of calculated fibrosis indices, such as FIB-4 index, NFS scale, followed, if necessary, by ultrasound diagnostic methods, especially liver elastography, is very relevant.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>стеатоз печени</kwd><kwd>специфические биомаркеры</kwd><kwd>индекс FIB-4</kwd><kwd>индексы фиброза печени</kwd><kwd>ультразвуковая эластография</kwd><kwd>биопсия</kwd><kwd>цирроз печени</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>liver steatosis</kwd><kwd>specific biomarkers</kwd><kwd>FIB-4 index</kwd><kwd>liver fibrosis indices</kwd><kwd>ultrasound elastography</kwd><kwd>biopsy</kwd><kwd>liver cirrhosis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Geier A, Tiniakos D, Denk H, Trauner M. From the origin of NASH to the future of metabolic fatty liver disease. Gut. 2021;70(8):1570–1579. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323202.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Geier A, Tiniakos D, Denk H, Trauner M. From the origin of NASH to the future of metabolic fatty liver disease. Gut. 2021;70(8):1570–1579. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323202.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Battistella S, D’Arcangelo F, Grasso M, Zanetto A, Gambato M, Germani G et al. Liver transplantation for Nafld: indications and post-transplant management. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2023;29:286–301. https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2022.0392.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Battistella S, D’Arcangelo F, Grasso M, Zanetto A, Gambato M, Germani G et al. Liver transplantation for Nafld: indications and post-transplant management. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2023;29:286–301. https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2022.0392.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wong R, Cheung R. Trends in the prevalence of metabolic dysfunctionassociated fatty liver disease in the United States, 2011–2018. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;20(3):610–613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2021.01.030.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wong R, Cheung R. Trends in the prevalence of metabolic dysfunctionassociated fatty liver disease in the United States, 2011–2018. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;20(3):610–613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2021.01.030.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim D, Konyn P, Sandhu K, Dennis B, Cheung A, Ahmed A. Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease is associated with increased allcause mortality in the United States. J Hepatol. 2021;75(6):1284–1291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2021.07.035.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim D, Konyn P, Sandhu K, Dennis B, Cheung A, Ahmed A. Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease is associated with increased allcause mortality in the United States. J Hepatol. 2021;75(6):1284–1291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2021.07.035.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang TY, Wang RF, Bu ZY, Targher G, Byrne CD, Sun DQ, Zheng MH. Association of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease with kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2022;18(4):259–268. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-021-00519-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang TY, Wang RF, Bu ZY, Targher G, Byrne CD, Sun DQ, Zheng MH. Association of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease with kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2022;18(4):259–268. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-021-00519-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gheorghe G, Bungău S, Ceobanu G, Ilie M, Bacalbaşa N, Bratu O et al. The non-invasive assessment of hepatic fibrosis. J Formos Med Assoc. 2021;120(2):794–803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2020.08.019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gheorghe G, Bungău S, Ceobanu G, Ilie M, Bacalbaşa N, Bratu O et al. The non-invasive assessment of hepatic fibrosis. J Formos Med Assoc. 2021;120(2):794–803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2020.08.019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Riazi K, Azhari H, Charette J, Underwood F, King, JA, Afshar E et al. The prevalence and incidence of NAFLD worldwide:a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;7(9):851–861. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00165-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Riazi K, Azhari H, Charette J, Underwood F, King, JA, Afshar E et al. The prevalence and incidence of NAFLD worldwide:a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;7(9):851–861. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00165-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ивашкин ВТ, Маевская МВ, Жаркова МС, Котовская ЮВ, Ткачева ОН, Трошина ЕА и др. Клинические рекомендации Российского общества по изучению печени, Российской гастроэнтерологической ассоциации, Российской ассоциации эндокринологов, Российской ассоциации геронтологов и гериатров и Национального общества профилактической кардиологии по диагностике и лечению неалкогольной жировой болезни печени. Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии. 2022;32(4):104–140. https://doi.org/10.22416/1382-4376-2022-32-4-104-140.