medsovetМедицинский СоветMeditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council2079-701X2658-5790REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.10.21518/ms2025-273medsovet-9308Research ArticleНЕРВНО-ПСИХИЧЕСКИЕ РАССТРОЙСТВАNEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERSВлияние стресса на организм человекаEffects of stress on the human bodyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7465-0677ПизоваН. В.PizovaN. V.

Пизова Наталия Вячеславовна - д.м.н., профессор кафедры нервных болезней с медицинской генетикой и нейрохирургией.

150000, Ярославль, ул. Революционная, д. 5

Nataliia V. Pizova - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor of the Department of Nervous Diseases with Medical Genetics and Neurosurgery.

5, Revolutsionnaya St., Yaroslavl, 150000

pizova@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0522-675XПизовА. В.PizovA. V.

Пизов Александр Витальевич - к.б.н., доцент кафедры методики преподавания естественно-математических дисциплин в начальной школе.

150000, Ярославль, ул. Республиканская, д. 108/1

Aleksandr V. Pizov - Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Associate Professor of the Department of Methods of Teaching Natural Sciences and Mathematics in Primary Schools.

108/1, Respublikanskaya St., Yaroslavl, 150000

avpizov@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9347-1551СоловьевИ. Н.SolovyovI. N.

Соловьев Игорь Николаевич - к.м.н., доцент кафедры травматологии и ортопедии.

150000, Ярославль, ул. Революционная, д. 5

Igor N. Solovyov - Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor of the Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics.

5, Revolutsionnaya St., Yaroslavl, 150000

giper75@mail.ruЯрославский государственный медицинский университетРоссияYaroslavl State Medical UniversityRussian FederationЯрославский государственный педагогический университет имени К.Д. УшинскогоРоссияYaroslavl State Pedagogical University named after K.D. UshinskyRussian Federation2025080820250127380Copyright © Пизова Н.В., Пизов А.В., Соловьев И.Н., 20252025Пизова Н.В., Пизов А.В., Соловьев И.Н.Pizova N.V., Pizov A.V., Solovyov I.N.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/9308

Стресс – это психофизиологическая реакция организма, связанная с нежелательными, сложными обстоятельствами или стрессорами. Воздействие стресса на нервную систему известно уже достаточно давно. Множество исследований подтверждают неблагоприятное воздействие стресса на мозг человека, на функцию иммунной, сердечно-сосудистой, пищеварительной, эндокринной и других систем организма. Острый стресс относится к кратковременному и адаптивному состоянию. Напротив, хронический стресс является длительным состоянием, которое, как известно, связано с дезадаптивной реакцией, подразумевающей вредное воздействие на организм. В организме есть много систем, которые регулируют уровень стресса, основными из которых являются гипоталамо-гипофизарно-надпочечниковая система и вегетативная нервная система. Гипоталамо-гипофизарно-надпочечниковая система реагирует на стрессоры, выделяя кортизол, – вещество, которое подготавливает организм к реакции «борьбы или бегства», и является важным биомаркером стресса. Кортизол в основном связан с психологическим стрессом. Вегетативная нервная система также участвует в возникновении и регуляции острого и хронического стресса. Она регулирует функции организма в ответ на внешние и внутренние стимулы (поддержание гомеостаза организма, включая температуру, уровень сахара в крови и др.). Адреналин, норадреналин и ацетилхолин являются основными нейромедиаторами, высвобождаемыми симпатическим и парасимпатическим отделами вегетативной нервной системы. В отличие от преходящей секреции гормонов стресса при остром стрессе, длительное повышение уровня катехоламинов и глюкокортикоидов не только вызывает психические заболевания, такие как тревожное расстройство и депрессия, но также участвует в развитии многих других заболеваний. Купирование ранних стресс-индуцированных симптомов (тревожных, вегетативных, кардиальных), особенно у лиц с высоким риском, крайне необходимо, поскольку своевременно начатая терапия будет способствовать полному и стойкому решению проблемы.

Stress is a psychophysiological response generated by the body due to the undesirable, challenging and difficult circumstances or stressors. The stress effects on the nervous system have been known for quite a long time. Numerous studies confirm the adverse effects of stress on the human brain, on the function of the immune, cardiovascular, digestive, endocrine and other body systems. Acute stress refers to a short-term and adaptive state. In contrast, chronic stress is a long-lasting condition known to be related to maladaptive response, implying harmful effects on the body. There are many systems in the body that regulate the level of stress, the main of them include the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA-Axis) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The HPA axis reacts to stressors by secreting cortisol, a chemical that prepares the body for fight or flight response and is a significant biomarker for stress. Cortisol is mostly associated with psychological stress. The ANS also contributes to acute and chronic stress generation and regulation. It regulates bodily functions in response to external and internal stimuli (maintenance of body homeostasis including temperature, blood sugar levels, etc.). Adrenaline, noradrenaline, and acetylcholine are the prime neurotransmitters released by the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS. Unlike the transient secretion of stress hormones during acute stress, the long-term elevation of catecholamines and glucocorticoids causes not only mental disorders such as anxiety disorder and depression, but also contributes to the development of many other diseases. Relief of early stress-induced (anxiety, autonomic, cardiac) symptoms, especially in high-risk individuals, is highly important, as timely initiation of therapy will make it possible to achieve a complete and lasting solution to the problem.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.