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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medsovet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский Совет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-701X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5790</issn><publisher><publisher-name>REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21518/ms2025-222</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medsovet-9301</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЦЕРЕБРОВАСКУЛЯРНЫЕ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Болезнь церебральных мелких сосудов и рассеянный склероз: сходства и различия</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Cerebral small vessel disease and multiple sclerosis: Similarities and differences</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6762-8845</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Есин</surname><given-names>Р. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Esin</surname><given-names>R. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Есин Радий Германович - д.м.н., профессор кафедры неврологии с курсами психиатрии, клинической психологии и медицинской генетики, Казанский (Приволжский) ФУ; профессор кафедры неврологии, Казанская государственная медицинская академия – филиал РМФНПО.</p><p>420008, Казань, ул. Кремлевская, д. 18; 420012, Казань, ул. Бутлерова, д. 36</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Radiy G. Esin - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor of the Department of Neurology with Psychiatry, Clinical Psychology and Medical Genetics Courses, Kazan FU; Professor of the Department of Neurology, Kazan SMA – a branch of the Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education.</p><p>18, Kremlyovskaya St., Kazan, 420008; 36, Butlerov St., Kazan, 420012</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">radyesin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3859-5543</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горобец</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorobets</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Горобец Елена Анатольевна - к.фил.н., заведующая кафедрой прикладной и экспериментальной лингвистики, ведущий научный сотрудник научно-исследовательской лаборатории «Нейрокогнитивные исследования», заведующая Центром патологии речи университетской клиники, Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет.</p><p>420008, Казань, ул. Кремлевская, д. 18</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena A. Gorobets - Cand. Sci. (Phil.), Head of the Department of Applied and Experimental Linguistics, Leading Researcher of the Neurocognitive Research Laboratory, Head of the Center for Speech Pathology at University Clinic, Kazan FU.</p><p>18, Kremlyovskaya St., Kazan, 420008</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">elena_gorobets@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9465-4911</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шарафеев</surname><given-names>Э. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sharafeev</surname><given-names>E. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шарафеев Эмиль Фидаилевич - врач лучевой диагностики.</p><p>420061, Казань, ул. Абжалилова, д.19а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Emil F. Sharafeev - Radiology Doctor.</p><p>19a, Abzhalilov St., Kazan, 420061</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">efsharafeev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6750-430X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маштакова</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mashtakova</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Маштакова Александра Игоревна - ординатор кафедры неврологии с курсами психиатрии, клинической психологии и медицинской генетики.</p><p>420008, Казань, ул. Кремлевская, д. 18</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandra I. Mashtakova - Clinical Resident of the Department of Neurology with Psychiatry, Clinical Psychology and Medical Genetics Courses.</p><p>18, Kremlyovskaya St., Kazan, 420008</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aleksandra.mashtakova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет; Казанская государственная медицинская академия – филиал Российской медицинской академии непрерывного профессионального образования</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University; Kazan State Medical Academy – a branch of the Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ООО «АИР МЕД»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>AIR MED LLC</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>22</fpage><lpage>29</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Есин Р.Г., Горобец Е.А., Шарафеев Э.Ф., Маштакова А.И., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Есин Р.Г., Горобец Е.А., Шарафеев Э.Ф., Маштакова А.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Esin R.G., Gorobets E.A., Sharafeev E.F., Mashtakova A.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/9301">https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/9301</self-uri><abstract><p>В конце прошлого века пришло понимание того, что не только поражение серого вещества головного мозга обусловливает когнитивное снижение, но и поражение белого вещества может приводить к снижению когнитивных способностей высокой степени тяжести вплоть до деменции. Современная нейровизуализация сыграла решающую роль в распознавании патологии белого вещества и его ассоциации с когнитивными нарушениями. Можно насчитать более 100 расстройств (генетических и приобретенных), при которых дисфункция белого вещества может потенциально вызывать деменцию или способствовать ее развитию. Наиболее частыми болезнями белого вещества, которые являются предикторами когнитивных нарушений (деменция белого вещества), являются болезнь церебральных мелких сосудов и рассеянный склероз. На первый взгляд заболевания имеют различные пусковые и патогенетические факторы. Но современная наука находит значительные сходства «чисто сосудистых» и иммуноопосредованных заболеваний. Настоящая работа представляет обзор литературы по базам данных eLibrary.Ru, КиберЛенинка, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Medline, Web of Science, Cochrane и Google Scholar с ключевыми терминами «когнитивные нарушения», «деменция», «болезни белого вещества», «болезнь церебральных мелких сосудов», «рассеянный склероз». В настоящее время установлено, что воспаление является неотъемлемым фактором патогенеза болезни церебральных мелких сосудов, а сосудистый фактор – постоянным участником патогенеза рассеянного склероза. Эти заболевания могут иметь сходства в клинической картине и нейровизуализации. В обзоре проводится анализ имеющихся данных о совпадениях и различиях в клинической картине и инструментальной диагностике этих заболеваний, что позволит проводить целенаправленную профилактику прогрессирования заболевания и снижения когнитивных функций.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>At the end of the last century, it was realized that not only damage to the gray matter of the brain causes cognitive decline, but also damage to the white matter can lead to a decrease in cognitive abilities of high severity, up to dementia. Modern neuroimaging has played a crucial role in the recognition of white matter pathology and its association with cognitive impairment. There are over 100 disorders (genetic and acquired) in which white matter dysfunction can potentially cause or contribute to dementia. The most common diseases of the white matter which predict cognitive impairment (white matter dementia) are cerebral small vessel disease and multiple sclerosis. At first glance, diseases have various triggering and pathogenetic factors. But modern science finds significant similarities between “purely vascular” and immune-mediated diseases. This paper provides a review of literature from the databases eLibrary.Ru, CyberLeninka, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Medline, Web of Science, Cochrane and Google Scholar with the key terms “cognitive impairment”, “dementia”, “white matter diseases”, “cerebral small vessel disease”, “multiple sclerosis”. It has now been established that inflammation is an integral factor in the pathogenesis of cerebral small vessel disease, and the vascular factor is a constant participant in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. These diseases may have similarities in clinical manifestation and neuroimaging. The review analyzes the available data on the coincidences and differences in the clinical picture and instrumental diagnosis of these diseases, which will allow for targeted prevention of disease progression and cognitive decline.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>когнитивные нарушения</kwd><kwd>деменция</kwd><kwd>болезни белого вещества</kwd><kwd>болезнь церебральных мелких сосудов</kwd><kwd>рассеянный склероз</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cognitive impairment</kwd><kwd>dementia</kwd><kwd>white matter diseases</kwd><kwd>cerebral small vessel disease</kwd><kwd>multiple sclerosis</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда №25-28-01421, https://rscf.ru/project/ 25-28-01421/</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation No. 25-28-01421, https://rscf.ru/ en/project/25-28-01421/</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rockwood K, Brown M, Merry H, Sketris I, Fisk J. 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