<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medsovet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский Совет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-701X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5790</issn><publisher><publisher-name>REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21518/ms2025-216</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medsovet-9174</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯ БИЛИАРНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ И ПЕЧЕНИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>DISEASES OF THE BILIARY SYSTEM AND LIVER</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Ассоциация клинических проявлений инвазии Opisthorchis felineus с повышенным уровнем индекса FIB-4</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Association of clinical manifestations of Opisthorchis felineus invasion with elevated FIB-4 index levels</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Веселова</surname><given-names>Н. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Veselova</surname><given-names>N. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Веселова Наталья Евгеньевна, младший научный сотрудник клинического отделения патологии пищеварительной системы у взрослых и детей</p><p>660022, Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, д. 3г</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia E. Veselova, Junior Researcher of the Clinical Department of the Clinical Department of the Digestive System Pathology of Adults and Children</p><p>3g, Partizan Zheleznyak St., Krasnoyarsk, 660022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nataliaveselova4621@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9980-2294</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цуканов</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsukanov</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Цуканов Владислав Владимирович, д.м.н., профессор, заведующий клиническим отделением патологии пищеварительной системы у взрослых и детей</p><p>660022, Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, д. 3г</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladislav V. Tsukanov, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Clinical Department of the Digestive System Pathology of Adults and Children</p><p>3g, Partizan Zheleznyak St., Krasnoyarsk, 660022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gastro@impn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5829-672X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Савченко</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Savchenko</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Савченко Андрей Анатольевич, д.м.н., профессор, заведующий лабораторией клеточно-молекулярной физиологии и патологии</p><p>660022, Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, д. 3г</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey A. Savchenko, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pathology</p><p>3g, Partizan Zheleznyak St., Krasnoyarsk, 660022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aasavchenko@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6481-3196</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Васютин</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasyutin</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Васютин Александр Викторович, к.м.н., старший научный сотрудник клинического отделения патологии пищеварительной системы у взрослых и детей</p><p>660022, Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, д. 3г</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander V. Vasyutin, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Senior Researcher of the Clinical Department of the Clinical Department of the Digestive System Pathology of Adults and Children</p><p>3g, Partizan Zheleznyak St., Krasnoyarsk, 660022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alexander_vasyutin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7518-1895</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тонких</surname><given-names>Ю. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tonkikh</surname><given-names>Ju. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тонких Юлия Леонгардовна, к.м.н., ведущий научный сотрудник клинического отделения патологии пищеварительной системы взрослых и детей</p><p>660022, Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, д. 3г</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Julia L. Tonkikh, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Leading Researcher of the Clinical Department of the Clinical Department of the Digestive System Pathology of Adults and Children</p><p>3g, Partizan Zheleznyak St., Krasnoyarsk, 660022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tjulia@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фурсова</surname><given-names>Я. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fursova</surname><given-names>Ya. