medsovetМедицинский СоветMeditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council2079-701X2658-5790REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.10.21518/ms2025-250medsovet-9278Research ArticleГАСТРОЭНТЕРОЛОГИЯGASTROENTEROLOGYПитание ребенка как фактор, регулирующий взаимодействие оси «микробиота – кишечник – мозг»Child nutrition as a factor regulating microbiota-gut-brain interactionshttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4200-4598ЗахароваИ. Н.ZakharovaI. N.

Захарова Ирина Николаевна - д.м.н., профессор, заслуженный врач Российской Федерации, заведующая кафедрой педиатрии имени Г.Н. Сперанского.

125993, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1, стр. 1

Irina N. Zakharova - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Honoured Doctor of the Russian Federation, Head of the Department of Pediatrics named after Academician G.N. Speransky, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education.

2/1, Bldg. 1, Barrikadnaya St., Moscow, 125993

zakharova-rmapo@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0005-2121-4010ОробинскаяЯ. В.OrobinskayaYa. V.

Оробинская Яна Владимировна - ассистент кафедры педиатрии имени академика Г.Н. Сперанского.

125993, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1, стр. 1

Yana V. Orobinskaya - Assistant of the Department of Pediatrics named after Academician G.N. Speransky, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education.

2/1, Bldg. 1, Barrikadnaya St., Moscow, 125993

yanashbook@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0009-0335-0704ЧуриловаВ. Д.ChurilovaV. D.

Чурилова Виктория Дмитриевна - аспирант кафедры педиатрии имени академика Г.Н. Сперанского.

125993, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1, стр. 1

Viktoriya D. Churilova - Graduate Student of the Department of Pediatrics named after Academician G.N. Speransky, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education.

2/1, Bldg. 1, Barrikadnaya St., Moscow, 125993

vika.churilova.2020@yandex.ruКиселеваЕ. С.KiselevaE. S.

Киселева Елена Сергеевна - к.м.н., научный советник.

127247, Москва, Дмитровское ш., д. 100, стр. 2, оф. 3298

Elena S. Kiseleva - Cand. Sci. (Med.), Scientific Advisor, SweetMilk LLC.

100, Bldg. 2, Dmitrovskoye Shosse, of. 3298, Moscow, 127247

e.kiseleva@mamako.ruРоссийская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образованияРоссияRussian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional EducationRussian FederationООО «СвитМилк»РоссияSweetMilk LLCRussian Federation202502082025011100113Copyright © Захарова И.Н., Оробинская Я.В., Чурилова В.Д., Киселева Е.С., 20252025Захарова И.Н., Оробинская Я.В., Чурилова В.Д., Киселева Е.С.Zakharova I.N., Orobinskaya Y.V., Churilova V.D., Kiseleva E.S.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/9278

Микробиом кишечника играет центральную роль в развивающемся организме, являясь основополагающей частью двунаправленных функциональных осей. Существует перекрестное взаимодействие между составом микробиома кишечника и развитием иммунной системы, метаболизмом, нейрогенезом, целостностью желудочно-кишечного тракта и многими другими процессами. Активно обсуждаются механизмы, посредством которых осуществляется данное влияние. Было обнаружено, что микробиота кишечника взаимодействует с мозгом через ось «микробиота – кишечник – мозг», регулируя различные физиологические процессы. Считается, что микробиота кишечника регулирует развитие нервной системы по 3 направлениям: иммунный путь, нейронный путь и эндокринно-системный путь, которые пересекаются и взаимодействуют друг с другом. Кишечный микробиом – динамически видоизменяющаяся система, паттерн развития которой имеет определенные закономерности. В период внутриутробного развития формирование микробиома происходит параллельно со сложным, генетически детерминированным процессом нейронтогенеза. Новые исследования подтверждают активное влияние микробиома кишечника и его метаболитов на нервно-психическое развитие детей. Однако гомеостаз в системе «микробиота – кишечник – мозг» может быть нарушен, что повышает риск развития нейропсихических расстройств, включая расстройства аутистического спектра, синдром дефицита внимания и гиперактивности. На разнообразие и численность бактериальной колонизации оказывают влияние ряд факторов, в том числе питание младенца. Справедливо большое внимание уделяется роли конкретных питательных веществ в развитии нервной системы детей раннего возраста. Своевременная дотация критически важных компонентов пищи является основанием для разработки подходов, обеспечивающих профилактику целого ряда заболеваний нервной системы. Учитывая тот факт, что показатели грудного вскармливания все еще остаются ниже желаемых значений, необходимо уделить особое внимание компонентам искусственных смесей, влияющих на здоровье младенцев.

The gut microbiome plays a key role in the developing body, being a crucial component of bidirectional functional axes. There is a cross-talk between the gut microbiota composition and immune system development, metabolism, neurogenesis, gastrointestinal integrity and many other processes. The mechanisms whereby this influence is exerted are actively discussed. The gut microbiota has been found to interact with the brain through the microbiota-gut-brain axis, regulating various physiological processes. The gut microbiota is considered to regulate neurodevelopment through three pathways: the immune pathway, the neuronal pathway, and the endocrine-systemic pathway, which overlap and cross-talk with each other. The gut microbiome is a system which undergoes dynamic changes, which pattern has certain regularities. During fetal development, the microbiome progresses over time in parallel with the complex, genetically determined process of neuronogenesis. New studies confirm the active impact of the intestinal microbiome and its metabolites on the neuropsychic development of children. However, homeostasis within microbiota-gut-brain system can be disrupted, which increases the risk of developing neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorders, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The diversity and abundance of bacterial colonization are influenced by a number of factors, including infant nutrition. More emphasis has been rightly placed on the role of specific nutrients in the neurodevelopment of young children. Timely supplementation of critically important food components serves as a basis for developing approaches that ensure the prevention of a whole range of nervous system diseases. Given that breastfeeding rates are still below desirable levels, special attention should be paid to the infant formula components that affect infant health.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.