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivashkin VT, Maevskaya MV, Zharkova MS, Kotovskaya YuV, Tkacheva ON, Troshina EA et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines of the Russian Scientific Liver Society, Russian Gastroenterological Association, Russian Association of Endocrinologists, Russian Association of Gerontologists and Geriatricians and National Society for Preventive Cardiology on Diagnosis and Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Liver Disease. Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology. 2022;32(4):104–140. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.22416/1382-4376-2022-32-4-104-140.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McDonald GB. Hepatobiliary complications of hematopoietic cell transplantation, 40 years on. Hepatology. 2010;51(4):1450–1460. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.23533.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McDonald GB. Hepatobiliary complications of hematopoietic cell transplantation, 40 years on. Hepatology. 2010;51(4):1450–1460. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.23533.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Midia M, Odedra D, Shuster A, Midia R, Muir J. Predictors of bleeding complications following percutaneous image-guided liver biopsy: a scoping review. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2019;25(1):71–80. https://doi.org/10.5152/dir.2018.17525.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Midia M, Odedra D, Shuster A, Midia R, Muir J. Predictors of bleeding complications following percutaneous image-guided liver biopsy: a scoping review. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2019;25(1):71–80. https://doi.org/10.5152/dir.2018.17525.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neuberger J, Patel J, Caldwell H, Davies S, Hebditch V, Hollywood C et al. Guidelines on the use of liver biopsy in clinical practice from the British Society of Gastroenterology, the Royal College of Radiologists and the Royal College of Pathology. Gut. 2020;69(8):1382–1403. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321299.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neuberger J, Patel J, Caldwell H, Davies S, Hebditch V, Hollywood C et al. Guidelines on the use of liver biopsy in clinical practice from the British Society of Gastroenterology, the Royal College of Radiologists and the Royal College of Pathology. Gut. 2020;69(8):1382–1403. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321299.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Campos-Murguía A, Ruiz-Margáin A, González-Regueiro J, MacíasRodríguez R. Clinical assessment and management of liver fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2020;26(39):5919–5943. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v26.i39.5919.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Campos-Murguía A, Ruiz-Margáin A, González-Regueiro J, MacíasRodríguez R. Clinical assessment and management of liver fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2020;26(39):5919–5943. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v26.i39.5919.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hagström H, Nasr P, Ekstedt M. Hammar U, Stål P, Hultcrantz R, Kechagias S. Fibrosis stage but not NASH predicts mortality and time to development of severe liver disease in biopsy-proven NAFLD. J Hepatol. 2017;67(6):1265–1273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2017.07.027.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hagström H, Nasr P, Ekstedt M. Hammar U, Stål P, Hultcrantz R, Kechagias S. Fibrosis stage but not NASH predicts mortality and time to development of severe liver disease in biopsy-proven NAFLD. J Hepatol. 2017;67(6):1265–1273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2017.07.027.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bassal T, Basheer M, Boulos M, Assy N. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease – a concise review of noninvasive tests and biomarkers. Metabolites. 2022;12(11):1073. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12111073.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bassal T, Basheer M, Boulos M, Assy N. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease – a concise review of noninvasive tests and biomarkers. Metabolites. 2022;12(11):1073. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12111073.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cataldo I, Sarcognato S, Sacchi D, Cacciatore М, Baciorri F, Mangia A et al. Pathology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Pathologica. 2021;113(3):194–202. https://doi.org/10.32074/1591-951X-242.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cataldo I, Sarcognato S, Sacchi D, Cacciatore М, Baciorri F, Mangia A et al. Pathology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Pathologica. 2021;113(3):194–202. https://doi.org/10.32074/1591-951X-242.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kleiner D, Brunt E, Van Natta M, Behling C, Contos MJ, Cummings O et al. Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2005;41(6):1313–1321. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.20701.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kleiner D, Brunt E, Van Natta M, Behling C, Contos MJ, Cummings O et al. Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2005;41(6):1313–1321. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.20701.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sterling R, Lissen E, Clumeck N, Sola R, Correa M, Montaner J et al. Development of a simple noninvasive index to predict significant fibrosis in patients with HIV/HCV coinfection. Hepatology. 2006;43(6):1317–1325. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.21178.