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Фурсова Янина Евгеньевна, заведующая инфекционным отделением</p><p>660004, Красноярск, ул. 26 Бакинских Комиссаров, д. 4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yanina E. Fursova, Head of the Infectious Diseases Department</p><p>4, 26 Bakinskikh Komissarov St., Krasnoyarsk, 660004</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">paradigma999@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Красноярский научный центр Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук Научно-исследовательского института медицинских проблем Севера</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Krasnoyarsk Science Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences of Scientific Research Institute of Medical Problems of the North</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Красноярская межрайонная больница №5</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Krasnoyarsk Interdistrict Hospital No. 5</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>120</fpage><lpage>125</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Веселова Н.Е., Цуканов В.В., Савченко А.А., Васютин А.В., Тонких Ю.Л., Фурсова Я.Е., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Веселова Н.Е., Цуканов В.В., Савченко А.А., Васютин А.В., Тонких Ю.Л., Фурсова Я.Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Veselova N.E., Tsukanov V.V., Savchenko A.A., Vasyutin A.V., Tonkikh J.L., Fursova Y.E.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/9174">https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/9174</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Клинические проявления инвазии Opisthorchis felineus (O. felineus) характеризуются выраженным полиморфизмом и могут включать поражения различных органов и систем, в т. ч. приводить к развитию гепатита и цирроза печени.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Изучить частоту клинических проявлений инвазии O. felineus у больных описторхозом с величиной индекса FIB-4 более 1,45.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Всего было обследовано 360 больных с инвазией O. felineus (158 мужчин и 202 женщины, средний возраст 40,6 лет) в возрасте от 18 до 70 лет. Клиническое обследование пациентов осуществлялось с применением стандартных анкет, которые позволяли оценивать частоту и интенсивность симптомов. Диагностика инвазии O. felineus осуществлялась при помощи микроскопии дуоденальной желчи и копроовоскопии. Всем больным проводились эзофагогастродуоденоскопия, ультразвуковое исследование брюшной полости, развернутый и биохимический анализы крови. Вычислялся индекс FIB-4, величина которого более 1,45 показывала высокую вероятность наличия фиброза печени.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. У больных описторхозом с индексом FIB-4 более 1,45 чаще регистрировались еженедельные боли в правом подреберье, ожирение, эрозии желудка и двенадцатиперстной кишки, гепатомегалия, стеатоз печени, признаки холецистита по УЗИ, билиарный сладж, полипы в желчном пузыре, повышение аланинаминотрансферазы (АЛТ) и аспартатаминотрансферазы (АСТ) в крови в сравнении с лицами со значением FIB-4 меньше 1,45. Гепатомегалия была ассоциирована с еженедельными болями в правом подреберье, ожирением, стеатозом печени, признаками холецистита, наличием билиарного сладжа, холецистэктомией, нейтропенией, повышенным уровнем АЛТ и АСТ, значением показателя FIB-4 выше 1,45.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Индекс FIB-4 является полезным диагностическим инструментом, т. к. легко вычисляется из показателей рутинных анализов крови. Пациенты с повышенным значением FIB-4 и гепатомегалией имеют более выраженную интенсивность клинической симптоматики заболевания и нуждаются в активных диагностических и лечебных мероприятиях для профилактики осложнений.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Clinical manifestations of Opisthorchis felineus (O. felineus) invasion are characterized by pronounced polymorphism and can include lesions of various organs and systems, including the development of hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver. Aim. To study the frequency of clinical manifestations of O. felineus invasion in patients with opisthorchiasis with a FIB-4 index value of more than 1.45.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. A total of 360 patients with O. felineus invasion (158 men and 202 women, average age 40.6 years) aged 18 to 70 years were examined. Clinical examination of patients was carried out using standard questionnaires that allowed assessing the frequency and intensity of symptoms. O. felineus invasion was diagnosed using duodenal bile microscopy and coproovoscopy. All patients underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy, abdominal ultrasound, complete blood count and biochemical blood assay. The FIB-4 index was calculated, the value of which was more than 1.45 indicated a high probability of liver fibrosis.