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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medsovet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский Совет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-701X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5790</issn><publisher><publisher-name>REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21518/ms2025-425</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medsovet-9603</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГАСТРОЭНТЕРОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>GASTROENTEROLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Питание как фактор развития мозга и когнитивных способностей ребенка</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Nutrition as a factor for children’s brain and cognitive development</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4200-4598</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Захарова</surname><given-names>И. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakharova</surname><given-names>I. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Захарова Ирина Николаевна, д.м.н., профессор, заслуженный врач РФ, заведующая кафедрой педиатрии имени академика Г.Н. Сперанского</p><p>125993, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1, стр. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina N. Zakharova, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Honored Doctor of the Russian Federation, Head of Academician G.N. Speransky Department of Pediatrics</p><p>2/1, Bldg. 1, Barrikadnaya St., Moscow, 125993</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zakharova-rmapo@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2121-4010</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Оробинская</surname><given-names>Я. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Orobinskay</surname><given-names>Ya. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Оробинская Яна Владимировна, ассистент кафедры педиатрии имени академика Г.Н. Сперанского; врач-педиатр</p><p>125993, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1, стр. 1</p><p>141400, Московская обл., Химки, ул. Родионова, д. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yana V. Orobinskaya, Assistant of the Department of Pediatrics named after Academician G.N. Speransky; Pediatrician</p><p>2/1, Bldg. 1, Barrikadnaya St., Moscow, 125993</p><p>1, Rodionov St., Khimki, Moscow Region, 141400</p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yanashbook@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования; Поликлиника «Мама и малыш», Химкинская клиническая больница</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education; Mother and Baby Outpatient Clinic, Khimki Clinical Hospital</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>19</issue><elocation-id>183–191</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Захарова И.Н., Оробинская Я.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Захарова И.Н., Оробинская Я.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zakharova I.N., Orobinskay Y.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/9603">https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/9603</self-uri><abstract><p>Растущая распространенность когнитивных нарушений у детей становится существенной проблемой общественного здравоохранения, имеющей как индивидуальные, так и социально-экономические последствия. Наряду с увеличением продолжительности жизни населения и изменениями окружающей среды, значимый вклад, вероятно, вносят и модифицируемые факторы, среди которых питание занимает центральное место. Отмечается, что отдельные компоненты пищевого рациона, включая углеводы, липиды и гормональные регуляторы энергетического обмена, ассоциированы с показателями когнитивных функций. Как и любой другой орган, мозг зависит от поступления с пищей критически важных веществ – витаминов, минералов, аминокислот животного и растительного происхождения, полиненасыщенных незаменимых жирных кислот, включая омега-3. Представление о том, что рацион питания не способен модифицировать структуру мозга и, следовательно, его функции, в настоящее время пересмотрено: ряд микроэлементов был изучен на предмет влияния на нейрогуморальные процессы и когнитивные исходы. Микробиота кишечника человека – совокупность симбиотических микроорганизмов – играет ключевую роль в созревании и функционировании мозговых систем, взаимодействуя с центральной нервной системой через двунаправленные нейронные, эндокринные, иммунные и метаболические оси. Нейробиологические данные последних лет демонстрируют связь дисбиотических изменений в составе микробиоты и ее метаболитов с широким спектром нервно-психических состояний, включая расстройства аутистического спектра, тревожную и депрессивную симптоматику, шизофрению, нарушения пищевого поведения и нейрокогнитивные дефициты. Особое значение приобретает «критическое окно» первых 1 000 дней жизни – от зачатия до 2 лет, когда интенсивно протекают нейрогенез, миелинизация и формирование когнитивных функций, чувствительных к дефицитам и избыткам нутриентов. В этот период обеспечение адекватного поступления ключевых микро- и макронутриентов у матери во время беременности и лактации, качество грудного вскармливания, а также своевременное и научно обоснованное введение прикорма становятся определяющими факторами, формирующими долгосрочные траектории развития мозга, метаболического здоровья и поведенческих фенотипов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Increasing prevalence of children's cognitive impairment is becoming a significant public health problem with individual and socioeconomic consequences. Modifiable factors, among which nutrition plays a central role, along with an increase in life expectancy and environmental changes are probably the largest contributors. Individual dietary components, including carbohydrates, lipids, and hormonal regulators of energy metabolism, have been reported to be associated with cognitive function scores. Like any other organ, the brain depends on a continuous supply of critical nutrients from the food — vitamins, minerals, plant- and animal-sourced amino acids, and polyunsaturated essential fatty acids, including omega-3. The idea that diet is not able to modify the brain structure and ultimately its function are currently being re-evaluated: some micronutrients have been studied for its effects on neurohumoral processes and cognitive outcomes. The human gut microbiota, a community of symbiotic microbes, plays a crucial role in the maturation and functioning of brain systems by interacting with the central nervous system through bidirectional neural, endocrine, immune, and metabolic axes. Recent neurobiological studies demonstrate the correlation between dysbiosis changes in the microbiota and its metabolites and a wide range of neuropsychiatric conditions, including autism spectrum disorders, anxiety and depressive symptomatology, schizophrenia, eating disorders, and neurocognitive deficits. The “critical window” of the first 1000 days of life from conception to a child’s second birthday, when the neurogenesis, myelination, and cognitive development sensitive to nutritional deficiencies and excesses occur especially intensively, acquires particular prominence. In this period, provision of adequate macronutrient and micronutrient intake during pregnancy and lactation, the quality of breastfeeding, and the timely and scientific-based introduction of complementary feeding become crucial factors shaping the long-term trajectories of brain development, metabolic health, and behavioural phenotypes.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>грудное вскармливание</kwd><kwd>арахидоновая кислота</kwd><kwd>докозагексаеновая кислота</kwd><kwd>центральная нервная система</kwd><kwd>нейрокогнитивное развитие</kwd><kwd>нейроонтогенез</kwd><kwd>микробиота</kwd><kwd>психические заболевания</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>breastfeeding</kwd><kwd>arachidonic acid</kwd><kwd>docosahexaenoic acid</kwd><kwd>central nervous system</kwd><kwd>neurocognitive development</kwd><kwd>neuroontogenesis</kwd><kwd>microbiota</kwd><kwd>mental disorders</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saraceno B. 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