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sterling R, Lissen E, Clumeck N, Sola R, Correa M, Montaner J et al. Development of a simple noninvasive index to predict significant fibrosis in patients with HIV/HCV coinfection. Hepatology. 2006;43(6):1317–1325. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.21178.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peleg N, Issachar A, Sneh-Arbib O, Shlomai A. AST to Platelet Ratio Index and fibrosis 4 calculator scores for non-invasive assessment of hepatic fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig Liver Dis. 2017;49(10):1133–1138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2017.05.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peleg N, Issachar A, Sneh-Arbib O, Shlomai A. AST to Platelet Ratio Index and fibrosis 4 calculator scores for non-invasive assessment of hepatic fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig Liver Dis. 2017;49(10):1133–1138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2017.05.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McPherson S, Hardy T, Dufour J, Petta S, Romero-Gomez M, Allison M et al. Age as a Confounding Factor for the Accurate Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Advanced NAFLD Fibrosis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(5):740–751. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2016.453.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McPherson S, Hardy T, Dufour J, Petta S, Romero-Gomez M, Allison M et al. Age as a Confounding Factor for the Accurate Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Advanced NAFLD Fibrosis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(5):740–751. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2016.453.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sumida Y, Yoneda M, Hyogo H, Itoh Y, Ono M, Fujii H et al. Validation of the FIB4 index in a Japanese nonalcoholic fatty liver disease population. BMC Gastroenterol. 2012;12:2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-230X-12-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sumida Y, Yoneda M, Hyogo H, Itoh Y, Ono M, Fujii H et al. Validation of the FIB4 index in a Japanese nonalcoholic fatty liver disease population. BMC Gastroenterol. 2012;12:2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-230X-12-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лазебник ЛБ, Голованова ЕВ, Туркина СВ, Райхельсон КЛ, Оковитый СВ, Драпкина ОМ и др. Неалкогольная жировая болезнь печени у взрослых: клиника, диагностика, лечение. Рекомендации для терапевтов, третья версия. Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2021;1(1):4–52. https://doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-185-1-4-52.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lazebnik LB, Golovanova EV, Turkina SV, Raikhelson KL, Okovityy SV, Drapkina OM et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in adults: clinic, diagnostics, treatment. Guidelines for therapists, third version. Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology. 2021;1(1):4–52. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-185-1-4-52.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Angulo P, Hui J, Marchesini G, Bugianesi E, George J, Farrell G et al. The NAFLD fibrosis score: a noninvasive system that identifies liver fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. Hepatology. 2007;45(4):846–854. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.21496.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Angulo P, Hui J, Marchesini G, Bugianesi E, George J, Farrell G et al. The NAFLD fibrosis score: a noninvasive system that identifies liver fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. Hepatology. 2007;45(4):846–854. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.21496.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu Y, Kumar R, Wang M, Singh M, Huang J, Zhu Y, Lin S. Validation of conventional non-invasive fibrosis scoring systems in patients with metabolic associated fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2021;27(34):5753–5763. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v27.i34.5753.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu Y, Kumar R, Wang M, Singh M, Huang J, Zhu Y, Lin S. Validation of conventional non-invasive fibrosis scoring systems in patients with metabolic associated fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2021;27(34):5753–5763. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v27.i34.5753.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li G, Zhang X, Lin H, Liang YL, Wong GLH, Wong VWS. Non-invasive tests of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Chin Med J. 2022;135(05):532–546. https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000002027.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li G, Zhang X, Lin H, Liang YL, Wong GLH, Wong VWS. Non-invasive tests of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Chin Med J. 2022;135(05):532–546. https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000002027.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL); European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD); European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO). EASL–EASD–EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2016;64(6):1388–1402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2015.11.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL); European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD); European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO). EASL–EASD–EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2016;64(6):1388–1402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2015.11.