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. In patients with opisthorchiasis with FIB-4 index more than 1.45, weekly pain in the right hypochondrium, obesity, erosions of the stomach and duodenum, hepatomegaly, liver steatosis, signs of cholecystitis by ultrasound, biliary sludge, polyps in the gallbladder, increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the blood were more often registered compared to individuals with FIB-4 index less than 1.45. Hepatomegaly was associated with weekly pain in the right hypochondrium, obesity, liver steatosis, signs of cholecystitis, the presence of biliary sludge, cholecystectomy, neutropenia, elevated ALT and AST levels, FIB-4 index above 1.45.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. The FIB-4 index is a useful diagnostic tool, since it is easily calculated from the indicators of routine blood tests. Patients with elevated FIB-4 values and hepatomegaly have more pronounced intensity of clinical symptoms of the disease and require active diagnostic and therapeutic measures to prevent complications.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>описторхоз</kwd><kwd>фиброз печени</kwd><kwd>гепатомегалия</kwd><kwd>холецистит</kwd><kwd>АЛТ</kwd><kwd>АСТ</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>opisthorchiasis</kwd><kwd>liver fibrosis</kwd><kwd>hepatomegaly</kwd><kwd>cholecystitis</kwd><kwd>ALT</kwd><kwd>AST</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Apari P, Földvári G. How Do Trematodes Induce Cancer? A Possible Evolutionary Adaptation of an Oncogenic Agent Transmitted by Flukes. Evol Appl. 2025;18(1):e70070. https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.70070.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Apari P, Földvári G. How Do Trematodes Induce Cancer? A Possible Evolutionary Adaptation of an Oncogenic Agent Transmitted by Flukes. Evol Appl. 2025;18(1):e70070. https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.70070.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsukanov VV, Vasyutin AV, Tonkikh JL. Parasites of the liver: A global problem? World J Gastroenterol. 2024;30(30):3554–3559. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v30.i30.3554.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsukanov VV, Vasyutin AV, Tonkikh JL. Parasites of the liver: A global problem? World J Gastroenterol. 2024;30(30):3554–3559. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v30.i30.3554.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karbysheva N, Nikonorova M, Matros O, Kiushkina I, Nemilostiva E, Choroshilova I et al. Clinical polymorphism in patients with Opisthorchis felineus infection in the Western Siberia. IDCases. 2021;24:e01064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr.2021.e01064.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karbysheva N, Nikonorova M, Matros O, Kiushkina I, Nemilostiva E, Choroshilova I et al. Clinical polymorphism in patients with Opisthorchis felineus infection in the Western Siberia. IDCases. 2021;24:e01064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr.2021.e01064.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Цуканов ВВ, Тонких ЮЛ, Гилюк АВ, Васютин АВ, Коленчукова ОА, Ржавичева ОС и др. Диагностика, клиника и лечение описторхоза. Доктор.Ру. 2019;8(163):49–53. https://doi.org/10.31550/1727-2378-2019-163-8-49-53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsukanov VV, Tonkikh YuL, Gilyuk AV, Vasyutin AV, Kolenchukova OA, Rzhavicheva OS et al. Opisthorchiasis: Diagnostics, Clinical Manifestations, and Management. Doktor.Ru. 2019;8(163):49–53. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.31550/1727-2378-2019-163-8-49-53.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Плотникова ЕЮ, Баранова ЕН. Проблемы лечения описторхозной инвазии. РМЖ. Медицинское обозрение. 2018;2(3):53–56. Режим доступа: https://www.rmj.ru/articles/gastroenterologiya/Problemy_lecheniyaopistorhoznoy_invazii/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Plotnikova EYu, Baranova ЕN. Problems of treatment of opisthorchiasis. RMJ. Medical Review. 2018;2(3):53–56. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.rmj.ru/articles/gastroenterologiya/Problemy_lecheniyaopistorhoznoy_invazii/.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peters L, Burkert S, Grüner B. Parasites of the liver – epidemiology, diagnosis and clinical management in the European context. J Hepatol. 2021;75(1):202–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2021.02.015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peters L, Burkert S, Grüner B. Parasites of the liver – epidemiology, diagnosis and clinical management in the European context. J Hepatol. 2021;75(1):202–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2021.02.015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kovner AV, Pakharukova MY, Maksimova GA, Mordvinov VA. Characteristics of liver fibrosis associated with chronic Opisthorchis felineus infection in Syrian hamsters and humans. Exp Mol Pathol. 2019;110:104274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexmp.2019.104274.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kovner AV, Pakharukova MY, Maksimova GA, Mordvinov VA. Characteristics of liver fibrosis associated with chronic Opisthorchis felineus infection in Syrian hamsters and humans. Exp Mol Pathol. 2019;110:104274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexmp.2019.104274.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wonkchalee O, Boonmars T, Kaewkes S, Chamgramol Y, Pairojkul C, Wu Z et al. Opisthorchis viverrini infection causes liver and biliary cirrhosis in gerbils. Parasitol Res. 2011;109(3):545–551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2282-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wonkchalee O, Boonmars T, Kaewkes S, Chamgramol Y, Pairojkul C, Wu Z et al. Opisthorchis viverrini infection causes liver and biliary cirrhosis in gerbils. Parasitol Res. 2011;109(3):545–551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2282-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Цуканов ВВ, Веселова НЕ, Васютин АВ, Савченко АА, Тонких ЮЛ, Борисов АГ. Фенотип MAIT-клеток в крови у больных с инвазией Opisthorchis felineus в зависимости от выраженности фиброза печени. Медицинский совет. 2024;(15):139–145. https://doi.org/10.21518/ms2024-338.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsukanov VV, Veselova NE, Vasyutin AV, Savchenko A, Tonkikh JL, Borisov AG. Blood MAIT cells phenotype in patients with Opisthorchis felineus invasion depending on the severity of liver fibrosis. Meditsinskiy Sovet. 2024;(15):139–145. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21518/ms2024-338.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Васютин АВ, Цуканов ВВ, Веселова НЕ, Горчилова ЕГ, Тонких ЮЛ, Савченко АА, Борисов АГ. Ассоциация нейтропении и сниженной функции нейтрофилов с фиброзом печени у больных с инвазией Opisthorchis felineus. Медицинский совет. 2024;(15):62–69. https://doi.org/10.21518/ms2024-339.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasyutin AV, Tsukanov VV, Veselova NE, Gorchilova EG, Tonkikh JL, Savchenko AA, Borisov AG. Association of neutropenia and decreased neutrophil function with liver fibrosis in patients with Opisthorchis felineus invasion. Meditsinskiy Sovet. 2024;(15):62–69. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21518/ms2024-339.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Petroff D, Berg T, Wiegand J. Transitioning FIB-4 score: From fibrosis screening tool to key biomarker for clinical endpoints. J Hepatol. 2024;81(5):e228-e229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2024.05.018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petroff D, Berg T, Wiegand J. Transitioning FIB-4 score: From fibrosis screening tool to key biomarker for clinical endpoints. J Hepatol. 2024;81(5):e228-e229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2024.05.018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Recommendations on Treatment of Hepatitis C 2018. J Hepatol. 2018;69(2):461–511. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.026.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Recommendations on Treatment of Hepatitis C 2018. J Hepatol. 2018;69(2):461–511. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.026.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL); European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD); European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO). EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). J Hepatol. 2024;81(3):492–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2024.04.031.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL); European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD); European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO). EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). J Hepatol. 2024;81(3):492–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2024.04.031.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rinella ME, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Siddiqui MS, Abdelmalek MF, Caldwell S, Barb D et al. AASLD Practice Guidance on the clinical assessment and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2023;77(5):1797–1835. https://doi.org/10.1097/HEP.0000000000000323.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rinella ME, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Siddiqui MS, Abdelmalek MF, Caldwell S, Barb D et al. AASLD Practice Guidance on the clinical assessment and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2023;77(5):1797–1835. https://doi.org/10.1097/HEP.0000000000000323.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sivanand A, Talati D, Kalariya Y, Patel P, Gandhi SK. Associations of Liver Fluke Infection and Cholangiocarcinoma: A Scoping Review. Cureus. 2023;15(10):e46400. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.46400.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sivanand A, Talati D, Kalariya Y, Patel P, Gandhi SK. Associations of Liver Fluke Infection and Cholangiocarcinoma: A Scoping Review. Cureus. 2023;15(10):e46400. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.46400.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang YL, Zhang KY, Sun YL, Qian MB, Wang Z. The risk of hepatobiliary complications in Clonorchis and Opisthorchis infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Trop. 2024;260:107457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107457.