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harrison S, Oliver D, Arnold H, Gogia S, Neuschwander-Tetri B. Development and validation of a simple NAFLD clinical scoring system for identifying patients without advanced disease. Gut. 2008;57(10):1441–1447. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2007.146019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harrison S, Oliver D, Arnold H, Gogia S, Neuschwander-Tetri B. Development and validation of a simple NAFLD clinical scoring system for identifying patients without advanced disease. Gut. 2008;57(10):1441–1447. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2007.146019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xiao G, Zhu S, Xiao X, Yan L, Yang J, Wu G. Comparison of laboratory tests, ultrasound, or magnetic resonance elastography to detect fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2017;66(5):1486–1501. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.29302.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xiao G, Zhu S, Xiao X, Yan L, Yang J, Wu G. Comparison of laboratory tests, ultrasound, or magnetic resonance elastography to detect fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2017;66(5):1486–1501. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.29302.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cichoż-Lach H, Celiński K, Prozorow-Król B, Swatek J, Słomka M, Lach T. The BARD score and the NAFLD fibrosis score in the assessment of advanced liver fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Med Sci Monit. 2012;18(12):CR735–740. https://doi.org/10.12659/msm.883601.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cichoż-Lach H, Celiński K, Prozorow-Król B, Swatek J, Słomka M, Lach T. The BARD score and the NAFLD fibrosis score in the assessment of advanced liver fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Med Sci Monit. 2012;18(12):CR735–740. https://doi.org/10.12659/msm.883601.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen X, Goh G, Huang J, Wu Y, Wang M, Kumar R et al. Validation of noninvasive fibrosis scores for predicting advanced fibrosis in metabolicassociated fatty liver disease. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2022;10(4):589–594. https://doi.org/10.14218/JCTH.2021.00311.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen X, Goh G, Huang J, Wu Y, Wang M, Kumar R et al. Validation of noninvasive fibrosis scores for predicting advanced fibrosis in metabolicassociated fatty liver disease. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2022;10(4):589–594. https://doi.org/10.14218/JCTH.2021.00311.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sun W, Cui H, Li N, Wei Y, Lai S, Yang Y et al. Comparison of FIB-4 index, NAFLD fibrosis score and BARD score for prediction of advanced fibrosis in adult patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis study. Hepatol Res. 2016;46(9):862–870. https://doi.org/10.1111/hepr.12647.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sun W, Cui H, Li N, Wei Y, Lai S, Yang Y et al. Comparison of FIB-4 index, NAFLD fibrosis score and BARD score for prediction of advanced fibrosis in adult patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis study. Hepatol Res. 2016;46(9):862–870. https://doi.org/10.1111/hepr.12647.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wai CT, Greenson JK, Fontana RJ, Kalbfleisch JD, Marrero JA, Conjeevaram HS, Lok ASF. A simple noninvasive index can predict both significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2003;38(2):518–526. https://doi.org/10.1053/jhep.2003.50346.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wai CT, Greenson JK, Fontana RJ, Kalbfleisch JD, Marrero JA, Conjeevaram HS, Lok ASF. A simple noninvasive index can predict both significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2003;38(2):518–526. https://doi.org/10.1053/jhep.2003.50346.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kolhe KM, Amarapurkar A, Parikh P, Chaubal A, Chauhan S, Khairnar H et al. Aspartate transaminase to platelet ratio index (APRI) but not FIB-5 or FIB-4 is accurate in ruling out significant fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in an urban slum-dwelling population. BMJ Open Gastroenterol. 2019;6(1):e000288. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgast-2019-000288.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolhe KM, Amarapurkar A, Parikh P, Chaubal A, Chauhan S, Khairnar H et al. Aspartate transaminase to platelet ratio index (APRI) but not FIB-5 or FIB-4 is accurate in ruling out significant fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in an urban slum-dwelling population. BMJ Open Gastroenterol. 2019;6(1):e000288. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgast-2019-000288.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pitisuttithum P, Chan WK, Piyachaturawat P, Imajo K, Nakajima A, Seki Y et al. Predictors of advanced fibrosis in elderly patients with biopsyconfirmed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the GOASIA study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2020;20(1):88. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-020-01240-z.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pitisuttithum P, Chan WK, Piyachaturawat P, Imajo K, Nakajima A, Seki Y et al. Predictors of advanced fibrosis in elderly patients with biopsyconfirmed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the GOASIA study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2020;20(1):88. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-020-01240-z.