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang YL, Zhang KY, Sun YL, Qian MB, Wang Z. The risk of hepatobiliary complications in Clonorchis and Opisthorchis infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Trop. 2024;260:107457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107457.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Цуканов ВВ, Горчилова ЕГ, Тонких ЮЛ, Васютин АВ, Ржавичева ОС, Коленчукова ОА. Клинико-биохимическая характеристика больных с инвазией Opisthorchis felineus. Медицинский cовет. 2021;(5):62–67. https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2021-5-62-67.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsukanov VV, Gorchilova EG, Tonkikh JL, Vasyutin AV, Rzhavicheva OS, Kolenchukova OA. Indicators of antioxidant status and oxidative stress in opisthorchiasis. Meditsinskiy Sovet. 2021;(5):62–67. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2021-5-62-67.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pakharukova MY, Lishai EA, Zaparina O, Baginskaya NV, Hong SJ, Sripa B, Mordvinov VA. Opisthorchis viverrini, Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis felineus liver flukes affect mammalian host microbiome in a speciesspecific manner. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2023;17(2):e0011111. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011111.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pakharukova MY, Lishai EA, Zaparina O, Baginskaya NV, Hong SJ, Sripa B, Mordvinov VA. Opisthorchis viverrini, Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis felineus liver flukes affect mammalian host microbiome in a speciesspecific manner. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2023;17(2):e0011111. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011111.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sripa B, Brindley PJ, Mulvenna J, Laha T, Smout MJ, Mairiang E et al. The tumorigenic liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini-multiple pathways to cancer. Trends Parasitol. 2012;28(10):395–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2012.07.006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sripa B, Brindley PJ, Mulvenna J, Laha T, Smout MJ, Mairiang E et al. The tumorigenic liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini-multiple pathways to cancer. Trends Parasitol. 2012;28(10):395–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2012.07.006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang CY, Liu S, Yang M. Treatment of liver fibrosis: Past, current, and future. World J Hepatol. 2023;15(6):755–774. https://doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v15.i6.755.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang CY, Liu S, Yang M. Treatment of liver fibrosis: Past, current, and future. World J Hepatol. 2023;15(6):755–774. https://doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v15.i6.755.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huttman M, Parigi TL, Zoncapè M, Liguori A, Kalafateli M, Noel-Storr AH et al. Liver fibrosis stage based on the four factors (FIB-4) score or Forns index in adults with chronic hepatitis C. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024;8(8):CD011929. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011929.pub2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huttman M, Parigi TL, Zoncapè M, Liguori A, Kalafateli M, Noel-Storr AH et al. Liver fibrosis stage based on the four factors (FIB-4) score or Forns index in adults with chronic hepatitis C. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024;8(8):CD011929. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011929.pub2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sumida Y, Yoneda M, Tokushige K, Kawanaka M, Fujii H, Yoneda M et al. FIB-4 First in the Diagnostic Algorithm of Metabolic-Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease in the Era of the Global Metabodemic. Life. 2021;11(2):143. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11020143.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sumida Y, Yoneda M, Tokushige K, Kawanaka M, Fujii H, Yoneda M et al. FIB-4 First in the Diagnostic Algorithm of Metabolic-Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease in the Era of the Global Metabodemic. Life. 2021;11(2):143. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11020143.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee J, Vali Y, Boursier J, Spijker R, Anstee QM, Bossuyt PM, Zafarmand MH. Prognostic accuracy of FIB-4, NAFLD fibrosis score and APRI for NAFLDrelated events: A systematic review. Liver Int. 2021;41(2):261–270. https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.14669.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee J, Vali Y, Boursier J, Spijker R, Anstee QM, Bossuyt PM, Zafarmand MH. Prognostic accuracy of FIB-4, NAFLD fibrosis score and APRI for NAFLDrelated events: A systematic review. Liver Int. 2021;41(2):261–270. https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.14669.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