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ratziu V, Giral P, Charlotte F, Bruckert E, Thibault V, Theodorou I et al. Liver fibrosis in overweight patients. Gastroenterology. 2000;118(6):1117–1123. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(00)70364-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ratziu V, Giral P, Charlotte F, Bruckert E, Thibault V, Theodorou I et al. Liver fibrosis in overweight patients. Gastroenterology. 2000;118(6):1117–1123. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(00)70364-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anty R, Iannelli A, Patouraux S, Bonnafous S, Lavallard V, Senni-Buratti M et al. A new composite model including metabolic syndrome, alanine aminotransferase and cytokeratin-18 for the diagnosis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in morbidly obese patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;32(11-12): 1315–1322. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04480.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anty R, Iannelli A, Patouraux S, Bonnafous S, Lavallard V, Senni-Buratti M et al. A new composite model including metabolic syndrome, alanine aminotransferase and cytokeratin-18 for the diagnosis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in morbidly obese patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;32(11-12): 1315–1322. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04480.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kruger FC, Daniels CR, Kidd M, Swart G, Brundyn K, van Rensburg C, Kotze M. APRI: a simple bedside marker for advanced fibrosis that can avoid liver biopsy in patients with NAFLD/NASH. S Afr Med J. 2011;101(7):477–480. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21920102/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kruger FC, Daniels CR, Kidd M, Swart G, Brundyn K, van Rensburg C, Kotze M. APRI: a simple bedside marker for advanced fibrosis that can avoid liver biopsy in patients with NAFLD/NASH. S Afr Med J. 2011;101(7):477–480. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21920102/.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shah AG, Lydecker A, Murray K, Tetri BN, Contos MJ, Sanyal AJ. Comparison of noninvasive markers of fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7(10):1104–1112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2009.05.033.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shah AG, Lydecker A, Murray K, Tetri BN, Contos MJ, Sanyal AJ. Comparison of noninvasive markers of fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7(10):1104–1112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2009.05.033.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rosenberg WM, Voelker M, Thiel R, Becka M, Burt A, Schuppan D et al. Serum markers detect the presence of liver fibrosis: a cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2004;127(6):1704–1713. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2004.08.052.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rosenberg WM, Voelker M, Thiel R, Becka M, Burt A, Schuppan D et al. Serum markers detect the presence of liver fibrosis: a cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2004;127(6):1704–1713. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2004.08.052.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lichtinghagen R, Pietsch D, Bantel H, Manns M, Brand K, Bahr M. The Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) score: normal values, influence factors and proposed cut-off values. J Hepatol. 2013;59(2):236–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2013.03.016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lichtinghagen R, Pietsch D, Bantel H, Manns M, Brand K, Bahr M. The Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) score: normal values, influence factors and proposed cut-off values. J Hepatol. 2013;59(2):236–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2013.03.016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vali Y, Lee J, Boursier J, Spijker R, Löffler J, Verheij J et al. Enhanced liver fibrosis test for the non-invasive diagnosis of fibrosis in patients with NAFLD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hepatol. 2020;73(2):252–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2020.03.036.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vali Y, Lee J, Boursier J, Spijker R, Löffler J, Verheij J et al. Enhanced liver fibrosis test for the non-invasive diagnosis of fibrosis in patients with NAFLD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hepatol. 2020;73(2):252–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2020.03.036.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li G, Zhang X, Lin H, Liang LY, Wong GLH, Wong VWS. Non-invasive tests of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Chin Med J. 2022;135(05):532–546. https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000002027.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li G, Zhang X, Lin H, Liang LY, Wong GLH, Wong VWS. Non-invasive tests of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Chin Med J. 2022;135(05):532–546. https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000002027.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Altamirano J, Qi Q, Choudhry S, Abdallah M, Singal AK, Humar A et al. Noninvasive diagnosis: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic liver disease. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5:31. https://doi.org/10.21037/tgh.2019.11.14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Altamirano J, Qi Q, Choudhry S, Abdallah M, Singal AK, Humar A et al. Noninvasive diagnosis: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic liver disease. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5:31. https://doi.org/10.21037/tgh.2019.11.14.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poynard T, Imbert-Bismut F, Munteanu M, Messous D, Myers RP, Thabut D et al. Overview of the diagnostic value of biochemical markers of liver fibrosis (FibroTest, HCV FibroSure) and necrosis (ActiTest) in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Comp. Hepatol. 2004;3(1):8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-5926-3-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poynard T, Imbert-Bismut F, Munteanu M, Messous D, Myers RP, Thabut D et al. Overview of the diagnostic value of biochemical markers of liver fibrosis (FibroTest, HCV FibroSure) and necrosis (ActiTest) in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Comp. Hepatol. 2004;3(1):8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-5926-3-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ratziu V, Massard J, Charlotte F, Messous D, Imbert-Bismut F, Bonyhay L et al. Diagnostic value of biochemical markers (FibroTest-FibroSURE) for the prediction of liver fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. BMC Gastroenterol. 2006;6:6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-230X-6-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ratziu V, Massard J, Charlotte F, Messous D, Imbert-Bismut F, Bonyhay L et al. Diagnostic value of biochemical markers (FibroTest-FibroSURE) for the prediction of liver fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. BMC Gastroenterol. 2006;6:6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-230X-6-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vilar-Gomez E, Chalasani N. Non-invasive assessment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Clinical prediction rules and blood-based biomarkers. J Hepatol. 2018;68(2):305–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2017.11.013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vilar-Gomez E, Chalasani N. Non-invasive assessment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Clinical prediction rules and blood-based biomarkers. J Hepatol. 2018;68(2):305–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2017.11.013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vali Y, Lee J, Boursier J, Spijker R, Verheij J, Brosnan MJ et al. FibroTest for Evaluating Fibrosis in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med. 2021;10(11):2415. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10112415.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vali Y, Lee J, Boursier J, Spijker R, Verheij J, Brosnan MJ et al. FibroTest for Evaluating Fibrosis in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med. 2021;10(11):2415. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10112415.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wong VWS, Vergnoil J, Wong GLH, Foucher J, Chan HLY, Le Bail B et al. Diagnosis of Fibrosis and Cirrhosis Using Liver Stiffness Measurement in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Hepatology. 2010;51(2):454–462. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.23312.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wong VWS, Vergnoil J, Wong GLH, Foucher J, Chan HLY, Le Bail B et al. Diagnosis of Fibrosis and Cirrhosis Using Liver Stiffness Measurement in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Hepatology. 2010;51(2):454–462. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.23312.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yoneda M, Yoneda M, Mawatari H, Fujita K, Endo H, Iida H et al. Noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis by measurement of stifness in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Dig Liver Dis. 2008;40(5):371–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2007.10.019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yoneda M, Yoneda M, Mawatari H, Fujita K, Endo H, Iida H et al. Noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis by measurement of stifness in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Dig Liver Dis. 2008;40(5):371–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2007.10.019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kwok R, Tse YK, Wong GLH, Ha Y, Lee AU, Ngu MC et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: non-invasive assessment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-the role of transient elastography and plasma cytokeratin-18 fragments. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;39(3):254–269. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.12569.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kwok R, Tse YK, Wong GLH, Ha Y, Lee AU, Ngu MC et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: non-invasive assessment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-the role of transient elastography and plasma cytokeratin-18 fragments. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;39(3):254–269. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.12569.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Myers RP, Pomier-Layrargues G, Kirsch R, Pollett A, Duarte-Rojo A, Wong D et al. Feasibility and diagnostic performance of the FibroScan XL probe for liver stiffness measurement in overweight and obese patients. Hepatology. 2012;55(1):199–208. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.24624.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Myers RP, Pomier-Layrargues G, Kirsch R, Pollett A, Duarte-Rojo A, Wong D et al. Feasibility and diagnostic performance of the FibroScan XL probe for liver stiffness measurement in overweight and obese patients. Hepatology. 2012;55(1):199–208. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.24624.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salles N, Dussarat P, Foucher J, Villars S, de Lédinghen V. Non-invasive evaluation of liver fibrosis by transient elastography and biochemical markers in elderly inpatients. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2009;33(2):126–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gcb.2008.12.003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salles N, Dussarat P, Foucher J, Villars S, de Lédinghen V. Non-invasive evaluation of liver fibrosis by transient elastography and biochemical markers in elderly inpatients. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2009;33(2):126–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gcb.2008.12.003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Митьков ВВ, Митькова МД. Ультразвуковая эластография сдвиговой волной. Ультразвуковая и функциональная диагностика. 2015;(2):94–108. Режим доступа: https://elibrary.ru/tuidch.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mitkov VV, Mitkova MD. Ultrasound shear wave elastography. Ultrasound and Functional Diagnostics. 2015;(2):94–108. (In Russ.) Avalaible at: https://elibrary.ru/tuidch.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yoneda M, Suzuki K, Kato S, Fujita K, Nozaki Y, Hosono K et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: US-based acoustic radiation force impulse elastography. Radiology. 2010;256(2):640–647. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.10091662.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yoneda M, Suzuki K, Kato S, Fujita K, Nozaki Y, Hosono K et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: US-based acoustic radiation force impulse elastography. Radiology. 2010;256(2):640–647. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.10091662.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Palmeri ML, Wang MH, Rouze NC, Abdelmalek MF, Guy CD, Moser B et al. Noninvasive evaluation of hepatic fibrosis using acoustic radiation forcebased shear stiffness in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2011;55(3):666–672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2010.12.019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Palmeri ML, Wang MH, Rouze NC, Abdelmalek MF, Guy CD, Moser B et al. Noninvasive evaluation of hepatic fibrosis using acoustic radiation forcebased shear stiffness in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2011;55(3):666–672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2010.12.019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu H, Fu J, Hong R, Li F. Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Elastography for the Non-Invasive Evaluation of Hepatic Fibrosis in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Patients: A Systematic Review &amp; Meta-Analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0127782–e0127782. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127782.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu H, Fu J, Hong R, Li F. Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Elastography for the Non-Invasive Evaluation of Hepatic Fibrosis in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Patients: A Systematic Review &amp; Meta-Analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0127782–e0127782. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127782.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferraioli G, Wong V, Castera L, Berzigotti A, Sporea I, Dietrich CF et al. Liver Ultrasound Elastography: An Update to the World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology Guidelines and Recommendations. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2018;44(12):2419–2440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.07.008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferraioli G, Wong V, Castera L, Berzigotti A, Sporea I, Dietrich CF et al. Liver Ultrasound Elastography: An Update to the World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology Guidelines and Recommendations. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2018;44(12):2419–2440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.07.008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, Charlton M, Cusi K, Rinella M et al. The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2018;67(1):328–357. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.29367.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, Charlton M, Cusi K, Rinella M et al. The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2018;67(1):328–357. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.29367.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лазебник ЛБ, Радченко ВГ, Голованова ЕВ, Звенигородская ЛА, Конев ЮВ, Селиверстов ПВ и др. Неалкогольная жировая болезнь печени: клиника, диагностика, лечение (рекомендации для терапевтов, 2-я версия). Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2017;(2):22–37. Режим доступа: https://www.nogr.org/jour/article/view/377/377.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lazebnik LB, Radchenko VG, Golovanova EV, Zvenigorodskaya LA, Konev YuV, Seliverstov PV et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: clinic, diagnostics, treatment (Recommendations for therapists, 2nd edition). Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology. 2017;(2):22–37. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.nogr.org/jour/article/view/377/377.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
